diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/CMakeLists.txt b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/CMakeLists.txt
index 85beb04..ea95ce8 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -5,9 +5,11 @@ add_public_tablegen_target(ONNXToSpatialIncGen)
 add_onnx_mlir_library(OMONNXToSpatial
   Math/Gemm.cpp
   Math/Conv.cpp
+  Math/MatMul.cpp
   NN/Pooling.cpp
   NN/ReduceMean.cpp
   Tensor/ONNXConcatToTensorConcat.cpp
+  Tensor/ONNXReshapeToTensorReshape.cpp
   Tensor/RemoveUnusedHelperOps.cpp
   Utils/SpatialReducer.cpp
   Utils/WeightSubdivider.cpp
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Math/Conv.cpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Math/Conv.cpp
index a9d4dfb..981510b 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Math/Conv.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Math/Conv.cpp
@@ -130,19 +130,11 @@ LogicalResult ConvToGemm::matchAndRewrite(ONNXConvOp convOp,
   });
   Value wTrans = ONNXTransposeOp::create(rewriter, loc, wTransType, wFlat, rewriter.getI64ArrayAttr({1, 0}));
 
-  // Reshape bias [numChannelsOut] -> [1, numChannelsOut] for Gemm C row-broadcasting, or use none
+  // Pass bias through directly; Gemm handles rank-1 C canonicalization.
   bool hasB = !isa<ONNXNoneOp>(b.getDefiningOp());
   Value gemmC;
-  if (hasB) {
-    auto biasType = RankedTensorType::get({1, numChannelsOut}, cast<RankedTensorType>(b.getType()).getElementType());
-    gemmC = tensor::ExpandShapeOp::create(rewriter,
-                                          loc,
-                                          biasType,
-                                          b,
-                                          SmallVector<ReassociationIndices> {
-                                            {0, 1}
-    });
-  }
+  if (hasB)
+    gemmC = b;
   else
     gemmC = ONNXNoneOp::create(rewriter, loc, rewriter.getNoneType());
 
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Math/Gemm.cpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Math/Gemm.cpp
index 53bde28..0ca061c 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Math/Gemm.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Math/Gemm.cpp
@@ -23,6 +23,38 @@ namespace {
 
 constexpr StringRef COMPUTE_HAS_SOFTMAX_DIVISOR_ATTRNAME = "computeWithSoftmaxDivisor";
 
+static FailureOr<Value> materializeScaledConstantTensor(Value value,
+                                                        float factor,
+                                                        ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter,
+                                                        Location loc) {
+  if (factor == 1.0f)
+    return value;
+
+  auto constantOp = value.getDefiningOp<arith::ConstantOp>();
+  if (!constantOp)
+    return failure();
+
+  auto denseAttr = dyn_cast<DenseFPElementsAttr>(constantOp.getValue());
+  if (!denseAttr)
+    return failure();
+
+  SmallVector<APFloat> scaledValues;
+  scaledValues.reserve(denseAttr.getNumElements());
+  APFloat scale(factor);
+  bool hadFailure = false;
+  for (const APFloat& originalValue : denseAttr.getValues<APFloat>()) {
+    APFloat scaledValue(originalValue);
+    if (scaledValue.multiply(scale, APFloat::rmNearestTiesToEven))
+      hadFailure = true;
+    scaledValues.push_back(std::move(scaledValue));
+  }
+  if (hadFailure)
+    return failure();
+
+  auto scaledAttr = DenseFPElementsAttr::get(cast<RankedTensorType>(denseAttr.getType()), scaledValues);
+  return arith::ConstantOp::create(rewriter, loc, denseAttr.getType(), scaledAttr).getResult();
+}
+
 struct GemmToManyGemv : OpConversionPattern<ONNXGemmOp> {
   using OpConversionPattern::OpConversionPattern;
 
@@ -74,10 +106,25 @@ LogicalResult GemmToManyGemv::matchAndRewrite(ONNXGemmOp gemmOp,
   if (numOutRows <= 1)
     return failure();
 
+  auto scaledB = materializeScaledConstantTensor(b, gemmOpAdaptor.getAlpha().convertToFloat(), rewriter, loc);
+  if (failed(scaledB))
+    return failure();
+  b = *scaledB;
+
   RankedTensorType cType = nullptr;
   bool cHasNumOutRows = false;
   if (hasC) {
+    auto scaledC = materializeScaledConstantTensor(c, gemmOpAdaptor.getBeta().convertToFloat(), rewriter, loc);
+    if (failed(scaledC))
+      return failure();
+    c = *scaledC;
     cType = cast<RankedTensorType>(c.getType());
+    // Expand rank-1 bias [N] to rank-2 [1, N] for uniform handling
+    if (cType.getRank() == 1) {
+      auto expandedType = RankedTensorType::get({1, cType.getDimSize(0)}, cType.getElementType());
+      c = tensor::ExpandShapeOp::create(rewriter, loc, expandedType, c, SmallVector<ReassociationIndices>{{0, 1}});
+      cType = expandedType;
+    }
     assert("Only support rank 2 tensor for C" && cType.getRank() == 2);
     cHasNumOutRows = cType.getDimSize(0) == numOutRows;
   }
@@ -112,8 +159,8 @@ LogicalResult GemmToManyGemv::matchAndRewrite(ONNXGemmOp gemmOp,
                                      aSlice,
                                      b,
                                      cSlice,
-                                     gemmOp.getAlphaAttr(),
-                                     gemmOp.getBetaAttr(),
+                                     rewriter.getF32FloatAttr(1.0f),
+                                     rewriter.getF32FloatAttr(1.0f),
                                      gemmOp.getTransAAttr(),
                                      gemmOp.getTransBAttr());
     gemvOps.push_back(gemvOp.getY());
@@ -158,6 +205,12 @@ LogicalResult GemvToSpatialCompute::matchAndRewrite(ONNXGemmOp gemmOp,
   bool hasC = !isa<ONNXNoneOp>(c.getDefiningOp());
   if (hasC) {
     cType = cast<RankedTensorType>(c.getType());
+    // Expand rank-1 bias [N] to rank-2 [1, N] for uniform handling
+    if (cType.getRank() == 1) {
+      auto expandedType = RankedTensorType::get({1, cType.getDimSize(0)}, cType.getElementType());
+      c = tensor::ExpandShapeOp::create(rewriter, gemmLoc, expandedType, c, SmallVector<ReassociationIndices>{{0, 1}});
+      cType = expandedType;
+    }
     assert("Only support rank 2 tensor for C" && cType.getRank() == 2);
   }
 
@@ -177,19 +230,24 @@ LogicalResult GemvToSpatialCompute::matchAndRewrite(ONNXGemmOp gemmOp,
     auto bShape = bType.getShape();
     auto transposedType = bType.cloneWith(ArrayRef({bShape[1], bShape[0]}), bType.getElementType());
     b = ONNXTransposeOp::create(rewriter, gemmLoc, transposedType, b, rewriter.getI64ArrayAttr({1, 0}));
+    bType = cast<RankedTensorType>(b.getType());
   }
 
   if (alpha != 1.0f) {
-    auto alphaTensorType = RankedTensorType::get({1, 1}, cast<RankedTensorType>(a.getType()).getElementType());
-    auto alphaTensorValue = DenseFPElementsAttr::get(alphaTensorType, {alpha});
-    auto alphaTensor = arith::ConstantOp::create(rewriter, gemmLoc, alphaTensorType, alphaTensorValue);
-    a = spatial::SpatVMulOp::create(rewriter, gemmLoc, a.getType(), a, alphaTensor);
+    auto scaledB = materializeScaledConstantTensor(b, alpha, rewriter, gemmLoc);
+    if (failed(scaledB))
+      return failure();
+    b = *scaledB;
+    bType = cast<RankedTensorType>(b.getType());
+    alpha = 1.0f;
   }
   if (hasC && beta != 1.0f) {
-    auto betaTensorType = RankedTensorType::get({1, 1}, cast<RankedTensorType>(c.getType()).getElementType());
-    auto betaTensorValue = DenseFPElementsAttr::get(betaTensorType, {beta});
-    auto betaTensor = arith::ConstantOp::create(rewriter, gemmLoc, betaTensorType, betaTensorValue);
-    c = spatial::SpatVMulOp::create(rewriter, gemmLoc, c.getType(), c, betaTensor);
+    auto scaledC = materializeScaledConstantTensor(c, beta, rewriter, gemmLoc);
+    if (failed(scaledC))
+      return failure();
+    c = *scaledC;
+    cType = cast<RankedTensorType>(c.getType());
+    beta = 1.0f;
   }
 
