diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/BatchCoreLoweringPatterns.cpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/BatchCoreLoweringPatterns.cpp
index 397874b..458f521 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/BatchCoreLoweringPatterns.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/BatchCoreLoweringPatterns.cpp
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 #include "mlir/IR/Matchers.h"
 
 #include "Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Common/Common.hpp"
+#include "Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/PimCommon.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/BatchCoreLoweringPatterns.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/Common.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Pim/PimOps.hpp"
 
@@ -152,8 +152,8 @@ static Value createHostTargetOffset(IRRewriter& rewriter,
 
 } // namespace
 
-LogicalResult
-lowerComputeBatchOp(spatial::SpatComputeBatch computeBatchOp, CoreLoweringState& state, IRRewriter& rewriter) {
+LogicalResult raptor::SpatialToPimPass::lowerComputeBatchOp(spatial::SpatComputeBatch computeBatchOp,
+                                                            IRRewriter& rewriter) {
   Location loc = computeBatchOp.getLoc();
   Block& oldBlock = computeBatchOp.getBody().front();
   auto oldYield = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatYieldOp>(oldBlock.getTerminator());
@@ -167,7 +167,7 @@ lowerComputeBatchOp(spatial::SpatComputeBatch computeBatchOp, CoreLoweringState&
       "resultful compute_batch lowering currently requires a spat.in_parallel terminator");
   }
 
-  SmallVector<int32_t> coreIds = getPimCoreIdsForBatchOp(computeBatchOp, state.nextCoreId);
+  SmallVector<int32_t> coreIds = getPimCoreIdsForBatchOp(computeBatchOp, coreId);
   SmallVector<Value> batchWeights(computeBatchOp.getWeights().begin(), computeBatchOp.getWeights().end());
   SmallVector<Value> batchInputs;
   if (!computeBatchOp.getInputs().empty())
@@ -192,7 +192,7 @@ lowerComputeBatchOp(spatial::SpatComputeBatch computeBatchOp, CoreLoweringState&
         return computeBatchOp.emitOpError(
           "resultful compute_batch lowering currently requires each result to be used directly by func.return");
 
-      hostOutputTensors[resultIndex] = state.outputTensors[*returnOperandIndex](rewriter, loc);
+      hostOutputTensors[resultIndex] = outputTensors[*returnOperandIndex](rewriter, loc);
       result.replaceAllUsesWith(hostOutputTensors[resultIndex]);
     }
   }
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/BatchCoreLoweringPatterns.hpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/BatchCoreLoweringPatterns.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 3afc4b0..0000000
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/BatchCoreLoweringPatterns.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/CoreLoweringPatterns.hpp"
-
-namespace onnx_mlir {
-
-mlir::LogicalResult
-lowerComputeBatchOp(spatial::SpatComputeBatch computeBatchOp, CoreLoweringState& state, mlir::IRRewriter& rewriter);
-
-} // namespace onnx_mlir
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/CoreLoweringPatterns.cpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/CoreLoweringPatterns.cpp
index bf33989..989dfea 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/CoreLoweringPatterns.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/CoreLoweringPatterns.cpp
@@ -6,9 +6,9 @@
 #include "mlir/IR/Matchers.h"
 
 #include "Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Common/Common.hpp"
+#include "Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/PimCommon.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/Common.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/CoreLoweringPatterns.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Pim/PimOps.hpp"
 #include "src/Dialect/ONNX/ONNXOps.hpp"
 
@@ -148,15 +148,12 @@ static bool inlineInputlessHelperComputeForWeightLikeUsers(spatial::SpatCompute
 
 } // namespace
 
-void markOpToRemove(CoreLoweringState& state, Operation* op) {
-  if (!llvm::is_contained(state.operationsToRemove, op))
-    state.operationsToRemove.push_back(op);
-}
-
-LogicalResult lowerComputeOp(spatial::SpatCompute computeOp, CoreLoweringState& state, IRRewriter& rewriter) {
+LogicalResult raptor::SpatialToPimPass::lowerComputeOp(spatial::SpatCompute computeOp,
+                                                       IRRewriter& rewriter,
+                                                       OperationFolder& constantFolder) {
   Location loc = computeOp->getLoc();
 
