diff --git a/src/PIM/Common/IR/AddressAnalysis.cpp b/src/PIM/Common/IR/AddressAnalysis.cpp
index 4257ac8..a8daf58 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Common/IR/AddressAnalysis.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Common/IR/AddressAnalysis.cpp
@@ -264,7 +264,7 @@ llvm::FailureOr<ResolvedContiguousAddress> resolveContiguousAddressImpl(mlir::Va
         return mlir::failure();
 
       auto sourceStrides = computeRowMajorStrides(sourceType.getShape());
-      byteOffset += linearizeIndex(offsets, sourceStrides) * subviewType.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8;
+      byteOffset += linearizeIndex(offsets, sourceStrides) * getElementTypeSizeInBytes(subviewType.getElementType());
       value = resolveAlias(subviewOp.getSource(), knowledge);
       continue;
     }
diff --git a/src/PIM/Common/IR/ShapeUtils.cpp b/src/PIM/Common/IR/ShapeUtils.cpp
index 33253cb..0e48410 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Common/IR/ShapeUtils.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Common/IR/ShapeUtils.cpp
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 #include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
 
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/IR/ShapeUtils.hpp"
 
@@ -35,6 +36,30 @@ int64_t getNumElements(llvm::ArrayRef<int64_t> shape) {
   return numElements;
 }
 
+bool hasByteSizedElementType(mlir::Type elementType) {
+  if (mlir::isa<mlir::IndexType>(elementType))
+    return true;
+  if (auto intType = mlir::dyn_cast<mlir::IntegerType>(elementType))
+    return intType.getWidth() > 0 && intType.getWidth() % 8 == 0;
+  if (auto floatType = mlir::dyn_cast<mlir::FloatType>(elementType))
+    return floatType.getWidth() > 0 && floatType.getWidth() % 8 == 0;
+  return false;
+}
+
+size_t getElementTypeSizeInBytes(mlir::Type elementType) {
+  if (mlir::isa<mlir::IndexType>(elementType))
+    return mlir::IndexType::kInternalStorageBitWidth / 8;
+  if (auto intType = mlir::dyn_cast<mlir::IntegerType>(elementType))
+    return static_cast<size_t>(intType.getWidth() / 8);
+  if (auto floatType = mlir::dyn_cast<mlir::FloatType>(elementType))
+    return static_cast<size_t>(floatType.getWidth() / 8);
+  llvm_unreachable("expected byte-sized integer, float, or index element type");
+}
+
+size_t getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(mlir::ShapedType shapedType) {
+  return static_cast<size_t>(shapedType.getNumElements()) * getElementTypeSizeInBytes(shapedType.getElementType());
+}
+
 bool isMemoryContiguous(llvm::ArrayRef<int64_t> srcShape,
                         llvm::ArrayRef<int64_t> offsets,
                         llvm::ArrayRef<int64_t> sizes,
diff --git a/src/PIM/Common/IR/ShapeUtils.hpp b/src/PIM/Common/IR/ShapeUtils.hpp
index 41d666a..214846f 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Common/IR/ShapeUtils.hpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Common/IR/ShapeUtils.hpp
@@ -1,8 +1,13 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include "mlir/IR/BuiltinTypes.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/Value.h"
+
 #include "llvm/ADT/ArrayRef.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
 
+#include <cstddef>
+
 namespace onnx_mlir {
 
 llvm::SmallVector<int64_t> computeRowMajorStrides(llvm::ArrayRef<int64_t> shape);
@@ -14,6 +19,12 @@ int64_t linearizeIndex(llvm::ArrayRef<int64_t> indices, llvm::ArrayRef<int64_t>
 
 int64_t getNumElements(llvm::ArrayRef<int64_t> shape);
 
+bool hasByteSizedElementType(mlir::Type elementType);
+
+size_t getElementTypeSizeInBytes(mlir::Type elementType);
+
+size_t getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(mlir::ShapedType shapedType);
+
 bool isMemoryContiguous(llvm::ArrayRef<int64_t> srcShape,
                         llvm::ArrayRef<int64_t> offsets,
                         llvm::ArrayRef<int64_t> sizes,
diff --git a/src/PIM/Compiler/PimCodeGen.cpp b/src/PIM/Compiler/PimCodeGen.cpp
index 64e12df..2e26140 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Compiler/PimCodeGen.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Compiler/PimCodeGen.cpp
@@ -41,23 +41,10 @@ using namespace mlir;
 using namespace onnx_mlir;
 using namespace onnx_mlir::compact_asm;
 
-static size_t getElementTypeSizeInBytes(mlir::Type elementType) {
-  if (elementType.isIndex())
-    return sizeof(int64_t);
-  if (elementType.isIntOrFloat())
-    return elementType.getIntOrFloatBitWidth() / 8;
-  llvm_unreachable("unsupported shaped element type");
-}
-
-static size_t getValueSizeInBytes(mlir::Value value) {
-  auto type = cast<ShapedType>(value.getType());
-  return type.getNumElements() * getElementTypeSizeInBytes(type.getElementType());
-}
-
 MemEntry* PimMemory::gatherMemEntry(mlir::Value value) {
   auto type = cast<ShapedType>(value.getType());
   assert("Only static shape is supported" && type.hasStaticShape());
-  size_t allocSize = type.getNumElements() * getElementTypeSizeInBytes(type.getElementType());
+  size_t allocSize = getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(type);
   MemEntry memEntry = {0, allocSize};
   return &memEntries.emplace_back(memEntry, value).first;
 }
@@ -450,7 +437,8 @@ void PimCodeGen::codeGenReceiveOp(pim::PimReceiveOp receiveOp, const StaticValue
 void PimCodeGen::codeGenReceiveTensorOp(pim::PimReceiveTensorOp receiveTensorOp,
                                         const StaticValueKnowledge& knowledge) const {
   size_t outputAddr = addressOf(receiveTensorOp.getOutputBuffer(), knowledge);
-  size_t chunkSize = getValueSizeInBytes(receiveTensorOp.getOutputBuffer()) / receiveTensorOp.getSourceCoreIds().size();
+  size_t chunkSize = getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(cast<ShapedType>(receiveTensorOp.getOutputBuffer().getType()))
+                   / receiveTensorOp.getSourceCoreIds().size();
   for (auto [chunkIndex, sourceCoreId] : llvm::enumerate(receiveTensorOp.getSourceCoreIds()))
     emitCommunicationOp("recv", outputAddr + chunkIndex * chunkSize, sourceCoreId, chunkSize);
 }
@@ -463,7 +451,8 @@ void PimCodeGen::codeGenSendOp(pim::PimSendOp sendOp, const StaticValueKnowledge
 
 void PimCodeGen::codeGenSendTensorOp(pim::PimSendTensorOp sendTensorOp, const StaticValueKnowledge& knowledge) const {
   size_t inputAddr = addressOf(sendTensorOp.getInput(), knowledge);
-  size_t chunkSize = getValueSizeInBytes(sendTensorOp.getInput()) / sendTensorOp.getTargetCoreIds().size();
+  size_t chunkSize = getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(cast<ShapedType>(sendTensorOp.getInput().getType()))
+                   / sendTensorOp.getTargetCoreIds().size();
   for (auto [chunkIndex, targetCoreId] : llvm::enumerate(sendTensorOp.getTargetCoreIds()))
     emitCommunicationOp("send", inputAddr + chunkIndex * chunkSize, targetCoreId, chunkSize);
 }
@@ -474,7 +463,7 @@ void PimCodeGen::codeGenConcatOp(pim::PimConcatOp concatOp, const StaticValueKno
 
   int64_t axis = concatOp.getAxis();
   ArrayRef<int64_t> outputShape = outputType.getShape();
-  size_t elementSize = outputType.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8;
+  size_t elementSize = getElementTypeSizeInBytes(outputType.getElementType());
   size_t outputAddr = addressOf(concatOp.getOutputBuffer(), knowledge);
 
   size_t outerCount = 1;
@@ -526,7 +515,7 @@ void PimCodeGen::codeGenVVAddOp(pim::PimVVAddOp vvaddOp, const StaticValueKnowle
   instruction.rd = 0;
   instruction.r1 = 1;
   instruction.r2OrImm = 2;
-  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getValueSizeInBytes(vvaddOp.getLhs()));
+  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(cast<ShapedType>(vvaddOp.getLhs().getType())));
   emitInstruction(instruction);
 }
 