   auto [aNumHSlices, aLastHSliceSize] = ceilIntegerDivideWithRemainder(aType.getDimSize(1), crossbarSize.getValue());
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Math/MatMul.cpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Math/MatMul.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a37cd74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Math/MatMul.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Tensor/IR/Tensor.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/BuiltinTypes.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/PatternMatch.h"
+
+#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
+
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ONNXToSpatialPatterns.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
+#include "src/Dialect/ONNX/ONNXOps.hpp"
+
+using namespace mlir;
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace {
+
+struct MatMulRank3ToGemm : OpRewritePattern<ONNXMatMulOp> {
+  using OpRewritePattern::OpRewritePattern;
+
+  LogicalResult matchAndRewrite(ONNXMatMulOp matmulOp, PatternRewriter& rewriter) const override {
+    auto lhsType = dyn_cast<RankedTensorType>(matmulOp.getA().getType());
+    auto rhsType = dyn_cast<RankedTensorType>(matmulOp.getB().getType());
+    auto outType = dyn_cast<RankedTensorType>(matmulOp.getY().getType());
+    if (!lhsType || !rhsType || !outType || !lhsType.hasStaticShape() || !rhsType.hasStaticShape()
+        || !outType.hasStaticShape())
+      return failure();
+    if (lhsType.getRank() != 2 || rhsType.getRank() != 3 || outType.getRank() != 3)
+      return failure();
+
+    const int64_t batch = rhsType.getDimSize(0);
+    const int64_t k = rhsType.getDimSize(1);
+    const int64_t n = rhsType.getDimSize(2);
+    const int64_t m = lhsType.getDimSize(0);
+    if (lhsType.getDimSize(1) != k || outType.getDimSize(0) != batch || outType.getDimSize(1) != m
+        || outType.getDimSize(2) != n)
+      return failure();
+
+    Location loc = matmulOp.getLoc();
+    auto lhsTransposedType = RankedTensorType::get({k, m}, lhsType.getElementType());
+    auto rhsSliceType = RankedTensorType::get({1, k, 1}, rhsType.getElementType());
+    auto rhsRowType = RankedTensorType::get({1, k}, rhsType.getElementType());
+    auto gemmRowType = RankedTensorType::get({1, m}, outType.getElementType());
+    auto gemmOutType = RankedTensorType::get({batch * n, m}, outType.getElementType());
+    auto gemmExpandedType = RankedTensorType::get({batch, n, m}, outType.getElementType());
+
+    Value lhsTransposed =
+      ONNXTransposeOp::create(rewriter, loc, lhsTransposedType, matmulOp.getA(), rewriter.getI64ArrayAttr({1, 0}));
+    Value none = ONNXNoneOp::create(rewriter, loc, rewriter.getNoneType());
+
+    SmallVector<Value> gemmRows;
+    gemmRows.reserve(batch * n);
+    for (int64_t batchIdx = 0; batchIdx < batch; batchIdx++) {
+      for (int64_t colIdx = 0; colIdx < n; colIdx++) {
+        SmallVector<OpFoldResult> offsets = {
+          rewriter.getIndexAttr(batchIdx), rewriter.getIndexAttr(0), rewriter.getIndexAttr(colIdx)};
+        SmallVector<OpFoldResult> sizes = {
+          rewriter.getIndexAttr(1), rewriter.getIndexAttr(k), rewriter.getIndexAttr(1)};
+        SmallVector<OpFoldResult> strides = {
+          rewriter.getIndexAttr(1), rewriter.getIndexAttr(1), rewriter.getIndexAttr(1)};
+        Value rhsSlice =
+          tensor::ExtractSliceOp::create(rewriter, loc, rhsSliceType, matmulOp.getB(), offsets, sizes, strides);
+        Value rhsRow = tensor::CollapseShapeOp::create(
+          rewriter, loc, rhsRowType, rhsSlice, SmallVector<ReassociationIndices>{{0}, {1, 2}});
+
+        auto gemmOp = ONNXGemmOp::create(rewriter,
+                                         loc,
+                                         gemmRowType,
+                                         rhsRow,
+                                         lhsTransposed,
+                                         none,
+                                         rewriter.getF32FloatAttr(1.0f),
+                                         rewriter.getF32FloatAttr(1.0f),
+                                         rewriter.getBoolAttr(false),
+                                         rewriter.getBoolAttr(false));
+        gemmRows.push_back(gemmOp.getY());
+      }
+    }
+
+    auto concatComputeOp =
+      spatial::SpatWeightedCompute::create(rewriter, loc, gemmOutType, SmallVector<Value>(), gemmRows);
+
+    auto* concatBlock = new Block();
+    for (Value gemmRow : gemmRows)
+      concatBlock->addArgument(gemmRow.getType(), loc);
+    concatComputeOp.getBody().push_back(concatBlock);
+    rewriter.setInsertionPointToStart(concatBlock);
+
+    auto concatOp = tensor::ConcatOp::create(rewriter, loc, /*axis=*/0, concatBlock->getArguments());
+    spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, concatOp.getResult());
+
+    rewriter.setInsertionPointAfter(concatComputeOp);
+    Value gemmOut = concatComputeOp.getResult(0);
+    Value gemmExpanded = tensor::ExpandShapeOp::create(
+      rewriter, loc, gemmExpandedType, gemmOut, SmallVector<ReassociationIndices>{{0, 1}, {2}});
+    Value result = ONNXTransposeOp::create(
+      rewriter, loc, outType, gemmExpanded, rewriter.getI64ArrayAttr({0, 2, 1}));
+
+    rewriter.replaceOp(matmulOp, result);
+    return success();
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace
+
+void populateMatMulRewritePatterns(RewritePatternSet& patterns, MLIRContext* ctx) {
+  patterns.insert<MatMulRank3ToGemm>(ctx);
+}
+
+} // namespace onnx_mlir
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ONNXToSpatial.td b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ONNXToSpatial.td
index f83d758..cb3401b 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ONNXToSpatial.td
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ONNXToSpatial.td
@@ -15,6 +15,10 @@ def onnxToArithConstantOp : Pat<
 
 // ONNXMatMulOp to ONNXGemmOp patterns
 
+def IsRank2Result: Constraint<
+  CPred<"cast<ShapedType>($0.getType()).getRank() == 2">,
+  "Result is rank 2">;
+
 def matMulAddToGemmPattern : Pat<
   (ONNXAddOp (ONNXMatMulOp:$matmulres $A, $B), $C),
   (ONNXGemmOp $A, $B, $C,
@@ -22,19 +26,21 @@ def matMulAddToGemmPattern : Pat<
     /* beta   = */ (NativeCodeCall<"$_builder.getF32FloatAttr(1)">),
     /* transA = */ (NativeCodeCall<"IntegerAttr::get($_builder.getIntegerType(64, true), 0)">),
     /* transB = */ (NativeCodeCall<"IntegerAttr::get($_builder.getIntegerType(64, true), 0)">)
-  )
+  ),
+  [(IsRank2Result $matmulres)]
 >;
 
 def matMulToGemmPattern : Pat<
   (ONNXMatMulOp:$matmulres $A, $B),
   (
-    ONNXGemmOp $A, $B, 
+    ONNXGemmOp $A, $B,
     /* C      = */ (NativeCodeCall<"tensor::EmptyOp::create($_builder, $_loc, cast<ShapedType>(matmulres.getY().getType()).getShape(), cast<ShapedType>(matmulres.getY().getType()).getElementType());">),
     /* alpha  = */ (NativeCodeCall<"$_builder.getF32FloatAttr(1)">),
     /* beta   = */ (NativeCodeCall<"$_builder.getF32FloatAttr(0)">),
     /* transA = */ (NativeCodeCall<"IntegerAttr::get($_builder.getIntegerType(64, true), 0)">),
     /* transB = */ (NativeCodeCall<"IntegerAttr::get($_builder.getIntegerType(64, true), 0)">)
-  )
+  ),
+  [(IsRank2Result $matmulres)]
 >;
 
 // ONNXConvOp + ONNXAddOp to ONNXConvOp pattern
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ONNXToSpatialPass.cpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ONNXToSpatialPass.cpp
index 0bd82d0..02f92c8 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ONNXToSpatialPass.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ONNXToSpatialPass.cpp
@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Func/IR/FuncOps.h"
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Tensor/IR/Tensor.h"
-#include "mlir/Dialect/Tosa/IR/TosaOps.h"
 #include "mlir/Pass/Pass.h"
 #include "mlir/Transforms/GreedyPatternRewriteDriver.h"
 
