Merge branch 'main' of chef.heaplab.deib.polimi.it:nnicolosi/Raptor

better deadlock report by pim simulator

README.md

@@ -114,7 +114,9 @@ Pass these on the `onnx-mlir` command line when compiling for PIM:
   run only the codegen tail.
 - `--crossbar-size=<N>` / `--crossbar-count=<N>` — crossbar dimensions and
   per-core count.
-- `--core-count=<N>` — number of cores (`-1` picks the minimum).
+- `--core-count=<N>` — number of cores. Required for PIM compilation.
+- `--pim-merge-scheduler={peft,dcp}` — scheduler used by the Spatial
+  merge-compute-nodes pass (default: `peft`).
 - `--dcp-critical-window-size=<N>` — DCP coarsening window (0 = legacy).
 - `--use-experimental-conv-impl` — alternative convolution lowering.
 - `--ignore-concat-error` — soft-fail corner case in `ConcatOp`.
@@ -129,7 +131,8 @@ Per-operation validation (from `validation/`):
 ```
 validate.py \
     --raptor-path ../cmake-build-release/Release/bin/onnx-mlir \
-    --onnx-include-dir ../onnx-mlir/include
+    --onnx-include-dir ../onnx-mlir/include \
+    --core-count 1000
 ```
 
 End-to-end network validation (example: first 4 layers of YOLOv11n):

backend-simulators/pim/pim-simulator/src/bin/pim-simulator/main.rs

@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<()> {
         .lock()
         .unwrap()
         .init(executor.cpu().num_core(), args.output.clone());
-    executor.execute();
+    executor.execute()?;
     dump_memory(executor, &args)?;
     Ok(())
 }

backend-simulators/pim/pim-simulator/src/lib/binary_to_instruction/mod.rs

@@ -392,6 +392,7 @@ mod tests {
         HEADER_SIZE, InstructionRecord, MAGIC, RECORD_SIZE, VERSION, binary_to_instructions,
     };
     use crate::{
+        functor_to_name,
         instruction_set::{InstructionsBuilder, instruction_data::InstructionDataBuilder},
         json_to_instruction::json_isa::json_to_instruction,
     };
@@ -486,7 +487,10 @@ mod tests {
 
         assert_eq!(json_instructions.len(), binary_instructions.len());
         for (json_inst, binary_inst) in json_instructions.iter().zip(binary_instructions.iter()) {
-            assert_eq!(json_inst.functor_name(), binary_inst.functor_name());
+            assert_eq!(
+                functor_to_name(json_inst.functor as usize),
+                functor_to_name(binary_inst.functor as usize)
+            );
             assert_eq!(json_inst.data, binary_inst.data);
         }
     }

backend-simulators/pim/pim-simulator/src/lib/json_to_instruction/mod.rs

@@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
-mod json_isa;
+pub(crate) mod json_isa;
 pub mod json_to_executor;

backend-simulators/pim/pim-simulator/src/lib/pimcore.rs

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #![allow(unused)]
 
+use anyhow::{Result, bail};
 use std::{
     collections::{HashMap, HashSet},
     time::{Duration, SystemTime},
@@ -87,6 +88,11 @@ pub struct Executable<'a> {
     send_recv: SendRecv,
 }
 
+struct DeadlockInfo {
+    cycle: String,
+    states: String,
+}
+
 fn print_status(core_instructions: &[CoreInstructions]) {
     let mut tot_instructions = 0;
     let mut progress = 0;
@@ -118,7 +124,7 @@ impl<'a> Executable<'a> {
         }
     }
 
-    pub fn execute<'b>(&'b mut self)
+    pub fn execute<'b>(&'b mut self) -> Result<()>
     where
         'a: 'b,
     {
@@ -153,7 +159,13 @@ impl<'a> Executable<'a> {
                 }
                 if (now.elapsed().unwrap() > Duration::from_secs(5)) {
                     print_status(cores_instructions);
-                    check_cycle(cpu, cores_instructions, send_recv);
+                    if let Some(deadlock) = detect_deadlock(cores_instructions) {
+                        bail!(
+                            "Deadlock cycle detected: {} [{}]",
+                            deadlock.cycle,
+                            deadlock.states
+                        );
+                    }
                     now = SystemTime::now();
                 }
             }
@@ -178,8 +190,23 @@ impl<'a> Executable<'a> {
         }
         print_status(cores_instructions);
 