-  if (inlineInputlessHelperComputeForWeightLikeUsers(computeOp, rewriter, state.constantFolder))
+  if (inlineInputlessHelperComputeForWeightLikeUsers(computeOp, rewriter, constantFolder))
     return success();
 
   SmallVector<Operation*> helperChain;
@@ -179,7 +176,7 @@ LogicalResult lowerComputeOp(spatial::SpatCompute computeOp, CoreLoweringState&
           rewriter, receiveOp.getLoc(), outputBuffer.getType(), outputBuffer, sizeAttr, receiveOp.getSourceCoreId())
           .getOutput();
       blockArg.replaceAllUsesWith(received);
-      markOpToRemove(state, receiveOp);
+      markOpToRemove(receiveOp);
       continue;
     }
 
@@ -200,7 +197,7 @@ LogicalResult lowerComputeOp(spatial::SpatCompute computeOp, CoreLoweringState&
                                                   rewriter.getDenseI32ArrayAttr(*sourceCoreIds))
                          .getOutput();
       blockArg.replaceAllUsesWith(received);
-      markOpToRemove(state, receiveTensorOp);
+      markOpToRemove(receiveTensorOp);
     }
   }
 
@@ -211,9 +208,8 @@ LogicalResult lowerComputeOp(spatial::SpatCompute computeOp, CoreLoweringState&
     if (result.use_empty())
       continue;
 
-    ReturnPathState returnPathState {state.outputTensors, state.operationsToRemove};
     ReturnPathLoweringResult returnPathResult =
-      lowerComputeResultReturnPath(computeOp, cast<OpResult>(result), yieldValue, returnPathState, rewriter);
+      lowerComputeResultReturnPath(computeOp, cast<OpResult>(result), yieldValue, rewriter);
     if (returnPathResult == ReturnPathLoweringResult::Failure)
       return failure();
     if (returnPathResult == ReturnPathLoweringResult::Handled)
@@ -240,7 +236,7 @@ LogicalResult lowerComputeOp(spatial::SpatCompute computeOp, CoreLoweringState&
   auto coreOp = PimCoreOp::create(rewriter,
                                   loc,
                                   ValueRange(computeWeights),
-                                  rewriter.getI32IntegerAttr(getPimCoreIdForComputeOp(computeOp, state.nextCoreId)));
+                                  rewriter.getI32IntegerAttr(getPimCoreIdForComputeOp(computeOp, coreId)));
   rewriter.setInsertionPointToStart(&block);
   auto& coreOpBlocks = coreOp.getBody().getBlocks();
   for (auto [inputIndex, input] : llvm::enumerate(computeOp.getInputs())) {
@@ -249,7 +245,7 @@ LogicalResult lowerComputeOp(spatial::SpatCompute computeOp, CoreLoweringState&
       continue;
 
     if (auto constantOp = input.getDefiningOp<arith::ConstantOp>()) {
-      blockArg.replaceAllUsesWith(getOrCreateHostConstantLike(constantOp, state.constantFolder));
+      blockArg.replaceAllUsesWith(getOrCreateHostConstantLike(constantOp, constantFolder));
       continue;
     }
 