@@ -541,7 +530,7 @@ void PimCodeGen::codeGenVVSubOp(pim::PimVVSubOp vvsubOp, const StaticValueKnowle
   instruction.rd = 0;
   instruction.r1 = 1;
   instruction.r2OrImm = 2;
-  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getValueSizeInBytes(vvsubOp.getLhs()));
+  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(cast<ShapedType>(vvsubOp.getLhs().getType())));
   emitInstruction(instruction);
 }
 
@@ -556,7 +545,7 @@ void PimCodeGen::codeGenVVMulOp(pim::PimVVMulOp vvmulOp, const StaticValueKnowle
   instruction.rd = 0;
   instruction.r1 = 1;
   instruction.r2OrImm = 2;
-  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getValueSizeInBytes(vvmulOp.getLhs()));
+  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(cast<ShapedType>(vvmulOp.getLhs().getType())));
   emitInstruction(instruction);
 }
 
@@ -571,7 +560,7 @@ void PimCodeGen::codeGenVVMaxOp(pim::PimVVMaxOp vvmaxOp, const StaticValueKnowle
   instruction.rd = 0;
   instruction.r1 = 1;
   instruction.r2OrImm = 2;
-  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getValueSizeInBytes(vvmaxOp.getLhs()));
+  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(cast<ShapedType>(vvmaxOp.getLhs().getType())));
   emitInstruction(instruction);
 }
 
@@ -586,7 +575,7 @@ void PimCodeGen::codeGenVVDMulOp(pim::PimVVDMulOp vvdmulOp, const StaticValueKno
   instruction.rd = 0;
   instruction.r1 = 1;
   instruction.r2OrImm = 2;
-  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getValueSizeInBytes(vvdmulOp.getLhs()));
+  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(cast<ShapedType>(vvdmulOp.getLhs().getType())));
   emitInstruction(instruction);
 }
 
@@ -601,7 +590,7 @@ void PimCodeGen::codeGenVAvgOp(pim::PimVAvgOp vavgOp, const StaticValueKnowledge
   instruction.r1 = 1;
   instruction.r2OrImm = 1;
   instruction.generic1 = 1;
-  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getValueSizeInBytes(vavgOp.getInput()));
+  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(cast<ShapedType>(vavgOp.getInput().getType())));
   emitInstruction(instruction);
 }
 
@@ -614,7 +603,7 @@ void PimCodeGen::codeGenVReluOp(pim::PimVReluOp vreluOp, const StaticValueKnowle
   instruction.opcode = pim_binary::Opcode::vrelu;
   instruction.rd = 0;
   instruction.r1 = 1;
-  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getValueSizeInBytes(vreluOp.getInput()));
+  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(cast<ShapedType>(vreluOp.getInput().getType())));
   emitInstruction(instruction);
 }
 
@@ -627,7 +616,7 @@ void PimCodeGen::codeGenVTanhOp(pim::PimVTanhOp vtanhOp, const StaticValueKnowle
   instruction.opcode = pim_binary::Opcode::vtanh;
   instruction.rd = 0;
   instruction.r1 = 1;
-  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getValueSizeInBytes(vtanhOp.getInput()));
+  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(cast<ShapedType>(vtanhOp.getInput().getType())));
   emitInstruction(instruction);
 }
 
@@ -640,7 +629,7 @@ void PimCodeGen::codeGenVSigmOp(pim::PimVSigmOp vsigmOp, const StaticValueKnowle
   instruction.opcode = pim_binary::Opcode::vsigm;
   instruction.rd = 0;
   instruction.r1 = 1;
-  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getValueSizeInBytes(vsigmOp.getInput()));
+  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(cast<ShapedType>(vsigmOp.getInput().getType())));
   emitInstruction(instruction);
 }
 
@@ -653,7 +642,8 @@ void PimCodeGen::codeGenVSoftmaxOp(pim::PimVSoftmaxOp vsoftmaxOp, const StaticVa
   instruction.opcode = pim_binary::Opcode::vsoftmax;
   instruction.rd = 0;
   instruction.r1 = 1;
-  instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(getValueSizeInBytes(vsoftmaxOp.getInput()));
+  instruction.generic3 =
+    static_cast<int32_t>(getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(cast<ShapedType>(vsoftmaxOp.getInput().getType())));
   emitInstruction(instruction);
 }
 
@@ -666,7 +656,7 @@ void PimCodeGen::codeGenTransposeOp(pim::PimTransposeOp transposeOp, const Stati
   auto srcType = cast<ShapedType>(transposeOp.getInput().getType());
   auto srcShape = srcType.getShape();
   size_t rank = srcShape.size();
-  size_t elementSize = srcType.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8;
+  size_t elementSize = getElementTypeSizeInBytes(srcType.getElementType());
   size_t totalElements = srcType.getNumElements();
 
   // Read permutation. Destination dim i corresponds to source dim perm[i].
diff --git a/src/PIM/Compiler/PimWeightEmitter.cpp b/src/PIM/Compiler/PimWeightEmitter.cpp
index 94ea43a..971fa47 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Compiler/PimWeightEmitter.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Compiler/PimWeightEmitter.cpp
@@ -208,7 +208,7 @@ createAndPopulateWeightFolder(func::FuncOp funcOp, StringRef outputDirPath) {
         int64_t numCols = shape[1];
         assert(numRows <= xbarSize && numCols <= xbarSize && "Weight dimensions must not exceed crossbar size");
 
-        size_t elementByteWidth = denseAttr.getElementType().getIntOrFloatBitWidth() / 8;
+        size_t elementByteWidth = getElementTypeSizeInBytes(denseAttr.getElementType());
 
         std::string newFileName = "crossbar_" + std::to_string(indexFileName++) + ".bin";
         auto weightFilePath = (coreWeightsDirPath + "/" + newFileName).str();
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Patterns/Math/Gemm.cpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Patterns/Math/Gemm.cpp
index 3bd61c7..20511b3 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Patterns/Math/Gemm.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Patterns/Math/Gemm.cpp
@@ -427,11 +427,7 @@ LogicalResult GemvToSpatialCompute::matchAndRewrite(ONNXGemmOp gemmOp,
         auto inputArg = computeOp.getInputArgument(aHSliceId);
         if (!weightArg || !inputArg)
           return failure();
-        vmmOutputs.push_back(spatial::SpatVMMOp::create(rewriter,
-                                                        gemmLoc,
-                                                        currOutHSliceType,
-                                                        *weightArg,
-                                                        *inputArg));
+        vmmOutputs.push_back(spatial::SpatVMMOp::create(rewriter, gemmLoc, currOutHSliceType, *weightArg, *inputArg));
       }
       if (vmmOutputs.empty()) {
         gemmOp.emitOpError("requires at least one non-empty slice when lowering tiled Gemm to Spatial VMMs");
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/BatchCoreLoweringPatterns.cpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/BatchCoreLoweringPatterns.cpp
index 6e93896..f863957 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/BatchCoreLoweringPatterns.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/BatchCoreLoweringPatterns.cpp
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ static Value createHostTargetOffset(IRRewriter& rewriter,
                                     tensor::ParallelInsertSliceOp insertSlice,
                                     ShapedType destinationType,
                                     IRMapping& mapper) {
-  int64_t elementBytes = destinationType.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8;
+  int64_t elementBytes = static_cast<int64_t>(getElementTypeSizeInBytes(destinationType.getElementType()));
   SmallVector<int64_t> strides(destinationType.getRank(), 1);
   ArrayRef<int64_t> shape = destinationType.getShape();
   for (int64_t dim = destinationType.getRank() - 2; dim >= 0; --dim)
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/Common.cpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/Common.cpp
index 20891fb..eea9698 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/Common.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/Common.cpp
@@ -55,10 +55,6 @@ size_t getSliceActualOffset(tensor::ExtractSliceOp& sliceOp, ShapedType& inputSh
   return returnValue;
 }
 