+        if let Some(deadlock) = detect_deadlock(cores_instructions) {
+            bail!(
+                "Deadlock cycle detected: {} [{}]",
+                deadlock.cycle,
+                deadlock.states
+            );
+        }
+        if cores_instructions
+            .iter()
+            .any(|core_inst| core_inst.program_counter < core_inst.instructions.len())
+        {
+            bail!("Execution stalled with unfinished instructions");
+        }
+
         #[cfg(feature = "profile_time")]
         TRACER.lock().unwrap().report();
+        Ok(())
     }
 
     pub fn cpu(&self) -> &CPU<'a> {
@@ -201,11 +228,11 @@ impl<'a> Executable<'a> {
     }
 }
 
-fn check_cycle(cpu: &mut CPU, cores_instructions: &[CoreInstructions], send_recv: &mut SendRecv) {
+fn detect_deadlock(cores_instructions: &[CoreInstructions]) -> Option<DeadlockInfo> {
     #[derive(Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
     enum CoreState {
-        SendingTo(i32),
-        ReceivingFrom(i32),
+        SendingTo(i32, i32),
+        ReceivingFrom(i32, i32),
         Working,
         Halted,
     }
@@ -223,9 +250,9 @@ fn check_cycle(cpu: &mut CPU, cores_instructions: &[CoreInstructions], send_recv
         let (this_core, target_core) = data.get_core_immcore();
 
         if isa_recv(functor_address) {
-            states.insert(this_core, CoreState::ReceivingFrom(target_core));
+            states.insert(this_core, CoreState::ReceivingFrom(target_core, data.imm_len()));
         } else if isa_send(functor_address) {
-            states.insert(this_core, CoreState::SendingTo(target_core));
+            states.insert(this_core, CoreState::SendingTo(target_core, data.imm_len()));
         } else {
             states.insert(this_core, CoreState::Working);
         }
@@ -235,15 +262,15 @@ fn check_cycle(cpu: &mut CPU, cores_instructions: &[CoreInstructions], send_recv
 
     for (&core_id, state) in states.iter() {
         match state {
-            CoreState::SendingTo(target_core) => {
+            CoreState::SendingTo(target_core, size) => {
                 let target_state = states.get(target_core).unwrap_or(&CoreState::Halted);
-                if target_state != &CoreState::ReceivingFrom(core_id) {
+                if target_state != &CoreState::ReceivingFrom(core_id, *size) {
                     wait_for.insert(core_id, *target_core);
                 }
             }
-            CoreState::ReceivingFrom(target_core) => {
+            CoreState::ReceivingFrom(target_core, size) => {
                 let target_state = states.get(target_core).unwrap_or(&CoreState::Halted);
-                if target_state != &CoreState::SendingTo(core_id) {
+                if target_state != &CoreState::SendingTo(core_id, *size) {
                     wait_for.insert(core_id, *target_core);
                 }
             }
@@ -279,11 +306,33 @@ fn check_cycle(cpu: &mut CPU, cores_instructions: &[CoreInstructions], send_recv
                     .collect::<Vec<_>>()
                     .join(" -> ");
 
+                let cycle = cycle
+                    .iter()
+                    .copied()
+                    .chain(std::iter::once(waiting_for))
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>();
                 let cycle_msg = format!("{} -> {}", cycle_str, waiting_for);
+                let states_msg = cycle
+                    .iter()
+                    .filter_map(|core| {
+                        states.get(core).map(|state| match state {
+                            CoreState::SendingTo(target, size) => {
+                                format!("core {} send {}B -> {}", core, size, target)
+                            }
+                            CoreState::ReceivingFrom(source, size) => {
+                                format!("core {} recv {}B <- {}", core, size, source)
+                            }
+                            CoreState::Working => format!("core {} working", core),
+                            CoreState::Halted => format!("core {} halted", core),
+                        })
+                    })
+                    .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                    .join(", ");
 
-                println!("Fatal: Deadlock cycle detected: {}", cycle_msg);
-                // bail!("Deadlock detected: {}", cycle_msg);
-                break; // Stop tracing
+                return Some(DeadlockInfo {
+                    cycle: cycle_msg,
+                    states: states_msg,
+                });
             }
 