@@ -56,6 +55,7 @@ void ONNXToSpatialPass::runOnOperation() {
   mergeActivationPatterns.add<matMulAddToGemmPattern>(ctx);
   mergeActivationPatterns.add<matMulToGemmPattern>(ctx);
   mergeActivationPatterns.add<removeFlattenSameShapePattern>(ctx);
+  populateMatMulRewritePatterns(mergeActivationPatterns, ctx);
 
   if (failed(applyPatternsGreedily(moduleOp, std::move(mergeActivationPatterns))))
     llvm::dbgs() << "Failed to merge activation patterns, continuing...\n";
@@ -74,7 +74,9 @@ void ONNXToSpatialPass::runOnOperation() {
 
   ConversionTarget target(*ctx);
   target.addLegalDialect<spatial::SpatialDialect, ONNXDialect, tensor::TensorDialect, arith::ArithDialect>();
-  target.addIllegalOp<ONNXMatMulOp>();
+  target.addDynamicallyLegalOp<ONNXMatMulOp>([](ONNXMatMulOp op) {
+    return cast<ShapedType>(op.getY().getType()).getRank() != 2;
+  });
   target.addIllegalOp<ONNXGemmOp>();
   target.addIllegalOp<ONNXConvOp>();
   target.addIllegalOp<ONNXLRNOp>();
@@ -83,6 +85,7 @@ void ONNXToSpatialPass::runOnOperation() {
   target.addIllegalOp<ONNXConcatOp>();
   target.addIllegalOp<ONNXSoftmaxOp>();
   target.addIllegalOp<ONNXReduceMeanV13Op>();
+  target.addIllegalOp<ONNXReshapeOp>();
 
   RewritePatternSet patterns(ctx);
   patterns.add<removeLRNPattern>(ctx);
@@ -90,6 +93,7 @@ void ONNXToSpatialPass::runOnOperation() {
   populateConvOpPatterns(patterns, ctx);
   populatePoolingTilingPattern(patterns, ctx);
   populateOnnxGemmOpPatterns(patterns, ctx);
+  populateReshapeConversionPattern(patterns, ctx);
 
   populateONNXConcatToTensorConcatPattern(patterns, ctx);
   populateReduceMeanConversionPattern(patterns, ctx);
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ONNXToSpatialPatterns.hpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ONNXToSpatialPatterns.hpp
index 1a1a3f6..1b7ffaa 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ONNXToSpatialPatterns.hpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ONNXToSpatialPatterns.hpp
@@ -7,12 +7,16 @@ namespace onnx_mlir {
 
 void populateConvOpPatterns(mlir::RewritePatternSet& patterns, mlir::MLIRContext* ctx);
 
+void populateMatMulRewritePatterns(mlir::RewritePatternSet& patterns, mlir::MLIRContext* ctx);
+
 void populateOnnxGemmOpPatterns(mlir::RewritePatternSet& patterns, mlir::MLIRContext* ctx);
 
 void populatePoolingTilingPattern(mlir::RewritePatternSet& patterns, mlir::MLIRContext* ctx);
 
 void populateONNXConcatToTensorConcatPattern(mlir::RewritePatternSet& patterns, mlir::MLIRContext* ctx);
 
+void populateReshapeConversionPattern(mlir::RewritePatternSet& patterns, mlir::MLIRContext* ctx);
+
 void populateRemoveUnusedHelperOpsPatterns(mlir::RewritePatternSet& patterns, mlir::MLIRContext* ctx);
 
 void populateReduceMeanConversionPattern(mlir::RewritePatternSet& patterns, mlir::MLIRContext* ctx);
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Tensor/ONNXReshapeToTensorReshape.cpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Tensor/ONNXReshapeToTensorReshape.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..629b0ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Tensor/ONNXReshapeToTensorReshape.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Tensor/IR/Tensor.h"
+#include "mlir/Transforms/DialectConversion.h"
+
+#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
+
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ONNXToSpatialPatterns.hpp"
+#include "src/Dialect/ONNX/ONNXOps.hpp"
+
+using namespace mlir;
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace {
+
+static bool haveStaticPositiveShape(ArrayRef<int64_t> shape) {
+  return llvm::all_of(shape, [](int64_t dim) { return dim > 0; });
+}
+
+static bool inferCollapseReassociation(ArrayRef<int64_t> sourceShape,
+                                       ArrayRef<int64_t> resultShape,
+                                       SmallVector<ReassociationIndices>& reassociation) {
+  reassociation.clear();
+
+  size_t sourceIdx = 0;
+  size_t resultIdx = 0;
+  while (sourceIdx < sourceShape.size() && resultIdx < resultShape.size()) {
+    int64_t sourceProduct = sourceShape[sourceIdx];
+    int64_t resultProduct = resultShape[resultIdx];
+
+    ReassociationIndices group;
+    group.push_back(sourceIdx);
+    while (sourceProduct != resultProduct) {
+      if (sourceProduct > resultProduct)
+        return false;
+      sourceIdx++;
+      if (sourceIdx >= sourceShape.size())
+        return false;
+      group.push_back(sourceIdx);
+      sourceProduct *= sourceShape[sourceIdx];
+    }
+
+    reassociation.push_back(group);
+    sourceIdx++;
+    resultIdx++;
+  }
+
+  return sourceIdx == sourceShape.size() && resultIdx == resultShape.size();
+}
+
+static bool inferExpandReassociation(ArrayRef<int64_t> sourceShape,
+                                     ArrayRef<int64_t> resultShape,
+                                     SmallVector<ReassociationIndices>& reassociation) {
+  reassociation.clear();
+
+  size_t sourceIdx = 0;
+  size_t resultIdx = 0;
+  while (sourceIdx < sourceShape.size() && resultIdx < resultShape.size()) {
+    int64_t sourceProduct = sourceShape[sourceIdx];
+    int64_t resultProduct = resultShape[resultIdx];
+
+    ReassociationIndices group;
+    group.push_back(resultIdx);
+    while (resultProduct != sourceProduct) {
+      if (resultProduct > sourceProduct)
+        return false;
+      resultIdx++;
+      if (resultIdx >= resultShape.size())
+        return false;
+      group.push_back(resultIdx);
+      resultProduct *= resultShape[resultIdx];
+    }
+
+    reassociation.push_back(group);
+    sourceIdx++;
+    resultIdx++;
+  }
+
+  return sourceIdx == sourceShape.size() && resultIdx == resultShape.size();
+}
+
+struct ONNXReshapeToTensorReshape : OpConversionPattern<ONNXReshapeOp> {
+  using OpConversionPattern::OpConversionPattern;
+
+  LogicalResult matchAndRewrite(ONNXReshapeOp reshapeOp,
+                                ONNXReshapeOpAdaptor adaptor,
+                                ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter) const override {
+    auto sourceType = dyn_cast<RankedTensorType>(adaptor.getData().getType());
+    auto resultType = dyn_cast<RankedTensorType>(reshapeOp.getReshaped().getType());
+    if (!sourceType || !resultType || !sourceType.hasStaticShape() || !resultType.hasStaticShape())
+      return failure();
+    if (!haveStaticPositiveShape(sourceType.getShape()) || !haveStaticPositiveShape(resultType.getShape()))
+      return failure();
+
+    if (sourceType == resultType) {
+      rewriter.replaceOp(reshapeOp, adaptor.getData());
+      return success();
+    }
+
+    SmallVector<ReassociationIndices> reassociation;
+    if (sourceType.getRank() > resultType.getRank()
+        && inferCollapseReassociation(sourceType.getShape(), resultType.getShape(), reassociation)) {
+      rewriter.replaceOpWithNewOp<tensor::CollapseShapeOp>(reshapeOp, resultType, adaptor.getData(), reassociation);
+      return success();
+    }
+
+    if (sourceType.getRank() < resultType.getRank()
+        && inferExpandReassociation(sourceType.getShape(), resultType.getShape(), reassociation)) {
+      rewriter.replaceOpWithNewOp<tensor::ExpandShapeOp>(reshapeOp, resultType, adaptor.getData(), reassociation);
+      return success();
+    }
+
+    return failure();
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace
+
+void populateReshapeConversionPattern(RewritePatternSet& patterns, MLIRContext* ctx) {
+  patterns.insert<ONNXReshapeToTensorReshape>(ctx);
+}
+
+} // namespace onnx_mlir
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.cpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.cpp
index 7490fb2..2ffdb7b 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.cpp
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Arith/IR/Arith.h"
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Func/IR/FuncOps.h"
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Tensor/IR/Tensor.h"
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Tosa/IR/TosaOps.h"
@@ -79,8 +80,31 @@ private:
 } // namespace
 