@@ -261,8 +257,8 @@ LogicalResult lowerComputeOp(spatial::SpatCompute computeOp, CoreLoweringState&
       PimMemCopyHostToDevOp::create(rewriter,
                                     loc,
                                     outputBuffer.getType(),
-                                    getOrCreateHostIndexConstant(outputBuffer.getOperation(), 0, state.constantFolder),
-                                    getOrCreateHostIndexConstant(outputBuffer.getOperation(), 0, state.constantFolder),
+                                    getOrCreateHostIndexConstant(outputBuffer.getOperation(), 0, constantFolder),
+                                    getOrCreateHostIndexConstant(outputBuffer.getOperation(), 0, constantFolder),
                                     outputBuffer,
                                     input,
                                     getTensorSizeInBytesAttr(rewriter, input))
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/CoreLoweringPatterns.hpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/CoreLoweringPatterns.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index 7e7d214..0000000
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/CoreLoweringPatterns.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,23 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "mlir/IR/PatternMatch.h"
-#include "mlir/Transforms/FoldUtils.h"
-
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/ReturnPathNormalization.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
-
-namespace onnx_mlir {
-
-struct CoreLoweringState {
-  size_t& nextCoreId;
-  llvm::SmallVectorImpl<OutputTensorFactory>& outputTensors;
-  llvm::SmallVectorImpl<mlir::Operation*>& operationsToRemove;
-  mlir::OperationFolder& constantFolder;
-};
-
-void markOpToRemove(CoreLoweringState& state, mlir::Operation* op);
-
-mlir::LogicalResult
-lowerComputeOp(spatial::SpatCompute computeOp, CoreLoweringState& state, mlir::IRRewriter& rewriter);
-
-} // namespace onnx_mlir
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/ReturnPathNormalization.cpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/ReturnPathNormalization.cpp
index 681bf1f..82a7aef 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/ReturnPathNormalization.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/ReturnPathNormalization.cpp
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@
 #include "mlir/Transforms/FoldUtils.h"
 
 #include "Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Common/Common.hpp"
+#include "Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/PimCommon.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/Common.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/ReturnPathNormalization.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Pim/PimOps.hpp"
 #include "src/Dialect/ONNX/ONNXOps.hpp"
 
@@ -44,11 +44,6 @@ static bool isReturnHelperChainOp(Operation* op) {
              pim::PimTransposeOp>(op);
 }
 
-static void markOpToRemove(ReturnPathState& state, Operation* op) {
-  if (!llvm::is_contained(state.operationsToRemove, op))
-    state.operationsToRemove.push_back(op);
-}
-
 static std::string makeUniqueSymbolName(Operation* symbolTableOp, StringRef baseName) {
   std::string name = baseName.str();
   unsigned suffix = 0;
@@ -390,9 +385,7 @@ static Value emitHostCopy(IRRewriter& rewriter,
 
 } // namespace
 
-void addReturnOutputBuffers(func::ReturnOp returnOp,
-                            IRRewriter& rewriter,
-                            SmallVectorImpl<OutputTensorFactory>& outputTensors) {
+void raptor::SpatialToPimPass::addReturnOutputBuffers(func::ReturnOp returnOp, IRRewriter& rewriter) {
   outputTensors.reserve(returnOp->getNumOperands());
   for (auto [index, returnValue] : llvm::enumerate(returnOp->getOperands())) {
     Value currentReturnValue = returnValue;
@@ -427,8 +420,8 @@ void addReturnOutputBuffers(func::ReturnOp returnOp,
   }
 }
 
-ReturnPathLoweringResult lowerProducedValueReturnPath(
-  Operation* producerOp, Value producedValue, Value storedValue, ReturnPathState& state, IRRewriter& rewriter) {
+raptor::SpatialToPimPass::ReturnPathLoweringResult raptor::SpatialToPimPass::lowerProducedValueReturnPath(
+  Operation* producerOp, Value producedValue, Value storedValue, IRRewriter& rewriter) {
   Location loc = producerOp->getLoc();
   OperationFolder constantFolder(producerOp->getContext());
   auto storedTensorType = cast<TensorType>(storedValue.getType());
@@ -437,13 +430,13 @@ ReturnPathLoweringResult lowerProducedValueReturnPath(
     Value currentStoredValue = storedValue;
     cloneHelperChain(storedValue, returnUse->helperChain, rewriter, constantFolder, currentStoredValue);
     for (Operation* op : returnUse->helperChain)
-      markOpToRemove(state, op);
+      markOpToRemove(op);
 