             // Hit a known branch that didn't result in a cycle
@@ -294,6 +343,7 @@ fn check_cycle(cpu: &mut CPU, cores_instructions: &[CoreInstructions], send_recv
             current_core = waiting_for;
         }
     }
+    None
 }
 
 fn handle_wait_sync<'a, 'b, 'c>(

backend-simulators/pim/pim-simulator/tests/big_mul.rs

@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 use std::path::Path;
 
-use pimcore::{Executable, cpu::CPU, instruction_set::{InstructionsBuilder, instruction_data::InstructionDataBuilder, isa::*}};
+use pimcore::{
+    Executable,
+    cpu::crossbar::Crossbar,
+    instruction_set::{InstructionsBuilder, instruction_data::InstructionDataBuilder, isa::*},
+    memory_manager::CoreMemory,
+};
 
 fn simple_read(path:  &Path) -> Vec<f32> {
     if !path.exists() {
@@ -17,14 +22,12 @@ fn simple_read(path:  &Path) -> Vec<f32> {
 fn mvmul_f32(err: &str)
 where
 {
-    let mut cpu = CPU::new(0);
-    cpu.reserve_crossbar(1, 1024 * size_of::<f32>(),  1024);
-    let (memory, crossbars) = cpu.host().get_memory_crossbar();
-    let matrix = simple_read(Path::new("B.txt")) ;
-
-    
-    crossbars.get_mut(0).unwrap().execute_store( &matrix).unwrap();
-    let vector = simple_read(Path::new("A.txt"));
+    let matrix = simple_read(Path::new("tests/B.txt"));
+    let mut crossbar = Crossbar::new(1024 * size_of::<f32>(), 1024, CoreMemory::new());
+    crossbar.execute_store(&matrix).unwrap();
+    let mut cpu = pimcore::cpu::CPU::new(0, vec![vec![&crossbar]]);
+    let (memory, _) = cpu.host().get_memory_crossbar();
+    let vector = simple_read(Path::new("tests/A.txt"));
     memory.execute_store(0, &vector).unwrap();
 
     let mut inst_builder = InstructionsBuilder::new();
@@ -57,7 +60,7 @@ where
             .cpu_mut()
             .host()
             .load::<f32>(1024 * size_of::<f32>(), 1024*size_of::<f32>()).unwrap()[0].iter().zip(
-        simple_read(Path::new("X.txt")) ).all(|(&a,b) : (&f32, f32)| {a-b < 0.001}),
+        simple_read(Path::new("tests/X.txt")) ).all(|(&a,b) : (&f32, f32)| {a-b < 0.001}),
         "Wrong result for {}",
         err
     );
@@ -69,5 +72,3 @@ fn mvmul_big_test() {
    
 
 }
-
-

backend-simulators/pim/pim-simulator/tests/common.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+use pimcore::cpu::CPU;
+
+pub fn empty_cpu(num_cores: usize) -> CPU<'static> {
+    CPU::new(num_cores, vec![Vec::new(); num_cores + 1])
+}

backend-simulators/pim/pim-simulator/tests/es_runner.rs

@@ -1,51 +1,103 @@
-use std::{fs, io::BufReader, path::Path};
+use std::{
+    fs::{self, File},
+    io::BufReader,
+    path::{Path, PathBuf},
+};
 
 use anyhow::{Context, Result};
-use pimcore::json_to_instruction::json_to_executor;
+use pimcore::{
+    cpu::crossbar::Crossbar,
+    json_to_instruction::json_to_executor,
+    memory_manager::CoreMemory,
+};
 use serde_json::Value;
 
-fn collect_json_from_subfolders<P: AsRef<Path>>(root: P) -> Result<Vec<(Value, Vec<Value>)>> {
+fn collect_examples<P: AsRef<Path>>(root: P) -> Result<Vec<PathBuf>> {
     let mut result = Vec::new();
     for entry in fs::read_dir(root)? {
         let entry = entry.context("Root not found")?;
         let path = entry.path();
         if path.is_dir() {
-            let mut cores = Vec::new();
-            let mut config: Option<Value> = None;
-            for sub_entry in fs::read_dir(&path)
-                .with_context(|| format!("File {} not readable", path.display()))?
-            {
-                let sub_entry =
-                    sub_entry.with_context(|| format!("File {} not readable", path.display()))?;
-                let sub_path = sub_entry.path();
-                if sub_path.is_file()
-                    && sub_path.extension().and_then(|s| s.to_str()) == Some("json")
-                {
-                    let file = fs::File::open(&sub_path)
-                        .with_context(|| format!("Subpath  {} not opened", sub_path.display()))?;
-                    let reader = BufReader::new(file);
-                    let val: Value = serde_json::from_reader(reader).with_context(|| format!(
-                        "Serde reader fail for subpath {}",
-                        sub_path.display()
-                    ))?;
-                    if sub_path.file_name().unwrap() == "config.json" {
-                        config = Some(val);
-                    } else {
-                        cores.push(val);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            result.push((config.unwrap(), cores));
+            result.push(path);
         }
     }
     Ok(result)
 }
 
