diff --git a/src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/ComputeGraph.cpp b/src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/ComputeGraph.cpp
index ef579ab..36796e4 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/ComputeGraph.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/ComputeGraph.cpp
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@
 #include "llvm/Support/Casting.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
+#include <cmath>
 #include <iterator>
 #include <limits>
 #include <optional>
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@
 
 #include "ComputeGraph.hpp"
 #include "ComputeInstanceUtils.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimCompilerOptions.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/IR/AffineUtils.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/IR/ConstantUtils.hpp"
 #include "src/Support/TypeUtilities.hpp"
@@ -35,9 +37,223 @@ uint64_t countComputeBodyOperationInstances(Region& body);
 
 namespace {
 
-Cost getComputeBodyCost(Region& body) {
-  constexpr Cost kOperationCost = 100;
-  return checkedMultiply(static_cast<Cost>(countComputeBodyOperationInstances(body)), kOperationCost);
+struct PimsimSchedulerCostModel {
+  static constexpr Cost kDefaultBitwidth = 8;
+  static constexpr Cost kCorePeriodNs = 1;
+  static constexpr Cost kLocalMemoryWidthBytes = 64;
+  static constexpr Cost kLocalMemoryLatencyCycles = 1;
+  static constexpr Cost kNetworkBusWidthBytes = 8;
+  static constexpr Cost kNetworkBaseLatencyNs = 2;
+  static constexpr Cost kNetworkPerHopLatencyNs = 1;
+  static constexpr Cost kVectorWidth = 16;
+  static constexpr Cost kVectorLatencyCycles = 4;
+  static constexpr Cost kDacResolutionBits = 1;
+  static constexpr Cost kDacLatencyCycles = 1;
+  static constexpr Cost kDacCount = 128;
+  static constexpr Cost kXbarReadLatencyNs = 30;
+  static constexpr Cost kSampleHoldLatencyCycles = 1;
+  static constexpr Cost kAdcLatencyCycles = 10;
+  static constexpr Cost kAdcCount = 2;
+  static constexpr Cost kShiftAdderLatencyCycles = 1;
+  static constexpr Cost kOutputBufferLatencyCycles = 1;
+  static constexpr Cost kInputBufferLatencyCycles = 0;
+  static constexpr Cost kFallbackOperationCost = 1;
+
+  static Cost ceilDiv(Cost numerator, Cost denominator) {
+    assert(denominator > 0 && "denominator must be positive");
+    return (numerator + denominator - 1) / denominator;
+  }
+
+  static std::optional<Cost> getStaticElementCount(Type type) {
+    auto shaped = dyn_cast<ShapedType>(type);
+    if (!shaped || !shaped.hasStaticShape())
+      return std::nullopt;
+    return static_cast<Cost>(shaped.getNumElements());
+  }
+
+  static Cost getBitwidthOrDefault(Type type) {
+    if (auto shaped = dyn_cast<ShapedType>(type))
+      type = shaped.getElementType();
+    if (auto intType = dyn_cast<IntegerType>(type))
+      return intType.getWidth();
+    if (auto floatType = dyn_cast<FloatType>(type))
+      return floatType.getWidth();
+    if (isa<IndexType>(type))
+      return 64;
+    return kDefaultBitwidth;
+  }
+
+  static Cost getComputeBitwidth(Type type) {
+    return std::min(getBitwidthOrDefault(type), kDefaultBitwidth);
+  }
+
+  static Cost getByteSize(Type type, Cost fallbackBitwidth = kDefaultBitwidth) {
+    auto elementCount = getStaticElementCount(type);
+    if (!elementCount)
+      return kFallbackOperationCost;
+    Cost bitwidth = fallbackBitwidth;
+    if (bitwidth <= 0)
+      bitwidth = getBitwidthOrDefault(type);
+    if (bitwidth <= 0)
+      bitwidth = kDefaultBitwidth;
+    return ceilDiv(checkedMultiply(*elementCount, bitwidth), static_cast<Cost>(8));
+  }
+
+  static Cost getVectorReadWriteCost(Cost readBytes, Cost writeBytes) {
+    Cost totalBytes = checkedAdd(readBytes, writeBytes);
+    return checkedMultiply(ceilDiv(totalBytes, kLocalMemoryWidthBytes),
+                           checkedMultiply(kLocalMemoryLatencyCycles, kCorePeriodNs));
+  }
+
+  static Cost getVectorComputeCost(Cost elementCount) {
+    return checkedMultiply(ceilDiv(elementCount, kVectorWidth),
