diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Patterns/NN/Softmax.cpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Patterns/NN/Softmax.cpp
index 278ddc1..ad88c52 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Patterns/NN/Softmax.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Patterns/NN/Softmax.cpp
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Arith/IR/Arith.h"
+#include "mlir/Dialect/SCF/IR/SCF.h"
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Tensor/IR/Tensor.h"
 #include "mlir/Transforms/DialectConversion.h"
 
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Common/Common.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ConversionPatterns.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/HostFoldability.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
 #include "src/Dialect/ONNX/ONNXOps.hpp"
 
@@ -22,53 +23,83 @@ static SmallVector<int64_t> permuteShape(ArrayRef<int64_t> shape, ArrayRef<int64
   return permutedShape;
 }
 
-static Value createSoftmaxCompute(Value input, ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter, Location loc) {
+static Value buildLoopSoftmaxSlice(Value input,
+                                   Value accumulator,
+                                   RankedTensorType inputType,
+                                   ArrayRef<Value> outerIndices,
+                                   ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter,
+                                   Location loc) {
+  int64_t rank = inputType.getRank();
+  SmallVector<int64_t> sliceShape(static_cast<size_t>(rank - 1), 1);
+  sliceShape.push_back(inputType.getDimSize(rank - 1));
+  auto sliceType = RankedTensorType::get(sliceShape, inputType.getElementType(), inputType.getEncoding());
+
+  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> offsets;
+  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> sizes;
+  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> strides(rank, rewriter.getIndexAttr(1));
+  offsets.reserve(rank);
+  sizes.reserve(rank);
+
+  for (Value outerIndex : outerIndices) {
+    offsets.push_back(outerIndex);
+    sizes.push_back(rewriter.getIndexAttr(1));
+  }
+  offsets.push_back(rewriter.getIndexAttr(0));
+  sizes.push_back(rewriter.getIndexAttr(inputType.getDimSize(rank - 1)));
+
+  Value inputSlice = tensor::ExtractSliceOp::create(rewriter, loc, sliceType, input, offsets, sizes, strides);
+  Value softmaxSlice = spatial::SpatSoftmaxOp::create(rewriter, loc, sliceType, inputSlice).getResult();
+  return tensor::InsertSliceOp::create(rewriter, loc, softmaxSlice, accumulator, offsets, sizes, strides);
+}
+
+static Value buildLoopSoftmaxNest(Value input,
+                                  Value accumulator,
+                                  RankedTensorType inputType,
+                                  int64_t axis,
+                                  SmallVectorImpl<Value>& outerIndices,
+                                  ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter,
+                                  Location loc) {
+  if (axis == inputType.getRank() - 1)
+    return buildLoopSoftmaxSlice(input, accumulator, inputType, outerIndices, rewriter, loc);
+
+  Value c0 = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, 0);
+  Value c1 = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, 1);
+  Value cUpper = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, inputType.getDimSize(axis));
+
+  auto loop = scf::ForOp::create(rewriter, loc, c0, cUpper, c1, ValueRange {accumulator});
+  rewriter.setInsertionPointToStart(loop.getBody());
+
+  Value loopIndex = loop.getInductionVar();
+  Value loopAccumulator = loop.getRegionIterArgs().front();
+  outerIndices.push_back(loopIndex);
+  Value updatedAccumulator =
+    buildLoopSoftmaxNest(input, loopAccumulator, inputType, axis + 1, outerIndices, rewriter, loc);
+  outerIndices.pop_back();
+
+  scf::YieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, updatedAccumulator);
+  rewriter.setInsertionPointAfter(loop);
+  return loop.getResult(0);
+}
+
+static Value createLoopSoftmaxCompute(Value input, ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter, Location loc) {
   auto inputType = cast<RankedTensorType>(input.getType());
   constexpr size_t numInputs = 1;
   auto computeOp =
     createSpatCompute<numInputs>(rewriter, loc, TypeRange {inputType}, {}, ValueRange {input}, [&](Value x) {
-      auto softmaxOp = spatial::SpatSoftmaxOp::create(rewriter, loc, inputType, x);
-      spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, softmaxOp.getResult());
+      if (inputType.getRank() == 1) {
+        Value softmax = spatial::SpatSoftmaxOp::create(rewriter, loc, inputType, x).getResult();
+        spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, softmax);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      Value outputInit = tensor::EmptyOp::create(rewriter, loc, inputType.getShape(), inputType.getElementType());
+      SmallVector<Value> outerIndices;
+      Value result = buildLoopSoftmaxNest(x, outputInit, inputType, /*axis=*/0, outerIndices, rewriter, loc);
+      spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, result);
     });
   return computeOp.getResult(0);
 }
 