 static bool isChannelUseChainOp(Operation* op) {
-  return isa<tensor::ExtractSliceOp, tensor::CollapseShapeOp, tensor::ExpandShapeOp, tensor::CastOp, tosa::ReshapeOp>(
-    op);
+  return isa<tensor::ExtractSliceOp,
+             tensor::CollapseShapeOp,
+             tensor::ExpandShapeOp,
+             tensor::CastOp,
+             tosa::ReshapeOp,
+             pim::PimTransposeOp>(op);
+}
+
+static void cloneMappedHelperOperands(Operation* op, IRMapping& mapping, IRRewriter& rewriter) {
+  for (Value operand : op->getOperands()) {
+    if (mapping.lookupOrNull(operand))
+      continue;
+
+    Operation* definingOp = operand.getDefiningOp();
+    if (!definingOp)
+      continue;
+
+    if (!isa<tensor::EmptyOp, arith::ConstantOp>(definingOp))
+      continue;
+
+    Operation* clonedOp = rewriter.clone(*definingOp, mapping);
+    for (auto [originalResult, newResult] : llvm::zip(definingOp->getResults(), clonedOp->getResults()))
+      mapping.map(originalResult, newResult);
+    rewriter.setInsertionPointAfter(clonedOp);
+  }
 }
 
 static size_t countComputeLeafUsers(Value value) {
@@ -204,6 +228,56 @@ void SpatialToPimPass::runOnComputeOp(spatial::SpatWeightedCompute computeOp, IR
       OpOperand& resultUse = *resultUses.begin();
       Operation* resultUser = resultUse.getOwner();
 
+      if (isChannelUseChainOp(resultUser)) {
+        SmallVector<Operation*> returnChain;
+        Value chainedValue = result;
+        Operation* chainUser = resultUser;
+
+        while (isChannelUseChainOp(chainUser)) {
+          returnChain.push_back(chainUser);
+          auto chainUses = chainUser->getResult(0).getUses();
+          if (rangeLength(chainUses) != 1)
+            break;
+          chainedValue = chainUser->getResult(0);
+          chainUser = chainUses.begin()->getOwner();
+        }
+
+        if (isa<func::ReturnOp>(chainUser)) {
+          size_t resultIndexInReturn = chainedValue.getUses().begin()->getOperandNumber();
+
+          rewriter.setInsertionPoint(yieldOp);
+          IRMapping mapping;
+          mapping.map(result, yieldValue);
+
+          Value storedValue = yieldValue;
+          for (Operation* op : returnChain) {
+            cloneMappedHelperOperands(op, mapping, rewriter);
+            Operation* clonedOp = rewriter.clone(*op, mapping);
+            for (auto [originalResult, newResult] : llvm::zip(op->getResults(), clonedOp->getResults()))
+              mapping.map(originalResult, newResult);
+            storedValue = clonedOp->getResult(0);
+            rewriter.setInsertionPointAfter(clonedOp);
+            markOpToRemove(op);
+          }
+
+          auto storedType = cast<ShapedType>(storedValue.getType());
+          size_t elementSize = storedType.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8;
+
+          Value outputTensor = outputTensors[resultIndexInReturn];
+          if (auto storedOp = storedValue.getDefiningOp())
+            rewriter.setInsertionPointAfter(storedOp);
+          PimMemCopyDevToHostOp::create(rewriter,
+                                        loc,
+                                        outputTensor.getType(),
+                                        outputTensor,
+                                        storedValue,
+                                        rewriter.getI32IntegerAttr(0),
+                                        rewriter.getI32IntegerAttr(0),
+                                        rewriter.getI32IntegerAttr(storedType.getNumElements() * elementSize));
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+
       if (isa<func::ReturnOp>(resultUser)) {
         size_t resultIndexInReturn = resultUse.getOperandNumber();
         size_t offset = 0;
@@ -493,6 +567,7 @@ void SpatialToPimPass::replaceBlockArgumentWithRecvOp(spatial::SpatWeightedCompu
     IRMapping mapping;
     mapping.map(channelSourceOp, receivedValue);
     for (Operation* op : llvm::reverse(clonedChain)) {
+      cloneMappedHelperOperands(op, mapping, rewriter);
       Operation* clonedOp = rewriter.clone(*op, mapping);
       for (auto [originalResult, newResult] : llvm::zip(op->getResults(), clonedOp->getResults()))
         mapping.map(originalResult, newResult);
diff --git a/src/PIM/Pass/PimConstantFoldingPass.cpp b/src/PIM/Pass/PimConstantFoldingPass.cpp
index 9fe6a2f..bf70814 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Pass/PimConstantFoldingPass.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Pass/PimConstantFoldingPass.cpp
@@ -30,6 +30,24 @@ static Value stripMemRefCasts(Value value) {
   return value;
 }
 
+static Value stripMemRefViewOps(Value value) {
+  while (true) {
+    if (auto castOp = value.getDefiningOp<memref::CastOp>()) {
+      value = castOp.getSource();
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (auto collapseOp = value.getDefiningOp<memref::CollapseShapeOp>()) {
+      value = collapseOp.getSrc();
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (auto expandOp = value.getDefiningOp<memref::ExpandShapeOp>()) {
+      value = expandOp.getSrc();
+      continue;
+    }
+    return value;
+  }
+}
+
 static memref::GlobalOp createFoldedGlobal(ModuleOp moduleOp,
                                            Location loc,
                                            MemRefType globalType,
@@ -204,6 +222,7 @@ struct StaticSubviewInfo {
 };
 
 static FailureOr<StaticSubviewInfo> getStaticSubviewInfo(Value value) {
+  value = stripMemRefViewOps(value);
   auto subviewOp = value.getDefiningOp<memref::SubViewOp>();
   if (!subviewOp)
     return failure();
@@ -321,6 +340,77 @@ struct RewriteCoreSubviewCopyPattern final : OpRewritePattern<pim::PimMemCopyOp>
   }
 };
 
+struct RewriteHostSubviewLoadPattern final : OpRewritePattern<pim::PimMemCopyHostToDevOp> {
+  using OpRewritePattern::OpRewritePattern;
+
+  LogicalResult matchAndRewrite(pim::PimMemCopyHostToDevOp copyOp, PatternRewriter& rewriter) const override {
+    auto srcSubview = getStaticSubviewInfo(copyOp.getHostSrc());
+    auto dstSubview = getStaticSubviewInfo(copyOp.getDeviceDst());
+    const bool splitSrc = succeeded(srcSubview)
+                       && !isMemoryContiguous(srcSubview->sourceShape, srcSubview->offsets, srcSubview->sizes, srcSubview->strides);
+    const bool splitDst = succeeded(dstSubview)
+                       && !isMemoryContiguous(dstSubview->sourceShape, dstSubview->offsets, dstSubview->sizes, dstSubview->strides);
+    if (!splitSrc && !splitDst)
+      return failure();
+
+    auto sourceType = dyn_cast<MemRefType>(copyOp.getHostSrc().getType());
+    auto dstType = dyn_cast<MemRefType>(copyOp.getDeviceDst().getType());
+    if (!sourceType || !dstType || !sourceType.hasStaticShape() || !dstType.hasStaticShape())
+      return failure();
+    if (sourceType.getElementType() != dstType.getElementType())
+      return failure();
+
+    if (splitSrc && llvm::any_of(srcSubview->strides, [](int64_t stride) { return stride != 1; }))
+      return failure();
+    if (splitDst && llvm::any_of(dstSubview->strides, [](int64_t stride) { return stride != 1; }))
+      return failure();
+
+    ArrayRef<int64_t> copyShape = splitSrc ? ArrayRef<int64_t>(srcSubview->sizes) : ArrayRef<int64_t>(dstSubview->sizes);
+    if (splitSrc && splitDst && copyShape != ArrayRef<int64_t>(dstSubview->sizes))
+      return failure();
+
+    const int64_t elementByteWidth = sourceType.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8;
+    if (elementByteWidth <= 0)
+      return failure();
+
+    const int64_t totalBytes = getNumElements(copyShape) * elementByteWidth;
+    if (copyOp.getSize() != totalBytes)
+      return failure();
+
+    const int64_t sliceBytes = copyShape.back() * elementByteWidth;
+    if (sliceBytes <= 0)
+      return failure();
+
+    SmallVector<int64_t> outerShape(copyShape.begin(), copyShape.end() - 1);
+    auto outerStrides = computeRowMajorStrides(outerShape);
+    const int64_t numSlices = outerShape.empty() ? 1 : getNumElements(outerShape);
+
+    rewriter.setInsertionPoint(copyOp);
+    for (int64_t linearIndex = 0; linearIndex < numSlices; ++linearIndex) {
+      SmallVector<int64_t> outerIndices =
+        outerShape.empty() ? SmallVector<int64_t>{} : delinearizeIndex(linearIndex, outerShape, outerStrides);
+      const int64_t srcByteOffset = copyOp.getHostSrcOffset()
+                                 + (splitSrc ? getSubviewChunkOffsetBytes(*srcSubview, outerIndices, elementByteWidth)
+                                             : linearIndex * sliceBytes);
+      const int64_t dstByteOffset = copyOp.getDeviceDstOffset()
+                                 + (splitDst ? getSubviewChunkOffsetBytes(*dstSubview, outerIndices, elementByteWidth)
+                                             : linearIndex * sliceBytes);
+      pim::PimMemCopyHostToDevOp::create(
+        rewriter,
+        copyOp.getLoc(),
+        splitDst ? cast<MemRefType>(dstSubview->source.getType()) : dstType,
+        splitDst ? dstSubview->source : copyOp.getDeviceDst(),
+        splitSrc ? srcSubview->source : copyOp.getHostSrc(),
+        rewriter.getI32IntegerAttr(static_cast<int32_t>(dstByteOffset)),
+        rewriter.getI32IntegerAttr(static_cast<int32_t>(srcByteOffset)),
+        rewriter.getI32IntegerAttr(static_cast<int32_t>(sliceBytes)));
+    }
+
+    rewriter.replaceOp(copyOp, copyOp.getDeviceDst());
+    return success();
+  }
+};
+
 static FailureOr<DenseElementsAttr> foldConstantAlloc(memref::AllocOp allocOp, ModuleOp moduleOp) {
   auto allocType = dyn_cast<MemRefType>(allocOp.getType());
   if (!allocType || !allocType.hasStaticShape())
@@ -578,6 +668,170 @@ struct FoldConstantAllocPattern final : OpRewritePattern<memref::AllocOp> {
   }
 };
 