+                           checkedMultiply(kVectorLatencyCycles, kCorePeriodNs));
+  }
+
+  static Cost getTensorMoveCost(Type type) {
+    return getVectorReadWriteCost(getByteSize(type), 0);
+  }
+
+  static std::pair<Cost, Cost> estimateMeshShape() {
+    Cost coreCount = static_cast<Cost>(std::max<long>(1, coresCount.getValue()));
+    Cost rows = static_cast<Cost>(std::sqrt(static_cast<long double>(coreCount)));
+    if (rows == 0)
+      rows = 1;
+    while (rows > 1 && coreCount % rows != 0)
+      --rows;
+    Cost cols = ceilDiv(coreCount, rows);
+    return {rows, cols};
+  }
+
+  static Cost getAverageInterCoreLatencyNs() {
+    auto [rows, cols] = estimateMeshShape();
+    auto averageAxisDistance = [](Cost size) -> Cost {
+      if (size <= 1)
+        return 0;
+      return checkedMultiply(size, size) - 1;
+    };
+    Cost avgRow = averageAxisDistance(rows) / (static_cast<Cost>(3) * rows);
+    Cost avgCol = averageAxisDistance(cols) / (static_cast<Cost>(3) * cols);
+    return checkedAdd(kNetworkBaseLatencyNs, checkedMultiply(kNetworkPerHopLatencyNs, checkedAdd(avgRow, avgCol)));
+  }
+
+  static Cost getInterCoreTransferCostFromBytes(Cost bytes) {
+    Cost localRead = checkedMultiply(ceilDiv(bytes, kLocalMemoryWidthBytes),
+                                     checkedMultiply(kLocalMemoryLatencyCycles, kCorePeriodNs));
+    Cost localWrite = checkedMultiply(ceilDiv(bytes, kLocalMemoryWidthBytes),
+                                      checkedMultiply(kLocalMemoryLatencyCycles, kCorePeriodNs));
+    Cost payloadFlits = ceilDiv(bytes, kNetworkBusWidthBytes);
+    Cost averageNoCLatency = getAverageInterCoreLatencyNs();
+    Cost network = checkedMultiply(checkedAdd(static_cast<Cost>(2), payloadFlits), averageNoCLatency);
+    return checkedAdd(checkedAdd(localRead, localWrite), network);
+  }
+
+  static Cost getUnaryVectorCost(Type inputType, Type outputType, bool scalarOutput = false) {
+    auto maybeElements = getStaticElementCount(inputType);
+    if (!maybeElements)
+      return kFallbackOperationCost;
+    Cost inputBytes = getByteSize(inputType, getComputeBitwidth(inputType));
+    Cost outputBytes = scalarOutput ? ceilDiv(getComputeBitwidth(outputType), static_cast<Cost>(8))
+                                    : getByteSize(outputType, getComputeBitwidth(outputType));
+    return checkedAdd(getVectorReadWriteCost(inputBytes, outputBytes), getVectorComputeCost(*maybeElements));
+  }
+
+  static Cost getBinaryVectorCost(Type lhsType, Type rhsType, Type outputType, bool scalarOutput = false) {
+    auto maybeElements = getStaticElementCount(lhsType);
+    if (!maybeElements)
+      return kFallbackOperationCost;
+    Cost readBytes = checkedAdd(getByteSize(lhsType, getComputeBitwidth(lhsType)),
+                                getByteSize(rhsType, getComputeBitwidth(rhsType)));
+    Cost outputBytes = scalarOutput ? ceilDiv(getComputeBitwidth(outputType), static_cast<Cost>(8))
+                                    : getByteSize(outputType, getComputeBitwidth(outputType));
+    return checkedAdd(getVectorReadWriteCost(readBytes, outputBytes), getVectorComputeCost(*maybeElements));
+  }
+
+  static Cost getMatrixComputeLatency(Cost inputBitwidth) {
+    Cost xbarDim = static_cast<Cost>(crossbarSize.getValue());
+    Cost inputTimes = ceilDiv(inputBitwidth, kDacResolutionBits);
+    Cost dacTimes = ceilDiv(xbarDim, kDacCount);
+    Cost adcTimes = ceilDiv(xbarDim, kAdcCount);
+    Cost frontStage = kInputBufferLatencyCycles + kDacLatencyCycles + kXbarReadLatencyNs + kSampleHoldLatencyCycles;
+    Cost backPipe = std::max(kAdcLatencyCycles, checkedAdd(kShiftAdderLatencyCycles, kOutputBufferLatencyCycles));
+    Cost backStage = checkedAdd(checkedAdd(kAdcLatencyCycles, kShiftAdderLatencyCycles), kOutputBufferLatencyCycles);
+    backStage = checkedAdd(backStage, checkedMultiply(adcTimes - 1, backPipe));
+    Cost totalTimes = checkedMultiply(inputTimes, dacTimes);
+    Cost stagePipe = std::max(frontStage, backStage);
+    return checkedAdd(checkedAdd(frontStage, backStage),
+                      checkedMultiply(totalTimes - 1, stagePipe));