-size_t getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(ShapedType shapedType) {
-  return shapedType.getNumElements() * shapedType.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8;
-}
-
 IntegerAttr getTensorSizeInBytesAttr(Builder& builder, mlir::Value value) {
   return builder.getI32IntegerAttr(static_cast<int32_t>(getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(cast<ShapedType>(value.getType()))));
 }
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/Common.hpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/Common.hpp
index f0a09e9..7377000 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/Common.hpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/Common.hpp
@@ -20,8 +20,6 @@ namespace onnx_mlir {
  */
 size_t getSliceActualOffset(mlir::tensor::ExtractSliceOp& sliceOp, mlir::ShapedType& inputShape);
 
-size_t getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(mlir::ShapedType shapedType);
-
 mlir::IntegerAttr getTensorSizeInBytesAttr(mlir::Builder& builder, mlir::Value value);
 
 template <class T>
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/ReturnPathNormalization.cpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/ReturnPathNormalization.cpp
index 859e4af..b258253 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/ReturnPathNormalization.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/ReturnPathNormalization.cpp
@@ -433,7 +433,7 @@ raptor::SpatialToPimPass::ReturnPathLoweringResult raptor::SpatialToPimPass::low
       markOpToRemove(op);
 
     auto storedType = cast<ShapedType>(currentStoredValue.getType());
-    size_t elementSize = storedType.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8;
+    size_t elementSize = getElementTypeSizeInBytes(storedType.getElementType());
     if (auto storedOp = currentStoredValue.getDefiningOp())
       rewriter.setInsertionPointAfter(storedOp);
     Value outputTensor = outputTensors[returnUse->returnIndex](rewriter, loc);
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ raptor::SpatialToPimPass::ReturnPathLoweringResult raptor::SpatialToPimPass::low
 
     if (isa<func::ReturnOp>(resultUser)) {
       size_t resultIndexInReturn = resultUse.getOperandNumber();
-      size_t elementSize = storedTensorType.getElementType().getIntOrFloatBitWidth() / 8;
+      size_t elementSize = getElementTypeSizeInBytes(storedTensorType.getElementType());
       rewriter.setInsertionPointAfterValue(storedValue);
       Value outputTensor = outputTensors[resultIndexInReturn](rewriter, loc);
       emitHostCopy(rewriter,
@@ -471,7 +471,7 @@ raptor::SpatialToPimPass::ReturnPathLoweringResult raptor::SpatialToPimPass::low
   }
 
   if (auto concatReturnUse = analyzeConcatReturnUse(producedValue)) {
-    size_t elementSize = storedTensorType.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8;
+    size_t elementSize = getElementTypeSizeInBytes(storedTensorType.getElementType());
     for (Operation* concatOp : concatReturnUse->concatChain)
       markOpToRemove(concatOp);
 
diff --git a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.cpp b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.cpp
index de992da..5a5a1d1 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.cpp
@@ -325,9 +325,9 @@ LogicalResult raptor::SpatialToPimPass::allocateAndInitializeCoreLocalVariables(
   auto insertMemCopyHostToDev = [&](Value inputTensor, int64_t elementsOffset) {
     auto tensorType = cast<ShapedType>(inputTensor.getType());
     Type elementType = tensorType.getElementType();
-    if (!elementType.isIntOrFloat())
+    if (!hasByteSizedElementType(elementType))
       return;
-    size_t elementByteSize = elementType.getIntOrFloatBitWidth() / 8;
+    size_t elementByteSize = getElementTypeSizeInBytes(elementType);
     rewriter.setInsertionPointAfter(inputTensor.getDefiningOp());
 
     auto deviceTensor = tensor::EmptyOp::create(rewriter, loc, tensorType.getShape(), elementType);
diff --git a/src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/Bufferization/BufferizationUtils.cpp b/src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/Bufferization/BufferizationUtils.cpp
index d0c90f7..f7fcac9 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/Bufferization/BufferizationUtils.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/Bufferization/BufferizationUtils.cpp
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Value materializeContiguousMemRef(Value memrefValue, Location loc, RewriterBase&
   auto shapedType = cast<ShapedType>(memrefValue.getType());
   auto contiguousType = MemRefType::get(shapedType.getShape(), shapedType.getElementType());
   Value contiguousBuffer = memref::AllocOp::create(rewriter, loc, contiguousType);
-  auto sizeInBytes = shapedType.getNumElements() * shapedType.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8;
+  auto sizeInBytes = getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(shapedType);
 
   return PimMemCopyOp::create(rewriter,
                               loc,
diff --git a/src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/Bufferization/Common.cpp b/src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/Bufferization/Common.cpp
index 00ab90f..395806d 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/Bufferization/Common.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/Bufferization/Common.cpp
@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
 #include "Dialect/Pim/Transforms/Bufferization/Common.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/PimCommon.hpp"
 
 using namespace mlir;
 
 IntegerAttr onnx_mlir::pim::getMemRefSizeInBytesAttr(OpBuilder& builder, Value memref) {
   auto type = mlir::cast<MemRefType>(memref.getType());
-  int32_t sizeInBytes = static_cast<int32_t>(type.getNumElements() * type.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8);
+  int32_t sizeInBytes = static_cast<int32_t>(getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(type));
   return builder.getI32IntegerAttr(sizeInBytes);
 }
diff --git a/src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/StaticMemoryCoalescing/StaticMemoryCoalescing.cpp b/src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/StaticMemoryCoalescing/StaticMemoryCoalescing.cpp
index 45d7a70..1e49538 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/StaticMemoryCoalescing/StaticMemoryCoalescing.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/StaticMemoryCoalescing/StaticMemoryCoalescing.cpp
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 
 #include <limits>
 
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/PimCommon.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/StaticMemoryCoalescing/StaticMemoryCoalescing.hpp"
 
 using namespace mlir;
@@ -23,11 +24,12 @@ static bool isSupportedAliasOp(Operation* op) {
 }
 
 static bool isCandidateAllocType(MemRefType type) {
-  return type && type.hasStaticShape() && type.getLayout().isIdentity() && type.getElementTypeBitWidth() > 0;
+  return type && type.hasStaticShape() && type.getLayout().isIdentity()
+      && hasByteSizedElementType(type.getElementType());
 }
 
 static uint64_t getTypeSizeBytes(MemRefType type) {
-  return static_cast<uint64_t>(type.getNumElements() * type.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8);
+  return static_cast<uint64_t>(type.getNumElements() * getElementTypeSizeInBytes(type.getElementType()));
 }
 
 static FailureOr<uint64_t>
diff --git a/src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.cpp b/src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.cpp
index 4c650f3..0ced6d2 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.cpp
@@ -34,7 +34,9 @@ void setComputeOperandSegmentSizes(Operation* op, int32_t weightCount, int32_t i
 
 } // namespace
 
-std::optional<BlockArgument> SpatCompute::getWeightArgument(unsigned idx) { return getBatchBodyArgument(getBody(), idx); }
+std::optional<BlockArgument> SpatCompute::getWeightArgument(unsigned idx) {
+  return getBatchBodyArgument(getBody(), idx);
+}
 
 std::optional<BlockArgument> SpatCompute::getInputArgument(unsigned idx) {
   return getBatchBodyArgument(getBody(), getWeights().size() + idx);
@@ -74,11 +76,13 @@ SpatCompute::insertOutput(RewriterBase& rewriter, unsigned idx, Type type, Locat
   resultTypes.insert(resultTypes.begin() + idx, type);
   auto newCompute = SpatCompute::create(rewriter, getLoc(), TypeRange(resultTypes), getWeights(), getInputs());
   newCompute->setAttrs((*this)->getAttrs());
-  setComputeOperandSegmentSizes(
-    newCompute.getOperation(), static_cast<int32_t>(newCompute.getWeights().size()), static_cast<int32_t>(newCompute.getInputs().size()));
+  setComputeOperandSegmentSizes(newCompute.getOperation(),
+                                static_cast<int32_t>(newCompute.getWeights().size()),
+                                static_cast<int32_t>(newCompute.getInputs().size()));
   rewriter.inlineRegionBefore(getBody(), newCompute.getBody(), newCompute.getBody().end());
   for (unsigned oldResultIdx = 0; oldResultIdx < getNumResults(); ++oldResultIdx)
-    getResult(oldResultIdx).replaceAllUsesWith(newCompute.getResult(oldResultIdx < idx ? oldResultIdx : oldResultIdx + 1));
+    getResult(oldResultIdx)
+      .replaceAllUsesWith(newCompute.getResult(oldResultIdx < idx ? oldResultIdx : oldResultIdx + 1));
   rewriter.eraseOp(getOperation());
   return std::make_tuple(cast<OpResult>(newCompute.getResult(idx)), newCompute);
 }
@@ -110,7 +114,8 @@ std::optional<BlockArgument> SpatComputeBatch::getOutputArgument(unsigned idx) {
   return getBatchBodyArgument(getBody(), 1 + getWeights().size() + getInputs().size() + idx);
 }
 