+struct FoldConstantMemCpPattern final : OpRewritePattern<pim::PimMemCopyOp> {
+  using OpRewritePattern::OpRewritePattern;
+
+  LogicalResult matchAndRewrite(pim::PimMemCopyOp copyOp, PatternRewriter& rewriter) const override {
+    // Only match top-level memcp (not inside pim.core)
+    if (copyOp->getParentOfType<pim::PimCoreOp>())
+      return failure();
+
+    // dst must be an alloc with static shape
+    auto allocOp = copyOp.getDst().getDefiningOp<memref::AllocOp>();
+    if (!allocOp)
+      return failure();
+    auto allocType = dyn_cast<MemRefType>(allocOp.getType());
+    if (!allocType || !allocType.hasStaticShape())
+      return failure();
+
+    // The copy must cover the full destination (offsets both zero)
+    if (copyOp.getDstOffset() != 0 || copyOp.getSrcOffset() != 0)
+      return failure();
+
+    // Resolve the source through an optional subview to a get_global
+    auto srcSubview = getStaticSubviewInfo(copyOp.getSrc());
+    Value globalSource = succeeded(srcSubview) ? srcSubview->source : stripMemRefCasts(copyOp.getSrc());
+
+    auto moduleOp = copyOp->getParentOfType<ModuleOp>();
+    if (!moduleOp)
+      return failure();
+
+    auto denseAttr = getDenseGlobalValue(moduleOp, globalSource);
+    if (failed(denseAttr))
+      return failure();
+
+    // Build the folded dense attribute
+    DenseElementsAttr foldedAttr;
+    if (succeeded(srcSubview)) {
+      // Extract the sub-tensor from the source constant
+      auto sourceType = dyn_cast<RankedTensorType>(denseAttr->getType());
+      if (!sourceType || !sourceType.hasStaticShape())
+        return failure();
+      if (llvm::any_of(srcSubview->strides, [](int64_t s) { return s != 1; }))
+        return failure();
+
+      auto resultTensorType = RankedTensorType::get(allocType.getShape(), allocType.getElementType());
+      const int64_t numResultElements = resultTensorType.getNumElements();
+      auto sourceStrides = computeRowMajorStrides(sourceType.getShape());
+      auto resultStrides = computeRowMajorStrides(resultTensorType.getShape());
+      SmallVector<Attribute> sourceValues(denseAttr->getValues<Attribute>());
+      SmallVector<Attribute> resultValues(numResultElements);
+
+      for (int64_t i = 0; i < numResultElements; ++i) {
+        auto resultIndices = delinearizeIndex(i, resultTensorType.getShape(), resultStrides);
+        SmallVector<int64_t> sourceIndices;
+        sourceIndices.reserve(resultIndices.size());
+        for (auto [off, idx] : llvm::zip_equal(srcSubview->offsets, resultIndices))
+          sourceIndices.push_back(off + idx);
+        int64_t srcLinear = linearizeIndex(sourceIndices, sourceStrides);
+        resultValues[i] = sourceValues[srcLinear];
+      }
+      foldedAttr = DenseElementsAttr::get(resultTensorType, resultValues);
+    }
+    else {
+      // Direct copy from a global — just reuse its dense attribute
+      auto resultTensorType = RankedTensorType::get(allocType.getShape(), allocType.getElementType());
+      if (resultTensorType != denseAttr->getType())
+        return failure();
+      foldedAttr = *denseAttr;
+    }
+
+    // Verify that the alloc's remaining users are supported ops.
+    bool allLiveUsersAreCores = true;
+    for (Operation* user : allocOp->getUsers()) {
+      if (user == copyOp)
+        continue;
+      if (isa<memref::DeallocOp>(user))
+        continue;
+      if (isa<pim::PimCoreOp>(user))
+        continue;
+      if (isa<memref::SubViewOp>(user)) {
+        allLiveUsersAreCores = false;
+        continue;
+      }
+      return failure();
+    }
+
+    auto newGlobal = createFoldedGlobal(moduleOp, allocOp.getLoc(), allocType, foldedAttr, "pim_folded_memcp");
+    if (allLiveUsersAreCores)
+      markWeightAlways(newGlobal);
+
+    rewriter.setInsertionPoint(allocOp);
+    auto newGetGlobal = memref::GetGlobalOp::create(rewriter, allocOp.getLoc(), allocType, newGlobal.getName());
+    if (allLiveUsersAreCores)
+      markWeightAlways(newGetGlobal);
+
+    rewriter.replaceAllUsesWith(allocOp.getResult(), newGetGlobal.getResult());
+    rewriter.eraseOp(copyOp);
+    if (allocOp.use_empty())
+      rewriter.eraseOp(allocOp);
+    return success();
+  }
+};
+
+struct FoldConstantCoreSubviewPattern final : OpRewritePattern<memref::SubViewOp> {
+  using OpRewritePattern::OpRewritePattern;
+
+  LogicalResult matchAndRewrite(memref::SubViewOp subviewOp, PatternRewriter& rewriter) const override {
+    // Only handle subviews whose users are all pim.core ops.
+    if (subviewOp.use_empty())
+      return failure();
+    if (!llvm::all_of(subviewOp->getUsers(), [](Operation* user) { return isa<pim::PimCoreOp>(user); }))
+      return failure();
+
+    // Source must resolve to a constant get_global.
+    auto moduleOp = subviewOp->getParentOfType<ModuleOp>();
+    if (!moduleOp)
+      return failure();
+    auto denseAttr = getDenseGlobalValue(moduleOp, stripMemRefCasts(subviewOp.getSource()));
+    if (failed(denseAttr))
+      return failure();
+
+    // Static subview info.
+    auto subviewInfo = getStaticSubviewInfo(subviewOp.getResult());
+    if (failed(subviewInfo))
+      return failure();
+    if (llvm::any_of(subviewInfo->strides, [](int64_t s) { return s != 1; }))
+      return failure();
+
+    auto sourceType = dyn_cast<RankedTensorType>(denseAttr->getType());
+    if (!sourceType || !sourceType.hasStaticShape())
+      return failure();
+
+    // Build the contiguous result type.
+    auto elementType = cast<MemRefType>(subviewOp.getType()).getElementType();
+    auto resultMemRefType = MemRefType::get(
+        SmallVector<int64_t>(subviewInfo->sizes.begin(), subviewInfo->sizes.end()), elementType);
+    auto resultTensorType = RankedTensorType::get(resultMemRefType.getShape(), elementType);
+    const int64_t numResultElements = resultTensorType.getNumElements();
+
+    // Extract the sub-tensor.
+    auto sourceStrides = computeRowMajorStrides(sourceType.getShape());
+    auto resultStrides = computeRowMajorStrides(resultTensorType.getShape());
+    SmallVector<Attribute> sourceValues(denseAttr->getValues<Attribute>());
+    SmallVector<Attribute> resultValues(numResultElements);
+    for (int64_t i = 0; i < numResultElements; ++i) {
+      auto resultIndices = delinearizeIndex(i, resultTensorType.getShape(), resultStrides);
+      SmallVector<int64_t> sourceIndices;
+      sourceIndices.reserve(resultIndices.size());
+      for (auto [off, idx] : llvm::zip_equal(subviewInfo->offsets, resultIndices))
+        sourceIndices.push_back(off + idx);
+      resultValues[i] = sourceValues[linearizeIndex(sourceIndices, sourceStrides)];
+    }
+    auto foldedAttr = DenseElementsAttr::get(resultTensorType, resultValues);
+
+    auto newGlobal = createFoldedGlobal(moduleOp, subviewOp.getLoc(), resultMemRefType, foldedAttr, "pim_folded_subview");
+    markWeightAlways(newGlobal);
+
+    rewriter.setInsertionPoint(subviewOp);
+    auto newGetGlobal = memref::GetGlobalOp::create(rewriter, subviewOp.getLoc(), resultMemRefType, newGlobal.getName());
+    markWeightAlways(newGetGlobal);
+
+    rewriter.replaceOp(subviewOp, newGetGlobal.getResult());
+    return success();
+  }
+};
+
 struct PimConstantFoldingPass : PassWrapper<PimConstantFoldingPass, OperationPass<ModuleOp>> {
   MLIR_DEFINE_EXPLICIT_INTERNAL_INLINE_TYPE_ID(PimConstantFoldingPass)
 