+fn core_sort_key(path: &Path) -> i32 {
+    let stem = path.file_stem().unwrap().to_str().unwrap();
+    stem[5..].parse::<i32>().unwrap()
+}
+
+fn crossbar_sort_key(path: &Path) -> i32 {
+    let stem = path.file_stem().unwrap().to_str().unwrap();
+    stem[9..].parse::<i32>().unwrap()
+}
+
+fn load_crossbars(folder: &Path, config: &Value) -> Result<Vec<Vec<Crossbar>>> {
+    let xbar_size = config.get("xbar_size").unwrap().as_array().unwrap();
+    let rows = xbar_size[0].as_i64().unwrap() as usize;
+    let cols = xbar_size[1].as_i64().unwrap() as usize;
+    let core_cnt = config.get("core_cnt").unwrap().as_i64().unwrap() as usize;
+    let mut owned_crossbars = Vec::with_capacity(core_cnt + 1);
+    owned_crossbars.push(Vec::new());
+
+    for core_idx in 0..core_cnt {
+        let core_folder = folder.join(format!("core_{core_idx}"));
+        let mut core_crossbars = Vec::new();
+        if core_folder.is_dir() {
+            let mut paths: Vec<_> = fs::read_dir(&core_folder)?
+                .map(|entry| entry.map(|entry| entry.path()))
+                .collect::<std::io::Result<Vec<_>>>()?;
+            paths.sort_by_cached_key(|path| crossbar_sort_key(path));
+            for path in paths {
+                if path.extension().and_then(|ext| ext.to_str()) != Some("bin") {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                let bytes = fs::read(&path)
+                    .with_context(|| format!("failed to read crossbar {}", path.display()))?;
+                let mut crossbar = Crossbar::new(cols * 4, rows, CoreMemory::new());
+                crossbar.execute_store(&bytes)?;
+                core_crossbars.push(crossbar);
+            }
+        }
+        owned_crossbars.push(core_crossbars);
+    }
+    Ok(owned_crossbars)
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn json_folder_tester() {
-    let examples = collect_json_from_subfolders("data").unwrap();
-    for example in examples {
-        let (config, cores) = example;
-        json_to_executor::json_to_executor(config, cores.iter()).execute();
+    let examples = collect_examples("tests/data").unwrap();
+    for folder in examples {
+        let config_path = folder.join("config.json");
+        let config_file = File::open(&config_path).unwrap();
+        let config: Value = serde_json::from_reader(BufReader::new(config_file)).unwrap();
+
+        let core_cnt = config.get("core_cnt").unwrap().as_i64().unwrap() as usize;
+        let mut core_paths: Vec<_> = fs::read_dir(&folder)
+            .unwrap()
+            .map(|entry| entry.unwrap().path())
+            .filter(|path| path.extension().and_then(|ext| ext.to_str()) == Some("json"))
+            .filter(|path| path.file_name().unwrap() != "config.json")
+            .collect();
+        core_paths.sort_by_cached_key(|path| core_sort_key(path));
+        assert_eq!(core_paths.len(), core_cnt);
+
+        let mut core_readers: Vec<_> = core_paths
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|path| BufReader::new(File::open(path).unwrap()))
+            .collect();
+
+        let owned_crossbars = load_crossbars(&folder, &config).unwrap();
+        let crossbars = owned_crossbars
+            .iter()
+            .map(|core_crossbars| core_crossbars.iter().collect())
+            .collect();
+
+        let mut executable = json_to_executor::json_to_executor(config, &mut core_readers, crossbars);
+        let memory = fs::read(folder.join("memory.bin")).unwrap();
+        executable.cpu_mut().host().execute_store(0, &memory).unwrap();
+        executable.execute();
     }
 }

backend-simulators/pim/pim-simulator/tests/placeholder.rs

@@ -1,11 +1,17 @@
+mod common;
 