-std::optional<std::tuple<Value, BlockArgument>> SpatComputeBatch::insertWeight(unsigned idx, Value weight, Location loc) {
+std::optional<std::tuple<Value, BlockArgument>>
+SpatComputeBatch::insertWeight(unsigned idx, Value weight, Location loc) {
   unsigned weightCount = getWeights().size();
   unsigned inputCount = getInputs().size();
   getOperation()->insertOperands(idx, ValueRange {weight});
@@ -145,8 +150,9 @@ SpatComputeBatch::insertOutput(RewriterBase& rewriter, unsigned idx, Type type,
   auto newBatch =
     SpatComputeBatch::create(rewriter, getLoc(), TypeRange(resultTypes), getLaneCountAttr(), getWeights(), getInputs());
   newBatch->setAttrs((*this)->getAttrs());
-  setComputeOperandSegmentSizes(
-    newBatch.getOperation(), static_cast<int32_t>(newBatch.getWeights().size()), static_cast<int32_t>(newBatch.getInputs().size()));
+  setComputeOperandSegmentSizes(newBatch.getOperation(),
+                                static_cast<int32_t>(newBatch.getWeights().size()),
+                                static_cast<int32_t>(newBatch.getInputs().size()));
   rewriter.inlineRegionBefore(getBody(), newBatch.getBody(), newBatch.getBody().end());
   if (newBatch.getBody().empty()) {
     rewriter.eraseOp(newBatch);
@@ -155,7 +161,8 @@ SpatComputeBatch::insertOutput(RewriterBase& rewriter, unsigned idx, Type type,
   auto blockArg = newBatch.getBody().front().insertArgument(
     1 + newBatch.getWeights().size() + newBatch.getInputs().size() + idx, type, loc);
   for (unsigned oldResultIdx = 0; oldResultIdx < getNumResults(); ++oldResultIdx)
-    getResult(oldResultIdx).replaceAllUsesWith(newBatch.getResult(oldResultIdx < idx ? oldResultIdx : oldResultIdx + 1));
+    getResult(oldResultIdx)
+      .replaceAllUsesWith(newBatch.getResult(oldResultIdx < idx ? oldResultIdx : oldResultIdx + 1));
   rewriter.eraseOp(getOperation());
   return std::make_tuple(cast<OpResult>(newBatch.getResult(idx)), blockArg, newBatch);
 }
diff --git a/src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/MaterializeMergeSchedule.cpp b/src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/MaterializeMergeSchedule.cpp
index bdc8ca1..272c9df 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/MaterializeMergeSchedule.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/MaterializeMergeSchedule.cpp
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 #include "mlir/IR/IRMapping.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/Matchers.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/PatternMatch.h"
-#include "mlir/Interfaces/SideEffectInterfaces.h"
 #include "mlir/Transforms/FoldUtils.h"
 
 #include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
@@ -131,7 +130,7 @@ struct MaterializerState {
   DenseMap<CpuSlotKey, ComputeInstance, CpuSlotKeyInfo> cpuSlotToInstance;
   DenseSet<ClassSlotKey, ClassSlotKeyInfo> materializedSlots;
 
-  DenseMap<ProducerKey, DenseSet<ClassId>, ProducerKeyInfo> producerDestClasses;
+  DenseMap<ProducerKey, SmallVector<ClassId, 4>, ProducerKeyInfo> producerDestClasses;
   DenseMap<ProducerKey, DenseMap<ClassId, Value>, ProducerKeyInfo> availableValues;
   DenseMap<Value, Value> hostReplacements;
   DenseSet<Operation*> oldComputeOps;
@@ -574,6 +573,77 @@ SmallVector<Value, 8> createIndexConstants(MaterializerState& state, Operation*
   return createIndexConstants(state, anchor, ArrayRef<int64_t>(widened));
 }
 
+Value createIndexTensorConstant(MaterializerState& state, Operation* anchor, ArrayRef<int64_t> values) {
+  SmallVector<APInt, 8> elements;
+  elements.reserve(values.size());
+  for (int64_t value : values)
+    elements.push_back(APInt(64, value));
+
+  auto type = RankedTensorType::get({static_cast<int64_t>(values.size())}, state.rewriter.getIndexType());
+  auto attr = DenseIntElementsAttr::get(type, elements);
+  return getOrCreateHostConstant(anchor, attr, type, state.constantFolder);
+}
+
+Value createIndexTensorConstant(MaterializerState& state, Operation* anchor, ArrayRef<int32_t> values) {
+  SmallVector<int64_t, 8> widened;
+  widened.reserve(values.size());
+  for (int32_t value : values)
+    widened.push_back(value);
+  return createIndexTensorConstant(state, anchor, ArrayRef<int64_t>(widened));
+}
+
+bool allEqual(ArrayRef<int64_t> values) {
+  assert(!values.empty() && "expected at least one value");
+  for (int64_t value : values.drop_front())
+    if (value != values.front())
+      return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+bool allEqual(ArrayRef<int32_t> values) {
+  assert(!values.empty() && "expected at least one value");
+  for (int32_t value : values.drop_front())
+    if (value != values.front())
+      return false;
+  return true;
+}
+
+Value createLaneIndexedIndexValue(MaterializerState& state,
+                                  MaterializedClass& materializedClass,
+                                  ArrayRef<int64_t> values,
+                                  Location loc) {
+  assert(materializedClass.isBatch && "lane-indexed value requires a materialized batch class");
+  assert(values.size() == materializedClass.cpus.size() && "expected one value per materialized batch lane");
+
+  if (allEqual(values))
+    return createIndexConstant(state, materializedClass.op, values.front());
+
+  auto batch = cast<SpatComputeBatch>(materializedClass.op);
+  auto laneArg = batch.getLaneArgument();
+  assert(laneArg && "expected compute_batch lane argument");
+
+  Value table = createIndexTensorConstant(state, materializedClass.op, values);
+  return tensor::ExtractOp::create(state.rewriter, loc, table, ValueRange {*laneArg}).getResult();
+}
+
+Value createLaneIndexedIndexValue(MaterializerState& state,
+                                  MaterializedClass& materializedClass,
+                                  ArrayRef<int32_t> values,
+                                  Location loc) {
+  assert(materializedClass.isBatch && "lane-indexed value requires a materialized batch class");
+  assert(values.size() == materializedClass.cpus.size() && "expected one value per materialized batch lane");
+
+  if (allEqual(values))
+    return createIndexConstant(state, materializedClass.op, values.front());
+
+  auto batch = cast<SpatComputeBatch>(materializedClass.op);
+  auto laneArg = batch.getLaneArgument();
+  assert(laneArg && "expected compute_batch lane argument");
+
+  Value table = createIndexTensorConstant(state, materializedClass.op, values);
+  return tensor::ExtractOp::create(state.rewriter, loc, table, ValueRange {*laneArg}).getResult();
+}
+
 FailureOr<SmallVector<ComputeInstance, 8>>
 getPeerInstances(MaterializerState& state, const MaterializedClass& materializedClass, SlotId slot) {
   SmallVector<ComputeInstance, 8> peers;
@@ -623,14 +693,12 @@ Value createOriginalLaneValue(MaterializerState& state,
     return arith::AddIOp::create(state.rewriter, loc, *laneArg, baseValue).getResult();
   }
 