@@ -591,7 +845,13 @@ struct PimConstantFoldingPass : PassWrapper<PimConstantFoldingPass, OperationPas
     for (RegisteredOperationName op : context->getRegisteredOperations())
       op.getCanonicalizationPatterns(owningPatterns, context);
     owningPatterns
-      .add<FoldConstantTransposePattern, FoldConstantAllocPattern, FoldConstantCoreMapPattern, RewriteCoreSubviewCopyPattern>(
+      .add<FoldConstantTransposePattern,
+           FoldConstantAllocPattern,
+           FoldConstantCoreMapPattern,
+           RewriteCoreSubviewCopyPattern,
+           RewriteHostSubviewLoadPattern,
+           FoldConstantMemCpPattern,
+           FoldConstantCoreSubviewPattern>(
         context);
     patterns = std::make_shared<FrozenRewritePatternSet>(std::move(owningPatterns));
     return success();
diff --git a/validation/operations/README.md b/validation/operations/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..03c2a5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/validation/operations/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Validation Operations
+
+ONNX test models used by `validate.py` to verify the Raptor compiler + PIM simulator pipeline.
+
+Generated tests can be regenerated with:
+```
+python3 validation/operations/gen_tests.py
+```
+
+## Conv
+
+| Test | Directory | Input | Output | Kernel | Stride | Padding | Bias | Notes |
+|------|-----------|-------|--------|--------|--------|---------|------|-------|
+| Simple | `conv/simple` | [1,3,3,3] | [1,1,2,2] | 2x2 | 1 | none | no | Basic conv, hand-crafted |
+| With constant | `conv/with_constant` | [1,3,3,3] | [1,1,3,3] | 2x2 | 1 | SAME_UPPER | yes | Hand-crafted, constant weight+bias |
+| Batch 2 | `conv/batch_2` | [2,3,3,3] | [2,1,3,3] | 2x2 | 1 | SAME_UPPER | yes | Batched input |
+| Kernel 3x3 | `conv/kernel_3x3` | [1,1,5,5] | [1,1,3,3] | 3x3 | 1 | none | no | Larger kernel |
+| Stride 2 | `conv/stride_2` | [1,1,6,6] | [1,1,2,2] | 3x3 | 2 | none | no | Strided convolution |
+| Multi channel | `conv/multi_channel` | [1,3,5,5] | [1,4,3,3] | 3x3 | 1 | none | no | 3 in channels, 4 out channels |
+| Pointwise 1x1 | `conv/pointwise_1x1` | [1,8,4,4] | [1,4,4,4] | 1x1 | 1 | none | no | Channel mixing |
+| SAME padding 3x3 | `conv/same_padding_3x3` | [1,1,5,5] | [1,1,5,5] | 3x3 | 1 | SAME_UPPER | no | Spatial dims preserved |
+| Explicit padding | `conv/explicit_padding` | [1,1,4,4] | [1,1,4,4] | 3x3 | 1 | [1,1,1,1] | no | Symmetric explicit pads |
+| With bias 3x3 | `conv/with_bias_3x3` | [1,3,5,5] | [1,2,3,3] | 3x3 | 1 | none | yes | Multi-channel with bias |
+| Large spatial | `conv/large_spatial` | [1,1,8,8] | [1,1,6,6] | 3x3 | 1 | none | no | Larger spatial input |
+
+## Gemm
+
+| Test | Directory | A (input) | W (weight) | Output | transB | alpha | beta | Bias | Notes |
+|------|-----------|-----------|------------|--------|--------|-------|------|------|-------|
+| Default | `gemm/` | [10,132] | [132,132] | [10,132] | no | 1 | 1 | no | Hand-crafted, square weights |
+| Non-square | `gemm/non_square` | [4,128] | [128,64] | [4,64] | no | 1 | 1 | no | K != N |
+| With bias | `gemm/with_bias` | [4,128] | [128,128] | [4,128] | no | 1 | 1 | [128] | Bias vector |
+| transB | `gemm/transB` | [4,128] | [64,128] | [4,64] | yes | 1 | 1 | no | Transposed weight |
+| Alpha/beta | `gemm/alpha_beta` | [4,64] | [64,64] | [4,64] | no | 0.5 | 0.25 | [64] | Scaled matmul + bias |
+| Small | `gemm/small` | [2,8] | [8,4] | [2,4] | no | 1 | 1 | no | Tiny matrices |
+| Large | `gemm/large` | [8,256] | [256,128] | [8,128] | no | 1 | 1 | no | Larger matrices |
+| transB + bias | `gemm/transB_with_bias` | [4,128] | [64,128] | [4,64] | yes | 1 | 1 | [64] | Combined |
+
+## Gemv
+
+| Test | Directory | Input | W (weight) | Output | Bias | Notes |
+|------|-----------|-------|------------|--------|------|-------|
+| Simple | `gemv/simple` | [1,132] | [132,132] | [1,132] | no | Single-sample matmul |
+| Constant | `gemv/constant` | _(none)_ | [132,132] | [1,132] | no | All inputs constant |
+| Homogeneous const | `gemv/with_homogeneous_constant` | [1,132] | [132,132] | [1,132] | [1,132] | Bias matches output shape |
+| Heterogeneous const | `gemv/with_heterogeneous_constant` | [1,132] | [132,132] | [1,132] | [1,132] | Different constant pattern |
+| Scalar const | `gemv/with_scalar_constant` | [1,132] | [132,132] | [1,132] | [1,1] | Scalar bias, broadcast |
diff --git a/validation/operations/conv/batch_2/conv_batch_2.onnx b/validation/operations/conv/batch_2/conv_batch_2.onnx
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diff --git a/validation/operations/conv/explicit_padding/conv_explicit_padding.onnx b/validation/operations/conv/explicit_padding/conv_explicit_padding.onnx
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diff --git a/validation/operations/conv/kernel_3x3/conv_kernel_3x3.onnx b/validation/operations/conv/kernel_3x3/conv_kernel_3x3.onnx
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diff --git a/validation/operations/gen_tests.py b/validation/operations/gen_tests.py
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+++ b/validation/operations/gen_tests.py
@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Generate ONNX test models for validating GEMM and Conv implementations."""
+
+import numpy as np
+import onnx
+from onnx import helper, TensorProto, numpy_helper
+from pathlib import Path
+
+OPERATIONS_DIR = Path(__file__).parent
+
+
+def save_model(model, directory, filename):
+    """Save an ONNX model, creating the directory if needed."""
+    d = OPERATIONS_DIR / directory
+    d.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    path = d / filename
+    onnx.checker.check_model(model)
+    onnx.save(model, str(path))
+    print(f"  {path.relative_to(OPERATIONS_DIR)}")
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# GEMM tests
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def gemm_non_square():
+    """GEMM with non-square weight matrix: [B, K] @ [K, N], K != N."""
+    B, K, N = 4, 128, 64
+    W = numpy_helper.from_array(np.random.default_rng(42).uniform(-1, 1, (K, N)).astype(np.float32), name="W")
+    A = helper.make_tensor_value_info("A", TensorProto.FLOAT, [B, K])
+    Y = helper.make_tensor_value_info("Y", TensorProto.FLOAT, [B, N])
+    node = helper.make_node("Gemm", ["A", "W"], ["Y"])
+    graph = helper.make_graph([node], "gemm_non_square", [A], [Y], initializer=[W])