     auto storedType = cast<ShapedType>(currentStoredValue.getType());
     size_t elementSize = storedType.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8;
     if (auto storedOp = currentStoredValue.getDefiningOp())
       rewriter.setInsertionPointAfter(storedOp);
-    Value outputTensor = state.outputTensors[returnUse->returnIndex](rewriter, loc);
+    Value outputTensor = outputTensors[returnUse->returnIndex](rewriter, loc);
     emitHostCopy(rewriter,
                  loc,
                  outputTensor,
@@ -464,7 +457,7 @@ ReturnPathLoweringResult lowerProducedValueReturnPath(
       size_t resultIndexInReturn = resultUse.getOperandNumber();
       size_t elementSize = storedTensorType.getElementType().getIntOrFloatBitWidth() / 8;
       rewriter.setInsertionPointAfterValue(storedValue);
-      Value outputTensor = state.outputTensors[resultIndexInReturn](rewriter, loc);
+      Value outputTensor = outputTensors[resultIndexInReturn](rewriter, loc);
       emitHostCopy(rewriter,
                    loc,
                    outputTensor,
@@ -480,11 +473,11 @@ ReturnPathLoweringResult lowerProducedValueReturnPath(
   if (auto concatReturnUse = analyzeConcatReturnUse(producedValue)) {
     size_t elementSize = storedTensorType.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8;
     for (Operation* concatOp : concatReturnUse->concatChain)
-      markOpToRemove(state, concatOp);
+      markOpToRemove(concatOp);
 
     if (concatReturnUse->helperChain.empty()) {
       rewriter.setInsertionPointAfterValue(storedValue);
-      Value outputTensor = state.outputTensors[concatReturnUse->returnIndex](rewriter, loc);
+      Value outputTensor = outputTensors[concatReturnUse->returnIndex](rewriter, loc);
       auto outputType = cast<ShapedType>(outputTensor.getType());
       int64_t flatOffset = computeFlatElementIndex(concatReturnUse->sliceOffsets, outputType.getShape());
       emitHostCopy(rewriter,
@@ -505,7 +498,7 @@ ReturnPathLoweringResult lowerProducedValueReturnPath(
       return ReturnPathLoweringResult::Failure;
     }
     rewriter.setInsertionPointAfterValue(storedValue);
-    Value outputTensor = state.outputTensors[concatReturnUse->returnIndex](rewriter, loc);
+    Value outputTensor = outputTensors[concatReturnUse->returnIndex](rewriter, loc);
     auto outputType = cast<ShapedType>(outputTensor.getType());
     for (int64_t linearIndex = 0; linearIndex < storedType.getNumElements(); ++linearIndex) {
       SmallVector<int64_t> sourceIndices = expandFlatElementIndex(linearIndex, storedType.getShape());
@@ -553,12 +546,15 @@ ReturnPathLoweringResult lowerProducedValueReturnPath(
   return ReturnPathLoweringResult::NotReturnPath;
 }
 
-ReturnPathLoweringResult lowerComputeResultReturnPath(
-  spatial::SpatCompute computeOp, OpResult result, Value yieldValue, ReturnPathState& state, IRRewriter& rewriter) {
-  return lowerProducedValueReturnPath(computeOp.getOperation(), result, yieldValue, state, rewriter);
+raptor::SpatialToPimPass::ReturnPathLoweringResult
+raptor::SpatialToPimPass::lowerComputeResultReturnPath(spatial::SpatCompute computeOp,
+                                                       OpResult result,
+                                                       Value yieldValue,
+                                                       IRRewriter& rewriter) {
+  return lowerProducedValueReturnPath(computeOp.getOperation(), result, yieldValue, rewriter);
 }
 