-        use pimcore::{Executable, cpu::CPU, instruction_set::{InstructionType,  InstructionsBuilder, instruction_data::InstructionDataBuilder, isa::*}};
+use pimcore::{
+    Executable,
+    instruction_set::{
+        InstructionType, InstructionsBuilder, instruction_data::InstructionDataBuilder, isa::*,
+    },
+};
 
 
 #[test]
 #[should_panic(expected = "Function not found for the requested size") ]
 fn wrong_size_place_holder() {
-    let cpu = CPU::new(0);
+    let cpu = common::empty_cpu(0);
     let mut inst_builder = InstructionsBuilder::new();
     let mut idata_build = InstructionDataBuilder::new();
     idata_build.set_core_indx(0).fix_core_indx();
@@ -30,7 +36,7 @@ fn wrong_size_place_holder() {
 
 
 fn  place_holder(inst :  InstructionType) {
-    let mut cpu = CPU::new(0);
+    let mut cpu = common::empty_cpu(0);
     let mut idata_build = InstructionDataBuilder::new();
     idata_build.set_core_indx(0).fix_core_indx();
     inst(&mut cpu, idata_build.build()).unwrap();

backend-simulators/pim/pim-simulator/tests/simd.rs

@@ -1,8 +1,10 @@
+mod common;
+
 use pimcore::{
     Executable,
-    cpu::CPU,
+    cpu::crossbar::Crossbar,
     instruction_set::{InstructionsBuilder, instruction_data::InstructionDataBuilder, isa::*},
-    memory_manager::{MemoryStorable, type_traits::UpcastDestTraits},
+    memory_manager::{CoreMemory, MemoryStorable, type_traits::UpcastDestTraits},
 };
 
 /// VVADD Test
@@ -11,7 +13,7 @@ where
     F: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<F> + MemoryStorable,
     T: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<T> + MemoryStorable,
 {
-    let mut cpu = CPU::new(0);
+    let mut cpu = common::empty_cpu(0);
     let buff: [F; _] = [
         1.0.into(),
         2.0.into(),
@@ -115,7 +117,7 @@ where
     F: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<F> + MemoryStorable,
     T: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<T> + MemoryStorable,
 {
-    let mut cpu = CPU::new(0);
+    let mut cpu = common::empty_cpu(0);
     let buff: [F; _] = [
         1.0.into(),
         2.0.into(),
@@ -219,7 +221,7 @@ where
     F: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<F> + MemoryStorable,
     T: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<T> + MemoryStorable,
 {
-    let mut cpu = CPU::new(0);
+    let mut cpu = common::empty_cpu(0);
     let buff: [F; _] = [
         1.0.into(),
         2.0.into(),
@@ -323,7 +325,7 @@ where
     F: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<F> + MemoryStorable,
     T: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<T> + MemoryStorable,
 {
-    let mut cpu = CPU::new(0);
+    let mut cpu = common::empty_cpu(0);
     let buff: [F; _] = [
         1.0.into(),
         2.0.into(),
@@ -420,7 +422,7 @@ where
     F: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<F> + MemoryStorable,
     T: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<T> + MemoryStorable,
 {
-    let mut cpu = CPU::new(0);
+    let mut cpu = common::empty_cpu(0);
     let buff: [F; _] = [
         9.0.into(),
         2.0.into(),
@@ -524,7 +526,7 @@ where
     F: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<F> + MemoryStorable,
     T: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<T> + MemoryStorable,
 {
-    let mut cpu = CPU::new(0);
+    let mut cpu = common::empty_cpu(0);
     let buff: [F; _] = [
         9.0.into(),
         2.0.into(),
@@ -562,6 +564,7 @@ where
         vavg,
         idata_build
             .set_rdr1r2(3, 1, 1)
+            .set_offset_select(1)
             .set_imm_len(8 * size_of::<F>() as i32)
             .build(),
     );
@@ -617,7 +620,7 @@ where
     F: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<F> + MemoryStorable,
     T: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<T> + MemoryStorable,
 {
-    let mut cpu = CPU::new(0);
+    let mut cpu = common::empty_cpu(0);
     let buff: [F; _] = [
         (-9.0).into(),
         2.0.into(),
@@ -717,7 +720,7 @@ where
     F: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<F> + MemoryStorable,
     T: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<T> + MemoryStorable + UpcastDestTraits<T>,
 {
-    let mut cpu = CPU::new(0);
+    let mut cpu = common::empty_cpu(0);
     let buff: [F; _] = [
         0.1.into(),
         0.2.into(),
@@ -819,7 +822,7 @@ where
     F: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<F> + MemoryStorable,
     T: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<T> + MemoryStorable + UpcastDestTraits<T>,
 {
-    let mut cpu = CPU::new(0);
+    let mut cpu = common::empty_cpu(0);
     let buff: [F; _] = [
         0.1.into(),
         0.2.into(),
@@ -923,9 +926,6 @@ where
     M: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<M> + MemoryStorable,
     T: From<f32> + std::fmt::Debug + PartialEq<T> + MemoryStorable + UpcastDestTraits<T>,
 {
-    let mut cpu = CPU::new(0);
-    cpu.reserve_crossbar(1, 4 * size_of::<M>(),  4);
-    let (memory, crossbars) = cpu.host().get_memory_crossbar();
     let matrix: [M; _] = [
         1.0.into(),
         2.0.into(),
@@ -944,7 +944,10 @@ where
         15.0.into(),
         16.0.into(),
     ];
-    crossbars.get_mut(0).unwrap().execute_store( &matrix).unwrap();
+    let mut crossbar = Crossbar::new(4 * size_of::<M>(), 4, CoreMemory::new());
+    crossbar.execute_store(&matrix).unwrap();
+    let mut cpu = pimcore::cpu::CPU::new(0, vec![vec![&crossbar]]);
+    let (memory, _) = cpu.host().get_memory_crossbar();
     let vector: [F; _] = [
         1.0.into(),
         2.0.into(),
@@ -1054,5 +1057,3 @@ fn mvmul_test() {
     mvmul_test_generic::<f64,f64,f64>("mvmul<f64,f64,f64>",1);
 