+    model = helper.make_model(graph, opset_imports=[helper.make_opsetid("", 13)])
+    save_model(model, "gemm/non_square", "gemm_non_square.onnx")
+
+
+def gemm_with_bias():
+    """GEMM with bias: Y = A @ W + C."""
+    B, K, N = 4, 128, 128
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(43)
+    W = numpy_helper.from_array(rng.uniform(-1, 1, (K, N)).astype(np.float32), name="W")
+    C = numpy_helper.from_array(rng.uniform(-1, 1, (N,)).astype(np.float32), name="C")
+    A = helper.make_tensor_value_info("A", TensorProto.FLOAT, [B, K])
+    Y = helper.make_tensor_value_info("Y", TensorProto.FLOAT, [B, N])
+    node = helper.make_node("Gemm", ["A", "W", "C"], ["Y"])
+    graph = helper.make_graph([node], "gemm_with_bias", [A], [Y], initializer=[W, C])
+    model = helper.make_model(graph, opset_imports=[helper.make_opsetid("", 13)])
+    save_model(model, "gemm/with_bias", "gemm_with_bias.onnx")
+
+
+def gemm_transB():
+    """GEMM with transB=1: Y = A @ W^T."""
+    B, K, N = 4, 128, 64
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(44)
+    # W stored as [N, K], transposed during computation
+    W = numpy_helper.from_array(rng.uniform(-1, 1, (N, K)).astype(np.float32), name="W")
+    A = helper.make_tensor_value_info("A", TensorProto.FLOAT, [B, K])
+    Y = helper.make_tensor_value_info("Y", TensorProto.FLOAT, [B, N])
+    node = helper.make_node("Gemm", ["A", "W"], ["Y"], transB=1)
+    graph = helper.make_graph([node], "gemm_transB", [A], [Y], initializer=[W])
+    model = helper.make_model(graph, opset_imports=[helper.make_opsetid("", 13)])
+    save_model(model, "gemm/transB", "gemm_transB.onnx")
+
+
+def gemm_alpha_beta():
+    """GEMM with alpha and beta: Y = 0.5 * A @ W + 0.25 * C."""
+    B, K, N = 4, 64, 64
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(45)
+    W = numpy_helper.from_array(rng.uniform(-1, 1, (K, N)).astype(np.float32), name="W")
+    C = numpy_helper.from_array(rng.uniform(-1, 1, (N,)).astype(np.float32), name="C")
+    A = helper.make_tensor_value_info("A", TensorProto.FLOAT, [B, K])
+    Y = helper.make_tensor_value_info("Y", TensorProto.FLOAT, [B, N])
+    node = helper.make_node("Gemm", ["A", "W", "C"], ["Y"], alpha=0.5, beta=0.25)
+    graph = helper.make_graph([node], "gemm_alpha_beta", [A], [Y], initializer=[W, C])
+    model = helper.make_model(graph, opset_imports=[helper.make_opsetid("", 13)])
+    save_model(model, "gemm/alpha_beta", "gemm_alpha_beta.onnx")
+
+
+def gemm_small():
+    """Small GEMM: [2, 8] @ [8, 4]."""
+    B, K, N = 2, 8, 4
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(46)
+    W = numpy_helper.from_array(rng.uniform(-1, 1, (K, N)).astype(np.float32), name="W")
+    A = helper.make_tensor_value_info("A", TensorProto.FLOAT, [B, K])
+    Y = helper.make_tensor_value_info("Y", TensorProto.FLOAT, [B, N])
+    node = helper.make_node("Gemm", ["A", "W"], ["Y"])
+    graph = helper.make_graph([node], "gemm_small", [A], [Y], initializer=[W])
+    model = helper.make_model(graph, opset_imports=[helper.make_opsetid("", 13)])
+    save_model(model, "gemm/small", "gemm_small.onnx")
+
+
+def gemm_large():
+    """Larger GEMM: [8, 256] @ [256, 128]."""
+    B, K, N = 8, 256, 128
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(47)
+    W = numpy_helper.from_array(rng.uniform(-1, 1, (K, N)).astype(np.float32), name="W")
+    A = helper.make_tensor_value_info("A", TensorProto.FLOAT, [B, K])
+    Y = helper.make_tensor_value_info("Y", TensorProto.FLOAT, [B, N])
+    node = helper.make_node("Gemm", ["A", "W"], ["Y"])
+    graph = helper.make_graph([node], "gemm_large", [A], [Y], initializer=[W])
+    model = helper.make_model(graph, opset_imports=[helper.make_opsetid("", 13)])
+    save_model(model, "gemm/large", "gemm_large.onnx")
+
+
+def gemm_transB_with_bias():
+    """GEMM with transB and bias: Y = A @ W^T + C."""
+    B, K, N = 4, 128, 64
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(48)
+    W = numpy_helper.from_array(rng.uniform(-1, 1, (N, K)).astype(np.float32), name="W")
+    C = numpy_helper.from_array(rng.uniform(-1, 1, (N,)).astype(np.float32), name="C")
+    A = helper.make_tensor_value_info("A", TensorProto.FLOAT, [B, K])
+    Y = helper.make_tensor_value_info("Y", TensorProto.FLOAT, [B, N])
+    node = helper.make_node("Gemm", ["A", "W", "C"], ["Y"], transB=1)
+    graph = helper.make_graph([node], "gemm_transB_with_bias", [A], [Y], initializer=[W, C])
+    model = helper.make_model(graph, opset_imports=[helper.make_opsetid("", 13)])
+    save_model(model, "gemm/transB_with_bias", "gemm_transB_with_bias.onnx")
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Conv tests
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+def conv_3x3_kernel():
+    """Conv with 3x3 kernel, no padding."""
+    # Input: [1, 1, 5, 5], Kernel: [1, 1, 3, 3] -> Output: [1, 1, 3, 3]
+    X = helper.make_tensor_value_info("X", TensorProto.FLOAT, [1, 1, 5, 5])
+    Y = helper.make_tensor_value_info("Y", TensorProto.FLOAT, [1, 1, 3, 3])
+    W = numpy_helper.from_array(
+        np.random.default_rng(50).uniform(-1, 1, (1, 1, 3, 3)).astype(np.float32), name="W")
+    node = helper.make_node("Conv", ["X", "W"], ["Y"],
+                            kernel_shape=[3, 3], strides=[1, 1], pads=[0, 0, 0, 0])
+    graph = helper.make_graph([node], "conv_3x3", [X], [Y], initializer=[W])
+    model = helper.make_model(graph, opset_imports=[helper.make_opsetid("", 13)])
+    save_model(model, "conv/kernel_3x3", "conv_kernel_3x3.onnx")
+
+
+def conv_stride2():
+    """Conv with 3x3 kernel and stride 2."""
+    # Input: [1, 1, 6, 6], Kernel: [1, 1, 3, 3], stride 2 -> Output: [1, 1, 2, 2]
+    X = helper.make_tensor_value_info("X", TensorProto.FLOAT, [1, 1, 6, 6])
+    Y = helper.make_tensor_value_info("Y", TensorProto.FLOAT, [1, 1, 2, 2])
+    W = numpy_helper.from_array(
+        np.random.default_rng(51).uniform(-1, 1, (1, 1, 3, 3)).astype(np.float32), name="W")
+    node = helper.make_node("Conv", ["X", "W"], ["Y"],
+                            kernel_shape=[3, 3], strides=[2, 2], pads=[0, 0, 0, 0])
+    graph = helper.make_graph([node], "conv_stride2", [X], [Y], initializer=[W])
+    model = helper.make_model(graph, opset_imports=[helper.make_opsetid("", 13)])
+    save_model(model, "conv/stride_2", "conv_stride_2.onnx")
+
+
+def conv_multi_channel():
+    """Conv with multiple input and output channels."""