-void replaceReturnWithOutputBuffers(func::ReturnOp returnOp, IRRewriter& rewriter, ReturnPathState& state) {
+void raptor::SpatialToPimPass::replaceReturnWithOutputBuffers(func::ReturnOp returnOp, IRRewriter& rewriter) {
   auto markOwnedReturnChain = [&](Operation* op, auto&& markOwnedReturnChain) -> void {
     if (!op)
       return;
@@ -575,13 +571,13 @@ void replaceReturnWithOutputBuffers(func::ReturnOp returnOp, IRRewriter& rewrite
 
     if (isReturnHelperChainOp(op)) {
       Value source = op->getOperand(0);
-      markOpToRemove(state, op);
+      markOpToRemove(op);
       markOwnedReturnChain(source.getDefiningOp(), markOwnedReturnChain);
       return;
     }
 
     if (auto computeOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatCompute>(op)) {
-      markOpToRemove(state, computeOp);
+      markOpToRemove(computeOp);
       if (!computeOp.getInputs().empty())
         for (Value input : computeOp.getInputs())
           markOwnedReturnChain(input.getDefiningOp(), markOwnedReturnChain);
@@ -589,33 +585,33 @@ void replaceReturnWithOutputBuffers(func::ReturnOp returnOp, IRRewriter& rewrite
     }
 
     if (auto concatOp = dyn_cast<tensor::ConcatOp>(op)) {
-      markOpToRemove(state, concatOp);
+      markOpToRemove(concatOp);
       for (Value operand : concatOp.getOperands())
         markOwnedReturnChain(operand.getDefiningOp(), markOwnedReturnChain);
       return;
     }
 
     if (auto concatOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatConcatOp>(op)) {
-      markOpToRemove(state, concatOp);
+      markOpToRemove(concatOp);
       for (Value operand : concatOp.getInputs())
         markOwnedReturnChain(operand.getDefiningOp(), markOwnedReturnChain);
       return;
     }
 
     if (auto concatOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimConcatOp>(op)) {
-      markOpToRemove(state, concatOp);
+      markOpToRemove(concatOp);
       for (Value operand : concatOp.getInputs())
         markOwnedReturnChain(operand.getDefiningOp(), markOwnedReturnChain);
       return;
     }
 
     if (auto receiveOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp>(op)) {
-      markOpToRemove(state, receiveOp);
+      markOpToRemove(receiveOp);
       return;
     }
 
     if (auto receiveTensorOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveTensorOp>(op))
-      markOpToRemove(state, receiveTensorOp);
+      markOpToRemove(receiveTensorOp);
   };
 
   SmallVector<Value> originalOperands(returnOp.getOperands().begin(), returnOp.getOperands().end());
@@ -624,7 +620,7 @@ void replaceReturnWithOutputBuffers(func::ReturnOp returnOp, IRRewriter& rewrite
     size_t orderWithinReturn = it.index();
     Operation* returnOperand = it.value().getDefiningOp();
     rewriter.setInsertionPoint(returnOp);
-    Value outputTensor = state.outputTensors[orderWithinReturn](rewriter, loc);
+    Value outputTensor = outputTensors[orderWithinReturn](rewriter, loc);
     rewriter.modifyOpInPlace(returnOp, [&] { returnOp.setOperand(orderWithinReturn, outputTensor); });
     markOwnedReturnChain(returnOperand, markOwnedReturnChain);
   }
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/ReturnPathNormalization.hpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/ReturnPathNormalization.hpp
deleted file mode 100644
index fe86724..0000000
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/ReturnPathNormalization.hpp
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-#pragma once
-
-#include "mlir/Dialect/Func/IR/FuncOps.h"
-#include "mlir/IR/PatternMatch.h"
-
-#include <functional>
-
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
-
-namespace onnx_mlir {
-
-using OutputTensorFactory = std::function<mlir::Value(mlir::IRRewriter& rewriter, mlir::Location loc)>;
-
-struct ReturnPathState {
-  llvm::SmallVectorImpl<OutputTensorFactory>& outputTensors;
-  llvm::SmallVectorImpl<mlir::Operation*>& operationsToRemove;
-};
-
-enum class ReturnPathLoweringResult {
-  Handled,
-  NotReturnPath,
-  Failure
-};
-
-void addReturnOutputBuffers(mlir::func::ReturnOp returnOp,
-                            mlir::IRRewriter& rewriter,
-                            llvm::SmallVectorImpl<OutputTensorFactory>& outputTensors);
-
-ReturnPathLoweringResult lowerComputeResultReturnPath(spatial::SpatCompute computeOp,
-                                                      mlir::OpResult result,
-                                                      mlir::Value yieldValue,
-                                                      ReturnPathState& state,
-                                                      mlir::IRRewriter& rewriter);
-
-ReturnPathLoweringResult lowerProducedValueReturnPath(mlir::Operation* producerOp,
-                                                      mlir::Value producedValue,
-                                                      mlir::Value storedValue,
-                                                      ReturnPathState& state,
-                                                      mlir::IRRewriter& rewriter);
-
-void replaceReturnWithOutputBuffers(mlir::func::ReturnOp returnOp, mlir::IRRewriter& rewriter, ReturnPathState& state);
-
-} // namespace onnx_mlir
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.cpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.cpp
index a8807a7..5130722 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.cpp
@@ -23,54 +23,28 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #include <utility>
 