+  }
+
+  static Cost getWvmmCost(Type inputType, Type outputType) {
+    Cost inputBitwidth = getComputeBitwidth(inputType);
+    Cost inputBytes = checkedMultiply(static_cast<Cost>(crossbarSize.getValue()),
+                                      ceilDiv(inputBitwidth, static_cast<Cost>(8)));
+    inputBytes = checkedMultiply(inputBytes, static_cast<Cost>(8));
+    Cost outputBytes = getByteSize(outputType, getComputeBitwidth(outputType));
+    return checkedAdd(getVectorReadWriteCost(inputBytes, outputBytes), getMatrixComputeLatency(inputBitwidth));
+  }
+};
+
+std::optional<uint64_t> getStaticTripCount(scf::ForOp loop);
+[[maybe_unused]] Cost getOperationCost(Operation& op);
+
+[[maybe_unused]] Cost getRegionCost(Region& body) {
+  Cost cost = 0;
+  for (Block& block : body)
+    for (Operation& op : block)
+      cost = checkedAdd(cost, getOperationCost(op));
+  return cost;
+}
+
+[[maybe_unused]] Cost getOperationCost(Operation& op) {
+  if (auto loop = dyn_cast<scf::ForOp>(&op)) {
+    std::optional<uint64_t> tripCount = getStaticTripCount(loop);
+    if (!tripCount)
+      return PimsimSchedulerCostModel::kFallbackOperationCost;
+    return checkedMultiply(getRegionCost(loop.getRegion()), static_cast<Cost>(*tripCount));
+  }
+
+  if (isa<SpatYieldOp, SpatInParallelOp, affine::AffineApplyOp, arith::ConstantOp,
+          tensor::EmptyOp, tensor::CollapseShapeOp, tensor::ExpandShapeOp>(&op))
+    return 0;
+
+  if (auto wvmm = dyn_cast<SpatVMMOp>(&op))
+    return PimsimSchedulerCostModel::getWvmmCost(wvmm.getInput().getType(), wvmm.getOutput().getType());
+  if (auto vvdmul = dyn_cast<SpatVVDMulOp>(&op))
+    return PimsimSchedulerCostModel::getBinaryVectorCost(
+      vvdmul.getLhs().getType(), vvdmul.getRhs().getType(), vvdmul.getOutput().getType(), /*scalarOutput=*/true);
+  if (auto vadd = dyn_cast<SpatVAddOp>(&op))
+    return PimsimSchedulerCostModel::getBinaryVectorCost(vadd.getLhs().getType(), vadd.getRhs().getType(),
+                                                         vadd.getOutput().getType());
+  if (auto vsub = dyn_cast<SpatVSubOp>(&op))
+    return PimsimSchedulerCostModel::getBinaryVectorCost(vsub.getLhs().getType(), vsub.getRhs().getType(),
+                                                         vsub.getOutput().getType());
+  if (auto vmul = dyn_cast<SpatVMulOp>(&op))
+    return PimsimSchedulerCostModel::getBinaryVectorCost(vmul.getLhs().getType(), vmul.getRhs().getType(),
+                                                         vmul.getOutput().getType());
+  if (auto vmax = dyn_cast<SpatVMaxOp>(&op))
+    return PimsimSchedulerCostModel::getBinaryVectorCost(vmax.getLhs().getType(), vmax.getRhs().getType(),
+                                                         vmax.getOutput().getType());
+  if (auto vavg = dyn_cast<SpatVAvgOp>(&op))
+    return PimsimSchedulerCostModel::getUnaryVectorCost(vavg.getInput().getType(), vavg.getOutput().getType(),
+                                                        /*scalarOutput=*/true);
+  if (auto relu = dyn_cast<SpatReluOp>(&op))
+    return PimsimSchedulerCostModel::getUnaryVectorCost(relu.getInput().getType(), relu.getOutput().getType());
+  if (auto sigm = dyn_cast<SpatSigmoidOp>(&op))
+    return PimsimSchedulerCostModel::getUnaryVectorCost(sigm.getInput().getType(), sigm.getOutput().getType());
+  if (auto softmax = dyn_cast<SpatSoftmaxOp>(&op)) {
+    Cost unary = PimsimSchedulerCostModel::getUnaryVectorCost(softmax.getInput().getType(), softmax.getOutput().getType());
+    return checkedMultiply(unary, static_cast<Cost>(4));
+  }
+  if (auto extract = dyn_cast<tensor::ExtractSliceOp>(&op))
+    return PimsimSchedulerCostModel::getTensorMoveCost(extract.getResult().getType());
+  if (auto insert = dyn_cast<tensor::InsertSliceOp>(&op))
+    return PimsimSchedulerCostModel::getTensorMoveCost(insert.getSource().getType());
+
+  Cost nestedCost = 0;
+  for (Region& region : op.getRegions())
+    nestedCost = checkedAdd(nestedCost, getRegionCost(region));
+  return checkedAdd(PimsimSchedulerCostModel::kFallbackOperationCost, nestedCost);
 }
 