-  SmallVector<APInt, 8> laneValues;
+  SmallVector<int64_t, 8> laneValues;
   laneValues.reserve(peers.size());
   for (const ComputeInstance& peer : peers)
-    laneValues.push_back(APInt(64, peer.laneStart));
+    laneValues.push_back(peer.laneStart);
 
-  auto tableType = RankedTensorType::get({static_cast<int64_t>(peers.size())}, state.rewriter.getIndexType());
-  auto tableAttr = DenseIntElementsAttr::get(tableType, laneValues);
-  Value table = arith::ConstantOp::create(state.rewriter, loc, tableType, tableAttr).getResult();
+  Value table = createIndexTensorConstant(state, materializedClass.op, laneValues);
   return tensor::ExtractOp::create(state.rewriter, loc, table, ValueRange {*laneArg}).getResult();
 }
 
@@ -659,6 +727,12 @@ bool hasLiveExternalUse(Value value, const DenseSet<Operation*>& oldComputeOps)
   return false;
 }
 
+void appendDestinationClass(MaterializerState& state, ProducerKey key, ClassId classId) {
+  SmallVector<ClassId, 4>& destinations = state.producerDestClasses[key];
+  if (!llvm::is_contained(destinations, classId))
+    destinations.push_back(classId);
+}
+
 void replaceLiveExternalUses(Value oldValue, Value replacement, const DenseSet<Operation*>& oldComputeOps) {
   SmallVector<OpOperand*> uses;
   for (OpOperand& use : oldValue.getUses())
@@ -693,7 +767,7 @@ LogicalResult collectProducerDestinations(MaterializerState& state) {
         if (sourceClass == targetClass)
           continue;
 
-        state.producerDestClasses[producerKey].insert(targetClass);
+        appendDestinationClass(state, producerKey, targetClass);
       }
     }
   }
@@ -714,29 +788,70 @@ bool haveSameDestinationClasses(MaterializerState& state, ArrayRef<ProducerKey>
     return true;
 
   auto firstIt = state.producerDestClasses.find(keys.front());
-  DenseSet<ClassId> empty;
-  const DenseSet<ClassId>& first = firstIt == state.producerDestClasses.end() ? empty : firstIt->second;
+  ArrayRef<ClassId> first = firstIt == state.producerDestClasses.end() ? ArrayRef<ClassId>() : firstIt->second;
   for (ProducerKey key : keys.drop_front()) {
     auto it = state.producerDestClasses.find(key);
-    const DenseSet<ClassId>& current = it == state.producerDestClasses.end() ? empty : it->second;
+    ArrayRef<ClassId> current = it == state.producerDestClasses.end() ? ArrayRef<ClassId>() : it->second;
     if (first.size() != current.size())
       return false;
-    for (ClassId classId : first)
-      if (!current.contains(classId))
+    for (auto [lhs, rhs] : llvm::zip(first, current))
+      if (lhs != rhs)
         return false;
   }
   return true;
 }
 
-SmallVector<ClassId, 4> getSortedDestinationClasses(MaterializerState& state, ProducerKey key) {
-  SmallVector<ClassId, 4> destinations;
+ArrayRef<ClassId> getDestinationClasses(MaterializerState& state, ProducerKey key) {
   auto it = state.producerDestClasses.find(key);
   if (it == state.producerDestClasses.end())
-    return destinations;
-  for (ClassId classId : it->second)
-    destinations.push_back(classId);
-  llvm::sort(destinations);
-  return destinations;
+    return {};
+  return it->second;
+}
+
+void appendSend(MaterializerState& state,
+                MaterializedClass& sourceClass,
+                Value payload,
+                ArrayRef<int64_t> channelIds,
+                ArrayRef<int32_t> sourceCoreIds,
+                ArrayRef<int32_t> targetCoreIds,
+                Location loc) {
+  assert(channelIds.size() == sourceCoreIds.size() && "channel/source count mismatch");
+  assert(channelIds.size() == targetCoreIds.size() && "channel/target count mismatch");
+  assert(!channelIds.empty() && "expected at least one send");
+
+  state.rewriter.setInsertionPoint(sourceClass.body->getTerminator());
+
+  if (sourceClass.isBatch) {
+    Value channelId = createLaneIndexedIndexValue(state, sourceClass, channelIds, loc);
+    Value sourceCoreId = createLaneIndexedIndexValue(state, sourceClass, sourceCoreIds, loc);
+    Value targetCoreId = createLaneIndexedIndexValue(state, sourceClass, targetCoreIds, loc);
+    SpatChannelSendOp::create(state.rewriter, loc, channelId, sourceCoreId, targetCoreId, payload);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  for (auto index : llvm::seq<size_t>(0, channelIds.size())) {
+    Value channelId = createIndexConstant(state, sourceClass.op, channelIds[index]);
+    Value sourceCoreId = createIndexConstant(state, sourceClass.op, sourceCoreIds[index]);
+    Value targetCoreId = createIndexConstant(state, sourceClass.op, targetCoreIds[index]);
+    SpatChannelSendOp::create(state.rewriter, loc, channelId, sourceCoreId, targetCoreId, payload);
+  }
+}
+
+Value appendScalarReceive(MaterializerState& state,
+                          MaterializedClass& targetClass,
+                          Type type,
+                          int64_t channelId,
+                          int32_t sourceCoreId,
+                          int32_t targetCoreId,
+                          Location loc) {
+  assert(!targetClass.isBatch && "scalar receive helper expects a scalar target class");
+
+  state.rewriter.setInsertionPoint(targetClass.body->getTerminator());
+  Value channelIdValue = createIndexConstant(state, targetClass.op, channelId);
+  Value sourceCoreIdValue = createIndexConstant(state, targetClass.op, sourceCoreId);
+  Value targetCoreIdValue = createIndexConstant(state, targetClass.op, targetCoreId);
+  return SpatChannelReceiveOp::create(state.rewriter, loc, type, channelIdValue, sourceCoreIdValue, targetCoreIdValue)
+    .getOutput();
 }
 
 Value appendReceive(MaterializerState& state,
@@ -746,50 +861,169 @@ Value appendReceive(MaterializerState& state,
                     ArrayRef<int32_t> sourceCoreIds,
                     ArrayRef<int32_t> targetCoreIds,
                     Location loc) {
+  assert(channelIds.size() == sourceCoreIds.size() && "channel/source count mismatch");
+  assert(channelIds.size() == targetCoreIds.size() && "channel/target count mismatch");
+  assert(!channelIds.empty() && "expected at least one receive");
+
   state.rewriter.setInsertionPoint(targetClass.body->getTerminator());
-  SmallVector<Value, 8> channelIdValues = createIndexConstants(state, targetClass.op, channelIds);
-  SmallVector<Value, 8> sourceCoreIdValues = createIndexConstants(state, targetClass.op, sourceCoreIds);
-  SmallVector<Value, 8> targetCoreIdValues = createIndexConstants(state, targetClass.op, targetCoreIds);
 
   if (targetClass.isBatch) {
-    return SpatChannelReceiveBatchOp::create(
-             state.rewriter, loc, type, channelIdValues, sourceCoreIdValues, targetCoreIdValues)
-      .getOutput();
+    Value channelId = createLaneIndexedIndexValue(state, targetClass, channelIds, loc);
+    Value sourceCoreId = createLaneIndexedIndexValue(state, targetClass, sourceCoreIds, loc);
+    Value targetCoreId = createLaneIndexedIndexValue(state, targetClass, targetCoreIds, loc);
+    return SpatChannelReceiveOp::create(state.rewriter, loc, type, channelId, sourceCoreId, targetCoreId).getOutput();
   }
 
-  if (channelIds.size() != 1) {
-    return SpatChannelReceiveTensorOp::create(
-             state.rewriter, loc, type, channelIdValues, sourceCoreIdValues, targetCoreIdValues)
-      .getOutput();
-  }
-
-  return SpatChannelReceiveOp::create(
-           state.rewriter, loc, type, channelIdValues.front(), sourceCoreIdValues.front(), targetCoreIdValues.front())
-    .getOutput();
+  assert(channelIds.size() == 1 && "scalar target class can only receive one message at a time");
+  return appendScalarReceive(
+    state, targetClass, type, channelIds.front(), sourceCoreIds.front(), targetCoreIds.front(), loc);
 }
 