+#include "Common/PimCommon.hpp"
 #include "Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Common/Common.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/PimCommon.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/BatchCoreLoweringPatterns.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/ChannelLoweringPatterns.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/Common.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/CoreLoweringPatterns.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/GlobalTensorMaterialization.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/PhaseVerification.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/ReturnPathNormalization.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/TensorPackingPatterns.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Pim/PimOps.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Pass/PIMPasses.h"
+#include "Conversion/SpatialToPim/ChannelLoweringPatterns.hpp"
+#include "Conversion/SpatialToPim/Common.hpp"
+#include "Conversion/SpatialToPim/GlobalTensorMaterialization.hpp"
+#include "Conversion/SpatialToPim/PhaseVerification.hpp"
+#include "Conversion/SpatialToPim/TensorPackingPatterns.hpp"
+#include "Dialect/Pim/PimOps.hpp"
+#include "Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
+#include "Pass/PIMPasses.h"
+#include "SpatialToPimPass.hpp"
 
 using namespace mlir;
 using namespace onnx_mlir;
 using namespace pim;
 
 namespace onnx_mlir {
-
-namespace {
+namespace raptor {
 
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPim.hpp.inc"
 
-struct SpatialToPimPass : PassWrapper<SpatialToPimPass, OperationPass<ModuleOp>> {
-  MLIR_DEFINE_EXPLICIT_INTERNAL_INLINE_TYPE_ID(SpatialToPimPass)
-  StringRef getArgument() const override { return "convert-spatial-to-pim"; }
-  StringRef getDescription() const override { return "Lower Spatial ops to PIM-ready format"; }
-
-  SpatialToPimPass() = default;
-  SpatialToPimPass(const SpatialToPimPass& pass) {}
-
-  void runOnOperation() final;
-
-private:
-  SmallVector<OutputTensorFactory> outputTensors;
-  size_t coreId = 0;
-  SmallVector<Operation*> operationsToRemove;
-
-  LogicalResult allocateAndInitializeCoreLocalVariables(func::FuncOp funcOp, IRRewriter& rewriter);
-
-  void markOpToRemove(Operation* op);
-  void eraseOpsToRemove();
-
-  void enlargeVMMOutTensorsToCrossbarSize(func::FuncOp funcOp, IRRewriter& rewriter);
-};
-
-} // namespace
+} // namespace raptor
 
 static memref::GlobalOp getOrCreateZeroGlobal(IRRewriter& rewriter, Location loc, RankedTensorType tensorType) {
   auto moduleOp = rewriter.getBlock()->getParentOp()->getParentOfType<ModuleOp>();
@@ -150,8 +124,10 @@ padHVectorInputToCrossbarSize(IRRewriter& rewriter, Location loc, Value vector,
   return PimMemCopyOp::create(rewriter, loc, paddedType, zeroed, vector, zeroAttr, zeroAttr, sizeAttr).getOutput();
 }
 
-void SpatialToPimPass::runOnOperation() {
+void onnx_mlir::raptor::SpatialToPimPass::runOnOperation() {
   coreId = 0;
+  outputTensors.clear();
+  operationsToRemove.clear();
   ModuleOp moduleOp = getOperation();
   MLIRContext* ctx = moduleOp.getContext();
 