+    # Input: [1, 3, 5, 5], Kernel: [4, 3, 3, 3] -> Output: [1, 4, 3, 3]
+    X = helper.make_tensor_value_info("X", TensorProto.FLOAT, [1, 3, 5, 5])
+    Y = helper.make_tensor_value_info("Y", TensorProto.FLOAT, [1, 4, 3, 3])
+    W = numpy_helper.from_array(
+        np.random.default_rng(52).uniform(-1, 1, (4, 3, 3, 3)).astype(np.float32), name="W")
+    node = helper.make_node("Conv", ["X", "W"], ["Y"],
+                            kernel_shape=[3, 3], strides=[1, 1], pads=[0, 0, 0, 0])
+    graph = helper.make_graph([node], "conv_multi_channel", [X], [Y], initializer=[W])
+    model = helper.make_model(graph, opset_imports=[helper.make_opsetid("", 13)])
+    save_model(model, "conv/multi_channel", "conv_multi_channel.onnx")
+
+
+def conv_1x1():
+    """1x1 pointwise convolution (channel mixing)."""
+    # Input: [1, 8, 4, 4], Kernel: [4, 8, 1, 1] -> Output: [1, 4, 4, 4]
+    X = helper.make_tensor_value_info("X", TensorProto.FLOAT, [1, 8, 4, 4])
+    Y = helper.make_tensor_value_info("Y", TensorProto.FLOAT, [1, 4, 4, 4])
+    W = numpy_helper.from_array(
+        np.random.default_rng(53).uniform(-1, 1, (4, 8, 1, 1)).astype(np.float32), name="W")
+    node = helper.make_node("Conv", ["X", "W"], ["Y"],
+                            kernel_shape=[1, 1], strides=[1, 1], pads=[0, 0, 0, 0])
+    graph = helper.make_graph([node], "conv_1x1", [X], [Y], initializer=[W])
+    model = helper.make_model(graph, opset_imports=[helper.make_opsetid("", 13)])
+    save_model(model, "conv/pointwise_1x1", "conv_1x1.onnx")
+
+
+def conv_same_padding_3x3():
+    """Conv 3x3 with SAME_UPPER padding, preserving spatial dimensions."""
+    # Input: [1, 1, 5, 5], Kernel: [1, 1, 3, 3], SAME_UPPER -> Output: [1, 1, 5, 5]
+    X = helper.make_tensor_value_info("X", TensorProto.FLOAT, [1, 1, 5, 5])
+    Y = helper.make_tensor_value_info("Y", TensorProto.FLOAT, [1, 1, 5, 5])
+    W = numpy_helper.from_array(
+        np.random.default_rng(54).uniform(-1, 1, (1, 1, 3, 3)).astype(np.float32), name="W")
+    node = helper.make_node("Conv", ["X", "W"], ["Y"],
+                            kernel_shape=[3, 3], strides=[1, 1], auto_pad="SAME_UPPER")
+    graph = helper.make_graph([node], "conv_same_3x3", [X], [Y], initializer=[W])
+    model = helper.make_model(graph, opset_imports=[helper.make_opsetid("", 13)])
+    save_model(model, "conv/same_padding_3x3", "conv_same_padding_3x3.onnx")
+
+
+def conv_explicit_padding():
+    """Conv 3x3 with explicit asymmetric padding."""
+    # Input: [1, 1, 4, 4], Kernel: [1, 1, 3, 3], pads=[1,1,1,1] -> Output: [1, 1, 4, 4]
+    X = helper.make_tensor_value_info("X", TensorProto.FLOAT, [1, 1, 4, 4])
+    Y = helper.make_tensor_value_info("Y", TensorProto.FLOAT, [1, 1, 4, 4])
+    W = numpy_helper.from_array(
+        np.random.default_rng(55).uniform(-1, 1, (1, 1, 3, 3)).astype(np.float32), name="W")
+    node = helper.make_node("Conv", ["X", "W"], ["Y"],
+                            kernel_shape=[3, 3], strides=[1, 1], pads=[1, 1, 1, 1])
+    graph = helper.make_graph([node], "conv_explicit_pad", [X], [Y], initializer=[W])
+    model = helper.make_model(graph, opset_imports=[helper.make_opsetid("", 13)])
+    save_model(model, "conv/explicit_padding", "conv_explicit_padding.onnx")
+
+
+def conv_with_bias_3x3():
+    """Conv 3x3 with bias."""
+    # Input: [1, 3, 5, 5], Kernel: [2, 3, 3, 3], Bias: [2] -> Output: [1, 2, 3, 3]
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(56)
+    X = helper.make_tensor_value_info("X", TensorProto.FLOAT, [1, 3, 5, 5])
+    Y = helper.make_tensor_value_info("Y", TensorProto.FLOAT, [1, 2, 3, 3])
+    W = numpy_helper.from_array(rng.uniform(-1, 1, (2, 3, 3, 3)).astype(np.float32), name="W")
+    B = numpy_helper.from_array(rng.uniform(-1, 1, (2,)).astype(np.float32), name="B")
+    node = helper.make_node("Conv", ["X", "W", "B"], ["Y"],
+                            kernel_shape=[3, 3], strides=[1, 1], pads=[0, 0, 0, 0])
+    graph = helper.make_graph([node], "conv_with_bias_3x3", [X], [Y], initializer=[W, B])
+    model = helper.make_model(graph, opset_imports=[helper.make_opsetid("", 13)])
+    save_model(model, "conv/with_bias_3x3", "conv_with_bias_3x3.onnx")
+
+
+def conv_batch_2():
+    """Batched conv (batch=2) with SAME_UPPER padding and bias."""
+    # Input: [2, 3, 3, 3], Kernel: [1, 3, 2, 2], Bias: [1] -> Output: [2, 1, 3, 3]
+    rng = np.random.default_rng(57)
+    X = helper.make_tensor_value_info("X", TensorProto.FLOAT, [2, 3, 3, 3])
+    Y = helper.make_tensor_value_info("Y", TensorProto.FLOAT, [2, 1, 3, 3])
+    W = numpy_helper.from_array(rng.uniform(-1, 1, (1, 3, 2, 2)).astype(np.float32), name="W")
+    B = numpy_helper.from_array(rng.uniform(-1, 1, (1,)).astype(np.float32), name="B")
+    node = helper.make_node("Conv", ["X", "W", "B"], ["Y"],
+                            kernel_shape=[2, 2], strides=[1, 1], auto_pad="SAME_UPPER")
+    graph = helper.make_graph([node], "conv_batch_2", [X], [Y], initializer=[W, B])
+    model = helper.make_model(graph, opset_imports=[helper.make_opsetid("", 13)])
+    save_model(model, "conv/batch_2", "conv_batch_2.onnx")
+
+
+def conv_large_spatial():
+    """Conv on larger spatial input: [1, 1, 8, 8] with 3x3 kernel."""
+    X = helper.make_tensor_value_info("X", TensorProto.FLOAT, [1, 1, 8, 8])
+    Y = helper.make_tensor_value_info("Y", TensorProto.FLOAT, [1, 1, 6, 6])
+    W = numpy_helper.from_array(
+        np.random.default_rng(58).uniform(-1, 1, (1, 1, 3, 3)).astype(np.float32), name="W")
+    node = helper.make_node("Conv", ["X", "W"], ["Y"],
+                            kernel_shape=[3, 3], strides=[1, 1], pads=[0, 0, 0, 0])
+    graph = helper.make_graph([node], "conv_large_spatial", [X], [Y], initializer=[W])
+    model = helper.make_model(graph, opset_imports=[helper.make_opsetid("", 13)])
+    save_model(model, "conv/large_spatial", "conv_large_spatial.onnx")
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Main
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    print("Generating GEMM tests:")
+    gemm_non_square()
+    gemm_with_bias()
+    gemm_transB()
+    gemm_alpha_beta()
+    gemm_small()
+    gemm_large()
+    gemm_transB_with_bias()
+
+    print("\nGenerating Conv tests:")
+    conv_3x3_kernel()
+    conv_stride2()
+    conv_multi_channel()
+    conv_1x1()
+    conv_same_padding_3x3()
+    conv_explicit_padding()
+    conv_with_bias_3x3()
+    conv_batch_2()
+    conv_large_spatial()
+
+    print("\nDone.")