-Value appendHostReceive(MaterializerState& state,
-                        MaterializedClass& sourceClass,
-                        Type type,
-                        ArrayRef<int64_t> channelIds,
-                        ArrayRef<int32_t> sourceCoreIds,
-                        ArrayRef<int32_t> targetCoreIds,
-                        Location loc) {
-  state.rewriter.setInsertionPointAfter(sourceClass.op);
-  SmallVector<Value, 8> channelIdValues = createIndexConstants(state, sourceClass.op, channelIds);
-  SmallVector<Value, 8> sourceCoreIdValues = createIndexConstants(state, sourceClass.op, sourceCoreIds);
-  SmallVector<Value, 8> targetCoreIdValues = createIndexConstants(state, sourceClass.op, targetCoreIds);
+Value appendPackedScalarReceives(MaterializerState& state,
+                                 MaterializedClass& targetClass,
+                                 Type fragmentType,
+                                 Type packedType,
+                                 ArrayRef<int64_t> channelIds,
+                                 ArrayRef<int32_t> sourceCoreIds,
+                                 ArrayRef<int32_t> targetCoreIds,
+                                 Location loc) {
+  assert(!targetClass.isBatch && "packed scalar receive helper expects a scalar target class");
+  assert(channelIds.size() == sourceCoreIds.size() && "channel/source count mismatch");
+  assert(channelIds.size() == targetCoreIds.size() && "channel/target count mismatch");
+  assert(!channelIds.empty() && "expected at least one receive");
 
-  if (sourceClass.isBatch) {
-    return SpatChannelReceiveTensorOp::create(
-             state.rewriter, loc, type, channelIdValues, sourceCoreIdValues, targetCoreIdValues)
-      .getOutput();
+  SmallVector<Value, 8> fragments;
+  fragments.reserve(channelIds.size());
+  for (auto index : llvm::seq<size_t>(0, channelIds.size())) {
+    fragments.push_back(appendScalarReceive(
+      state, targetClass, fragmentType, channelIds[index], sourceCoreIds[index], targetCoreIds[index], loc));
   }
 
-  assert(channelIds.size() == 1 && "scalar host receive expects one channel");
-  return SpatChannelReceiveOp::create(
-           state.rewriter, loc, type, channelIdValues.front(), sourceCoreIdValues.front(), targetCoreIdValues.front())
-    .getOutput();
+  state.rewriter.setInsertionPoint(targetClass.body->getTerminator());
+
+  Value packed = fragments.front();
+  if (fragments.size() != 1)
+    packed = tensor::ConcatOp::create(state.rewriter, loc, 0, ValueRange(fragments)).getResult();
+
+  if (packed.getType() != packedType)
+    packed = tensor::CastOp::create(state.rewriter, loc, packedType, packed).getResult();
+
+  return packed;
+}
+
+LogicalResult emitClassToClassCommunication(MaterializerState& state,
+                                            MaterializedClass& sourceClass,
+                                            MaterializedClass& targetClass,
+                                            ArrayRef<ProducerKey> keys,
+                                            Value payload,
+                                            Location loc) {
+  if (sourceClass.id == targetClass.id) {
+    for (ProducerKey key : keys)
+      state.availableValues[key][targetClass.id] = payload;
+    return success();
+  }
+
+  if (!sourceClass.isBatch && !targetClass.isBatch) {
+    int64_t channelId = state.nextChannelId++;
+    int32_t sourceCpu = static_cast<int32_t>(sourceClass.cpus.front());
+    int32_t targetCpu = static_cast<int32_t>(targetClass.cpus.front());
+
+    SmallVector<int64_t, 1> channelIds {channelId};
+    SmallVector<int32_t, 1> sourceCoreIds {sourceCpu};
+    SmallVector<int32_t, 1> targetCoreIds {targetCpu};
+
+    appendSend(state, sourceClass, payload, channelIds, sourceCoreIds, targetCoreIds, loc);
+    Value received =
+      appendReceive(state, targetClass, payload.getType(), channelIds, sourceCoreIds, targetCoreIds, loc);
+
+    for (ProducerKey key : keys)
+      state.availableValues[key][targetClass.id] = received;
+    return success();
+  }
+
+  if (!sourceClass.isBatch && targetClass.isBatch) {
+    SmallVector<int64_t, 8> channelIds;
+    SmallVector<int32_t, 8> sourceCoreIds;
+    SmallVector<int32_t, 8> targetCoreIds;
+    channelIds.reserve(targetClass.cpus.size());
+    sourceCoreIds.reserve(targetClass.cpus.size());
+    targetCoreIds.reserve(targetClass.cpus.size());
+
+    int32_t sourceCpu = static_cast<int32_t>(sourceClass.cpus.front());
+    for (CpuId targetCpu : targetClass.cpus) {
+      channelIds.push_back(state.nextChannelId++);
+      sourceCoreIds.push_back(sourceCpu);
+      targetCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(targetCpu));
+    }
+
+    appendSend(state, sourceClass, payload, channelIds, sourceCoreIds, targetCoreIds, loc);
+    Value received =
+      appendReceive(state, targetClass, payload.getType(), channelIds, sourceCoreIds, targetCoreIds, loc);
+
+    for (ProducerKey key : keys)
+      state.availableValues[key][targetClass.id] = received;
+    return success();
+  }
+
+  if (sourceClass.isBatch && !targetClass.isBatch) {
+    std::optional<ProducerKey> packedKey = getContiguousProducerKeyForKeys(keys);
+    if (!packedKey)
+      return sourceClass.op->emitError(
+        "cannot materialize batch-to-scalar communication because source lanes are not contiguous");
+
+    FailureOr<RankedTensorType> packedType = getPackedBatchTensorType(payload.getType(), keys.size());
+    if (failed(packedType))
+      return sourceClass.op->emitError(
+        "cannot materialize batch-to-scalar communication for non-static ranked tensor payload");
+
+    SmallVector<int64_t, 8> channelIds;
+    SmallVector<int32_t, 8> sourceCoreIds;
+    SmallVector<int32_t, 8> targetCoreIds;
+    channelIds.reserve(sourceClass.cpus.size());
+    sourceCoreIds.reserve(sourceClass.cpus.size());
+    targetCoreIds.reserve(sourceClass.cpus.size());
+
+    int32_t targetCpu = static_cast<int32_t>(targetClass.cpus.front());
+    for (CpuId sourceCpu : sourceClass.cpus) {
+      channelIds.push_back(state.nextChannelId++);
+      sourceCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(sourceCpu));
+      targetCoreIds.push_back(targetCpu);
+    }
+
+    appendSend(state, sourceClass, payload, channelIds, sourceCoreIds, targetCoreIds, loc);
+    Value received = appendPackedScalarReceives(
+      state, targetClass, payload.getType(), *packedType, channelIds, sourceCoreIds, targetCoreIds, loc);
+
+    state.availableValues[*packedKey][targetClass.id] = received;
+    return success();
+  }
+
+  if (sourceClass.isBatch && targetClass.isBatch) {
+    if (sourceClass.cpus.size() != targetClass.cpus.size())
+      return sourceClass.op->emitError(
+        "cannot materialize batch communication between equivalence classes of different sizes");
+
+    SmallVector<int64_t, 8> channelIds;
+    SmallVector<int32_t, 8> sourceCoreIds;
+    SmallVector<int32_t, 8> targetCoreIds;
+    channelIds.reserve(sourceClass.cpus.size());
+    sourceCoreIds.reserve(sourceClass.cpus.size());
+    targetCoreIds.reserve(targetClass.cpus.size());
+
+    for (auto [lane, sourceCpu] : llvm::enumerate(sourceClass.cpus)) {
+      channelIds.push_back(state.nextChannelId++);
+      sourceCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(sourceCpu));
+      targetCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(targetClass.cpus[lane]));
+    }
+
+    appendSend(state, sourceClass, payload, channelIds, sourceCoreIds, targetCoreIds, loc);
+    Value received =
+      appendReceive(state, targetClass, payload.getType(), channelIds, sourceCoreIds, targetCoreIds, loc);
+
+    for (ProducerKey key : keys)
+      state.availableValues[key][targetClass.id] = received;
+    return success();
+  }
 }
 