-static Value concatValues(ValueRange inputs, int64_t axis, ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter, Location loc) {
-  auto firstType = cast<RankedTensorType>(inputs.front().getType());
-  SmallVector<int64_t> outputShape(firstType.getShape().begin(), firstType.getShape().end());
-  int64_t concatDimSize = 0;
-  for (Value input : inputs)
-    concatDimSize += cast<RankedTensorType>(input.getType()).getDimSize(axis);
-  outputShape[axis] = concatDimSize;
-  auto resultType = RankedTensorType::get(outputShape, firstType.getElementType(), firstType.getEncoding());
-
-  if (llvm::all_of(inputs, isHostFoldableValue))
-    return createSpatConcat(rewriter, loc, axis, inputs);
-
-  auto concatCompute = createSpatCompute(rewriter, loc, TypeRange {resultType}, {}, inputs, [&](ValueRange args) {
-    spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, createSpatConcat(rewriter, loc, axis, args));
-  });
-  return concatCompute.getResult(0);
-}
-
-static Value
-buildSoftmax(Value input, int64_t softmaxAxis, int64_t axis, ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter, Location loc) {
-  auto inputType = cast<RankedTensorType>(input.getType());
-  if (axis == inputType.getRank())
-    return createSoftmaxCompute(input, rewriter, loc);
-
-  if (axis == softmaxAxis)
-    return buildSoftmax(input, softmaxAxis, axis + 1, rewriter, loc);
-
-  SmallVector<Value> slices = sliceTensor(input, axis, /*sliceSize=*/1, rewriter, loc);
-  SmallVector<Value> rebuiltSlices;
-  rebuiltSlices.reserve(slices.size());
-  for (Value slice : slices)
-    rebuiltSlices.push_back(buildSoftmax(slice, softmaxAxis, axis + 1, rewriter, loc));
-
-  return concatValues(rebuiltSlices, axis, rewriter, loc);
-}
-
 struct SoftmaxToSpatialCompute : OpConversionPattern<ONNXSoftmaxOp> {
   using OpConversionPattern::OpConversionPattern;
 
@@ -86,7 +117,7 @@ struct SoftmaxToSpatialCompute : OpConversionPattern<ONNXSoftmaxOp> {
     Value input = adaptor.getInput();
     Value result;
     if (axis == inputType.getRank() - 1) {
-      result = buildSoftmax(input, axis, /*axis=*/0, rewriter, softmaxOp.getLoc());
+      result = createLoopSoftmaxCompute(input, rewriter, softmaxOp.getLoc());
     }
     else {
       SmallVector<int64_t> permutation;
@@ -109,8 +140,7 @@ struct SoftmaxToSpatialCompute : OpConversionPattern<ONNXSoftmaxOp> {
           spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, softmaxOp.getLoc(), transposed);
         });
       Value transposedInput = preTransposeCompute.getResult(0);
-      Value transposedResult = buildSoftmax(
-        transposedInput, /*softmaxAxis=*/inputType.getRank() - 1, /*axis=*/0, rewriter, softmaxOp.getLoc());
+      Value transposedResult = createLoopSoftmaxCompute(transposedInput, rewriter, softmaxOp.getLoc());
       auto postTransposeCompute =
         createSpatCompute<1>(rewriter, softmaxOp.getLoc(), TypeRange {inputType}, {}, transposedResult, [&](Value x) {
           Value transposed = ONNXTransposeOp::create(