@@ -197,18 +173,16 @@ void SpatialToPimPass::runOnOperation() {
   walkAndApplyPatterns(moduleOp, std::move(globalTensorPatterns));
 
   auto returnOp = cast<func::ReturnOp>(funcOp.front().getTerminator());
-  addReturnOutputBuffers(returnOp, rewriter, outputTensors);
-  ReturnPathState returnPathState {outputTensors, operationsToRemove};
+  addReturnOutputBuffers(returnOp, rewriter);
   if (failed(allocateAndInitializeCoreLocalVariables(funcOp, rewriter))) {
     funcOp.emitOpError("failed to allocate or initialize core-local tensors during Spatial-to-PIM lowering");
     signalPassFailure();
     return;
   }
 
-  CoreLoweringState coreLoweringState {coreId, outputTensors, operationsToRemove, constantFolder};
   for (auto computeOp : funcOp.getOps<spatial::SpatCompute>()) {
     markOpToRemove(computeOp);
-    if (failed(lowerComputeOp(computeOp, coreLoweringState, rewriter))) {
+    if (failed(lowerComputeOp(computeOp, rewriter, constantFolder))) {
       computeOp.emitOpError("failed to lower spat.compute to pim.core");
       signalPassFailure();
       return;
@@ -217,7 +191,7 @@ void SpatialToPimPass::runOnOperation() {
 
   for (auto computeBatchOp : funcOp.getOps<spatial::SpatComputeBatch>()) {
     markOpToRemove(computeBatchOp);
-    if (failed(lowerComputeBatchOp(computeBatchOp, coreLoweringState, rewriter))) {
+    if (failed(lowerComputeBatchOp(computeBatchOp, rewriter))) {
       computeBatchOp.emitOpError("failed to lower spat.compute_batch to pim.core_batch");
       signalPassFailure();
       return;
@@ -266,7 +240,7 @@ void SpatialToPimPass::runOnOperation() {
   }
 
   enlargeVMMOutTensorsToCrossbarSize(funcOp, rewriter);
-  replaceReturnWithOutputBuffers(returnOp, rewriter, returnPathState);
+  replaceReturnWithOutputBuffers(returnOp, rewriter);
   eraseOpsToRemove();
 
   RewritePatternSet finalTensorPackingPatterns(ctx);
@@ -309,7 +283,7 @@ void SpatialToPimPass::runOnOperation() {
   dumpModule(moduleOp, "pim0");
 }
 
-void SpatialToPimPass::enlargeVMMOutTensorsToCrossbarSize(func::FuncOp funcOp, IRRewriter& rewriter) {
+void raptor::SpatialToPimPass::enlargeVMMOutTensorsToCrossbarSize(func::FuncOp funcOp, IRRewriter& rewriter) {
   OperationFolder constantFolder(funcOp.getContext());
   funcOp.walk([&](PimVMMOp vmmOp) {
     auto outputType = cast<RankedTensorType>(vmmOp.getOutput().getType());
@@ -343,7 +317,8 @@ void SpatialToPimPass::enlargeVMMOutTensorsToCrossbarSize(func::FuncOp funcOp, I
   });
 }
 
-LogicalResult SpatialToPimPass::allocateAndInitializeCoreLocalVariables(func::FuncOp funcOp, IRRewriter& rewriter) {
+LogicalResult raptor::SpatialToPimPass::allocateAndInitializeCoreLocalVariables(func::FuncOp funcOp,
+                                                                                 IRRewriter& rewriter) {
   Location loc = funcOp.getLoc();
   OperationFolder constantFolder(funcOp.getContext());
 
@@ -387,18 +362,18 @@ LogicalResult SpatialToPimPass::allocateAndInitializeCoreLocalVariables(func::Fu
   return success();
 }
 