 LogicalResult
@@ -821,207 +1055,50 @@ setHostOutputValue(MaterializerState& state, MaterializedClass& sourceClass, Val
   if (!payloadType || !payloadType.hasStaticShape())
     return sourceClass.op->emitError("host-facing compute_batch payload must be a static ranked tensor");
 
+  auto laneArg = batch.getLaneArgument();
+  if (!laneArg)
+    return batch.emitOpError("expected compute_batch lane block argument while materializing batch output");
+
+  auto outputArg = batch.getOutputArgument(resultIndex);
+  if (!outputArg)
+    return batch.emitOpError("expected compute_batch output block argument while materializing batch output");
+
   state.rewriter.setInsertionPointToStart(&inParallelOp.getRegion().front());
+
   SmallVector<OpFoldResult, 4> offsets;
   SmallVector<OpFoldResult, 4> sizes;
   SmallVector<OpFoldResult, 4> strides;
   offsets.reserve(payloadType.getRank());
   sizes.reserve(payloadType.getRank());
   strides.reserve(payloadType.getRank());
-  auto laneArg = batch.getLaneArgument();
-  if (!laneArg)
-    return batch.emitOpError("expected compute_batch lane block argument while materializing batch output");
+
   offsets.push_back(*laneArg);
   sizes.push_back(state.rewriter.getIndexAttr(1));
   strides.push_back(state.rewriter.getIndexAttr(1));
+
   for (int64_t dim = 1; dim < payloadType.getRank(); ++dim) {
     offsets.push_back(state.rewriter.getIndexAttr(0));
     sizes.push_back(state.rewriter.getIndexAttr(payloadType.getDimSize(dim)));
     strides.push_back(state.rewriter.getIndexAttr(1));
   }
 
-  auto outputArg = batch.getOutputArgument(resultIndex);
-  if (!outputArg)
-    return batch.emitOpError("expected compute_batch output block argument while materializing batch output");
-
   tensor::ParallelInsertSliceOp::create(state.rewriter, payload.getLoc(), payload, *outputArg, offsets, sizes, strides);
   return success();
 }
 
-void appendScalarSend(MaterializerState& state,
-                      MaterializedClass& sourceClass,
-                      Value payload,
-                      int64_t channelId,
-                      int32_t sourceCoreId,
-                      int32_t targetCoreId,
-                      Location loc) {
-  state.rewriter.setInsertionPoint(sourceClass.body->getTerminator());
-  Value channelIdValue = createIndexConstant(state, sourceClass.op, channelId);
-  Value sourceCoreIdValue = createIndexConstant(state, sourceClass.op, sourceCoreId);
-  Value targetCoreIdValue = createIndexConstant(state, sourceClass.op, targetCoreId);
-  SpatChannelSendOp::create(state.rewriter, loc, channelIdValue, sourceCoreIdValue, targetCoreIdValue, payload);
-}
-
-void appendBatchSend(MaterializerState& state,
-                     MaterializedClass& sourceClass,
-                     Value payload,
-                     ArrayRef<int64_t> channelIds,
-                     ArrayRef<int32_t> sourceCoreIds,
-                     ArrayRef<int32_t> targetCoreIds,
-                     Location loc) {
-  state.rewriter.setInsertionPoint(sourceClass.body->getTerminator());
-  SmallVector<Value, 8> channelIdValues = createIndexConstants(state, sourceClass.op, channelIds);
-  SmallVector<Value, 8> sourceCoreIdValues = createIndexConstants(state, sourceClass.op, sourceCoreIds);
-  SmallVector<Value, 8> targetCoreIdValues = createIndexConstants(state, sourceClass.op, targetCoreIds);
-  SpatChannelSendBatchOp::create(state.rewriter, loc, channelIdValues, sourceCoreIdValues, targetCoreIdValues, payload);
-}
-
-LogicalResult emitClassToClassCommunication(MaterializerState& state,
-                                            MaterializedClass& sourceClass,
-                                            MaterializedClass& targetClass,
-                                            ArrayRef<ProducerKey> keys,
-                                            Value payload,
-                                            Location loc) {
-  if (sourceClass.id == targetClass.id) {
-    for (ProducerKey key : keys)
-      state.availableValues[key][targetClass.id] = payload;
-    return success();
-  }
-
-  if (!sourceClass.isBatch && !targetClass.isBatch) {
-    int64_t channelId = state.nextChannelId++;
-    int32_t sourceCpu = static_cast<int32_t>(sourceClass.cpus.front());
-    int32_t targetCpu = static_cast<int32_t>(targetClass.cpus.front());
-    appendScalarSend(state, sourceClass, payload, channelId, sourceCpu, targetCpu, loc);
-    Value received = appendReceive(state,
-                                   targetClass,
-                                   payload.getType(),
-                                   ArrayRef<int64_t>(channelId),
-                                   ArrayRef<int32_t>(sourceCpu),
-                                   ArrayRef<int32_t>(targetCpu),
-                                   loc);
-    for (ProducerKey key : keys)
-      state.availableValues[key][targetClass.id] = received;
-    return success();
-  }
-
-  if (!sourceClass.isBatch && targetClass.isBatch) {
-    SmallVector<int64_t, 8> channelIds;
-    SmallVector<int32_t, 8> sourceCoreIds;
-    SmallVector<int32_t, 8> targetCoreIds;
-    channelIds.reserve(targetClass.cpus.size());
-    sourceCoreIds.reserve(targetClass.cpus.size());
-    targetCoreIds.reserve(targetClass.cpus.size());
-
-    for (CpuId targetCpu : targetClass.cpus) {
-      int64_t channelId = state.nextChannelId++;
-      channelIds.push_back(channelId);
-      sourceCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(sourceClass.cpus.front()));
-      targetCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(targetCpu));
-      appendScalarSend(state,
-                       sourceClass,
-                       payload,
-                       channelId,
-                       static_cast<int32_t>(sourceClass.cpus.front()),
-                       static_cast<int32_t>(targetCpu),
-                       loc);
-    }
-
-    Value received =
-      appendReceive(state, targetClass, payload.getType(), channelIds, sourceCoreIds, targetCoreIds, loc);
-    for (ProducerKey key : keys)
-      state.availableValues[key][targetClass.id] = received;
-    return success();
-  }
-
-  if (sourceClass.isBatch && !targetClass.isBatch) {
-    std::optional<ProducerKey> packedKey = getContiguousProducerKeyForKeys(keys);
-    if (!packedKey)
-      return sourceClass.op->emitError("cannot materialize batch-to-scalar communication as concat because source "
-                                       "lanes are not contiguous in send order");
-
-    FailureOr<RankedTensorType> packedType = getPackedBatchTensorType(payload.getType(), keys.size());
-    if (failed(packedType))
-      return sourceClass.op->emitError(
-        "cannot materialize batch-to-scalar communication as concat for non-static ranked tensor payload");
-
-    SmallVector<int64_t, 8> channelIds;
-    SmallVector<int32_t, 8> sourceCoreIds;
-    SmallVector<int32_t, 8> targetCoreIds;
-    channelIds.reserve(sourceClass.cpus.size());
-    sourceCoreIds.reserve(sourceClass.cpus.size());
-    targetCoreIds.reserve(sourceClass.cpus.size());
-
-    for (CpuId sourceCpu : sourceClass.cpus) {
-      channelIds.push_back(state.nextChannelId++);
-      sourceCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(sourceCpu));
-      targetCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(targetClass.cpus.front()));
-    }
-
-    appendBatchSend(state, sourceClass, payload, channelIds, sourceCoreIds, targetCoreIds, loc);
-    Value received = appendReceive(state, targetClass, *packedType, channelIds, sourceCoreIds, targetCoreIds, loc);
-    state.availableValues[*packedKey][targetClass.id] = received;
-    return success();
-  }
-
-  if (sourceClass.isBatch && targetClass.isBatch) {
-    if (sourceClass.cpus.size() != targetClass.cpus.size())
-      return sourceClass.op->emitError(
-        "cannot materialize batch communication between equivalence classes of different sizes");
-
-    SmallVector<int64_t, 8> channelIds;
-    SmallVector<int32_t, 8> sourceCoreIds;
-    SmallVector<int32_t, 8> targetCoreIds;
-    channelIds.reserve(sourceClass.cpus.size());
-    sourceCoreIds.reserve(sourceClass.cpus.size());
-    targetCoreIds.reserve(targetClass.cpus.size());
-
-    for (auto [lane, sourceCpu] : llvm::enumerate(sourceClass.cpus)) {
-      channelIds.push_back(state.nextChannelId++);
-      sourceCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(sourceCpu));
-      targetCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(targetClass.cpus[lane]));
-    }
-
-    appendBatchSend(state, sourceClass, payload, channelIds, sourceCoreIds, targetCoreIds, loc);
-    Value received =
-      appendReceive(state, targetClass, payload.getType(), channelIds, sourceCoreIds, targetCoreIds, loc);
-    for (ProducerKey key : keys)
-      state.availableValues[key][targetClass.id] = received;
-    return success();
-  }
-
-  return sourceClass.op->emitError("unhandled materialized communication pattern");
-}
-
 LogicalResult emitHostCommunication(MaterializerState& state,
                                     MaterializedClass& sourceClass,
                                     ArrayRef<ProducerKey> keys,
                                     Value payload,
                                     Value originalOutput,
                                     Location loc) {
+  (void) keys;
+  (void) loc;
+
   if (!hasLiveExternalUse(originalOutput, state.oldComputeOps))
     return success();
 