 std::optional<uint64_t> getStaticTripCount(scf::ForOp loop) {
@@ -54,6 +270,11 @@ std::optional<uint64_t> getStaticTripCount(scf::ForOp loop) {
   return (distance + stride - 1) / stride;
 }
 
+Cost getComputeBodyCost(Region& body) {
+  constexpr Cost kOperationCost = 100;
+  return checkedMultiply(static_cast<Cost>(countComputeBodyOperationInstances(body)), kOperationCost);
+}
+
 uint64_t countOperationInstances(Operation& op) {
   if (auto loop = dyn_cast<scf::ForOp>(&op)) {
     std::optional<uint64_t> tripCount = getStaticTripCount(loop);
@@ -149,7 +370,8 @@ std::optional<Cost> getBatchProjectedInputTransferCost(SpatComputeBatch batch, V
     auto resultType = dyn_cast<ShapedType>(extract.getResult().getType());
     if (!resultType || !resultType.hasStaticShape())
       return std::nullopt;
-    projectedCost = checkedAdd(projectedCost, static_cast<Cost>(getSizeInBytes(resultType)));
+    projectedCost = checkedAdd(
+      projectedCost, PimsimSchedulerCostModel::getInterCoreTransferCostFromBytes(static_cast<Cost>(getSizeInBytes(resultType))));
   }
 
   if (projectedCost == 0)
@@ -162,7 +384,7 @@ Cost getInputTransferCost(const ComputeInstance& consumerInstance, Value input)
   if (auto batch = dyn_cast<SpatComputeBatch>(consumerInstance.op))
     if (std::optional<Cost> projectedCost = getBatchProjectedInputTransferCost(batch, input))
       return *projectedCost;
-  return static_cast<Cost>(getSizeInBytes(inputType));
+  return PimsimSchedulerCostModel::getInterCoreTransferCostFromBytes(static_cast<Cost>(getSizeInBytes(inputType)));
 }
 
 uint32_t getLaneOverlapCount(const ComputeInstance& lhs, const ComputeInstance& rhs) {
@@ -451,7 +673,7 @@ std::vector<ComputeGraphEdge> aggregateEdges(llvm::ArrayRef<ComputeGraphEdge> ed
       continue;
     auto inserted = edgeCosts.try_emplace({edge.source, edge.target}, edge.transferCost);
     if (!inserted.second)
-      inserted.first->second = std::max(inserted.first->second, edge.transferCost);
+      inserted.first->second = checkedAdd(inserted.first->second, edge.transferCost);
   }
 
   std::vector<ComputeGraphEdge> aggregatedEdges;