-void SpatialToPimPass::markOpToRemove(Operation* op) {
+void raptor::SpatialToPimPass::markOpToRemove(Operation* op) {
   if (!llvm::is_contained(operationsToRemove, op))
     operationsToRemove.push_back(op);
 }
 
-void SpatialToPimPass::eraseOpsToRemove() {
+void raptor::SpatialToPimPass::eraseOpsToRemove() {
   for (Operation* op : operationsToRemove) {
     op->dropAllUses();
     op->erase();
   }
 }
 
-std::unique_ptr<Pass> createSpatialToPimPass() { return std::make_unique<SpatialToPimPass>(); }
+std::unique_ptr<Pass> createSpatialToPimPass() { return std::make_unique<raptor::SpatialToPimPass>(); }
 
 } // namespace onnx_mlir
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.hpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e17fd0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Arith/IR/Arith.h"
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Bufferization/IR/Bufferization.h"
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Func/IR/FuncOps.h"
+#include "mlir/Dialect/SCF/Utils/Utils.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/BuiltinOps.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/PatternMatch.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/Value.h"
+#include "mlir/Pass/Pass.h"
+#include "mlir/Transforms/FoldUtils.h"
+
+#include "llvm/ADT/StringRef.h"
+
+#include <functional>
+
+#include "Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Common/Common.hpp"
+#include "Conversion/SpatialToPim/Common.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Pim/PimOps.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace raptor {
+
+struct SpatialToPimPass : mlir::PassWrapper<SpatialToPimPass, mlir::OperationPass<mlir::ModuleOp>> {
+  MLIR_DEFINE_EXPLICIT_INTERNAL_INLINE_TYPE_ID(SpatialToPimPass)
+  llvm::StringRef getArgument() const override { return "convert-spatial-to-pim"; }
+  llvm::StringRef getDescription() const override { return "Lower Spatial ops to PIM-ready format"; }
+
+  SpatialToPimPass() = default;
+  SpatialToPimPass(const SpatialToPimPass& pass) {}
+
+  void runOnOperation() final;
+
+private:
+  using OutputTensorFactory = std::function<mlir::Value(mlir::IRRewriter& rewriter, mlir::Location loc)>;
+
+  llvm::SmallVector<OutputTensorFactory> outputTensors;
+  size_t coreId = 0;
+  llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Operation*> operationsToRemove;
+
+  mlir::LogicalResult allocateAndInitializeCoreLocalVariables(mlir::func::FuncOp funcOp,
+                                                              mlir::IRRewriter& rewriter);
+  mlir::LogicalResult lowerComputeOp(spatial::SpatCompute computeOp,
+                               mlir::IRRewriter& rewriter,
+                               mlir::OperationFolder& constantFolder);
+  mlir::LogicalResult lowerComputeBatchOp(spatial::SpatComputeBatch computeBatchOp,
+                                          mlir::IRRewriter& rewriter);
+
+  enum class ReturnPathLoweringResult {
+    Handled,
+    NotReturnPath,
+    Failure
+  };
+
+  void addReturnOutputBuffers(mlir::func::ReturnOp returnOp, mlir::IRRewriter& rewriter);
+  ReturnPathLoweringResult lowerComputeResultReturnPath(spatial::SpatCompute computeOp,
+                                                        mlir::OpResult result,
+                                                        mlir::Value yieldValue,
+                                                        mlir::IRRewriter& rewriter);
+  ReturnPathLoweringResult lowerProducedValueReturnPath(mlir::Operation* producerOp,
+                                                        mlir::Value producedValue,
+                                                        mlir::Value storedValue,
+                                                        mlir::IRRewriter& rewriter);
+  void replaceReturnWithOutputBuffers(mlir::func::ReturnOp returnOp, mlir::IRRewriter& rewriter);
+
+  void markOpToRemove(mlir::Operation* op);
+  void eraseOpsToRemove();
+
+  void enlargeVMMOutTensorsToCrossbarSize(mlir::func::FuncOp funcOp, mlir::IRRewriter& rewriter);
+};
+
+} // namespace raptor
+
+} // namespace onnx_mlir