-  if (!sourceClass.hostOutputs.empty())
-    return setHostOutputValue(state, sourceClass, originalOutput, payload);
-
-  SmallVector<int64_t, 8> channelIds;
-  SmallVector<int32_t, 8> sourceCoreIds;
-  SmallVector<int32_t, 8> targetCoreIds;
-  channelIds.reserve(sourceClass.cpus.size());
-  sourceCoreIds.reserve(sourceClass.cpus.size());
-  targetCoreIds.reserve(sourceClass.cpus.size());
-  for (CpuId sourceCpu : sourceClass.cpus) {
-    channelIds.push_back(state.nextChannelId++);
-    sourceCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(sourceCpu));
-    targetCoreIds.push_back(0);
-  }
-
-  appendBatchSend(state, sourceClass, payload, channelIds, sourceCoreIds, targetCoreIds, loc);
-  Value received =
-    appendHostReceive(state, sourceClass, originalOutput.getType(), channelIds, sourceCoreIds, targetCoreIds, loc);
-  state.hostReplacements[originalOutput] = received;
-  return success();
+  return setHostOutputValue(state, sourceClass, originalOutput, payload);
 }
 
 LogicalResult emitOutputFanout(MaterializerState& state,
@@ -1034,7 +1111,7 @@ LogicalResult emitOutputFanout(MaterializerState& state,
     return success();
 
   if (!sourceClass.isBatch) {
-    for (ClassId destinationClass : getSortedDestinationClasses(state, keys.front()))
+    for (ClassId destinationClass : getDestinationClasses(state, keys.front()))
       if (failed(
             emitClassToClassCommunication(state, sourceClass, state.classes[destinationClass], keys, payload, loc)))
         return failure();
@@ -1048,7 +1125,7 @@ LogicalResult emitOutputFanout(MaterializerState& state,
     return sourceClass.op->emitError(
       "cannot materialize batched output whose lanes have different destination equivalence classes");
 
-  for (ClassId destinationClass : getSortedDestinationClasses(state, keys.front()))
+  for (ClassId destinationClass : getDestinationClasses(state, keys.front()))
     if (failed(emitClassToClassCommunication(state, sourceClass, state.classes[destinationClass], keys, payload, loc)))
       return failure();
 
diff --git a/src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/MergeComputeNodesPass.cpp b/src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/MergeComputeNodesPass.cpp
index e9f8f41..ad7abe2 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/MergeComputeNodesPass.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/MergeComputeNodesPass.cpp
@@ -660,12 +660,12 @@ public:
 
     emitMergeIrCounts("after-materialization", func);
 
-    if (failed(runPostMergeCompactionPipeline(func, nextChannelId))) {
+    /*if (failed(runPostMergeCompactionPipeline(func, nextChannelId))) {
       signalPassFailure();
       return;
     }
 
-    emitMergeIrCounts("after-post-merge-compaction", func);
+    emitMergeIrCounts("after-post-merge-compaction", func);*/
 
     {
       ScopedMergePhaseTimer timer("cleanup-topological-sort-report");
diff --git a/src/PIM/Pass/PimCodegen/HostConstantFolding/Patterns/Constant.cpp b/src/PIM/Pass/PimCodegen/HostConstantFolding/Patterns/Constant.cpp
index d575c84..4e46707 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Pass/PimCodegen/HostConstantFolding/Patterns/Constant.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Pass/PimCodegen/HostConstantFolding/Patterns/Constant.cpp
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ struct FoldConstantCoreMapPattern final : OpRewritePattern<linalg::MapOp> {
 
     rewriter.setInsertionPoint(mapOp);
     auto getGlobalOp = memref::GetGlobalOp::create(rewriter, mapOp.getLoc(), initType, globalOp.getName());
-    auto sizeInBytes = initType.getNumElements() * initType.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8;
+    auto sizeInBytes = getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(initType);
     pim::PimMemCopyOp::create(rewriter,
                               mapOp.getLoc(),
                               initType,
diff --git a/src/PIM/Pass/PimCodegen/HostConstantFolding/Patterns/Subview.cpp b/src/PIM/Pass/PimCodegen/HostConstantFolding/Patterns/Subview.cpp
index 922ae87..14eef8d 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Pass/PimCodegen/HostConstantFolding/Patterns/Subview.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Pass/PimCodegen/HostConstantFolding/Patterns/Subview.cpp
@@ -176,9 +176,9 @@ static LogicalResult rewriteSubviewCopyLikeOp(CopyOp copyOp,
   if (splitSrc && splitDst && copyShape != ArrayRef<int64_t>(dstSubview->sizes))
     return failure();
 
-  const int64_t elementByteWidth = sourceType.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8;
-  if (elementByteWidth <= 0)
+  if (!hasByteSizedElementType(sourceType.getElementType()))
     return failure();
+  const int64_t elementByteWidth = static_cast<int64_t>(getElementTypeSizeInBytes(sourceType.getElementType()));
 
   const int64_t totalBytes = getNumElements(copyShape) * elementByteWidth;
   if (size != totalBytes)
diff --git a/src/PIM/Pass/PimCodegen/MaterializeHostConstantsPass.cpp b/src/PIM/Pass/PimCodegen/MaterializeHostConstantsPass.cpp
index 735d7de..6b67cee 100644
--- a/src/PIM/Pass/PimCodegen/MaterializeHostConstantsPass.cpp
+++ b/src/PIM/Pass/PimCodegen/MaterializeHostConstantsPass.cpp
@@ -31,13 +31,6 @@ static bool isExplicitHostOperand(Operation* op, unsigned operandIndex) {
   return false;
 }
 
-static int64_t getValueSizeInBytes(Value value) {
-  auto type = dyn_cast<ShapedType>(value.getType());
-  if (!type || !type.hasStaticShape())
-    return -1;
-  return type.getNumElements() * type.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8;
-}
-
 template <typename CoreOpTy>
 static void materializeHostConstantsInCore(CoreOpTy coreOp,
                                            IRRewriter& rewriter,
@@ -82,7 +75,9 @@ static void materializeHostConstantsInCore(CoreOpTy coreOp,
         continue;
       }
 
-      int64_t totalBytes = getValueSizeInBytes(originalValue);
+      int64_t totalBytes = -1;
+      if (auto type = dyn_cast<ShapedType>(originalValue.getType()); type && type.hasStaticShape())
+        totalBytes = static_cast<int64_t>(getShapedTypeSizeInBytes(type));
       if (totalBytes < 0 || !llvm::isInt<32>(totalBytes) || !llvm::isInt<32>(resolvedAddress->byteOffset)) {
         op->emitOpError("host constant materialization requires 32-bit copy sizes and offsets");
         hasFailure = true;