 }
-
-

backend-simulators/pim/pim-simulator/tests/sync.rs

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
+mod common;
+
 use pimcore::{
     Executable, CoreInstructionsBuilder,
-    cpu::CPU,
     instruction_set::{InstructionsBuilder, instruction_data::InstructionDataBuilder, isa::*},
 };
 
 #[test]
 fn ld_test() {
-    let mut cpu = CPU::new(1);
+    let mut cpu = common::empty_cpu(1);
     let mut core_instruction_builder = CoreInstructionsBuilder::new(1);
     let buff: [f32; _] = [
         1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 16.0,
@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ fn ld_test() {
 
 #[test]
 fn st_test() {
-    let mut cpu = CPU::new(1);
+    let mut cpu = common::empty_cpu(1);
     let mut core_instruction_builder = CoreInstructionsBuilder::new(1);
     let buff: [f32; _] = [
         1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 16.0,
@@ -76,7 +77,7 @@ fn st_test() {
 
 #[test]
 fn lldi_test() {
-    let cpu = CPU::new(1);
+    let cpu = common::empty_cpu(1);
     let mut core_instruction_builder = CoreInstructionsBuilder::new(1);
     let mut inst_builder = InstructionsBuilder::new();
     let mut idata_build = InstructionDataBuilder::new();
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ fn lldi_test() {
 
 #[test]
 fn lmv_test() {
-    let mut cpu = CPU::new(1);
+    let mut cpu = common::empty_cpu(1);
     let mut core_instruction_builder = CoreInstructionsBuilder::new(1);
     let buff: [f32; _] = [
         1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 16.0,
@@ -148,7 +149,7 @@ fn lmv_test() {
 
 #[test]
 fn simple_send_recv_test() {
-    let mut cpu = CPU::new(2);
+    let mut cpu = common::empty_cpu(2);
     let mut core_instruction_builder = CoreInstructionsBuilder::new(2);
     let buff: [f32; _] = [
         1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0, 9.0, 10.0, 11.0, 12.0, 13.0, 14.0, 15.0, 16.0,
@@ -207,7 +208,7 @@ fn simple_send_recv_test() {
 
 #[test]
 fn multiple_send_recv_test() {
-    let mut cpu = CPU::new(4);
+    let mut cpu = common::empty_cpu(4);
     let mut core_instruction_builder = CoreInstructionsBuilder::new(4);
     let buff: [f32; _] = [
        1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0 
@@ -226,7 +227,7 @@ fn multiple_send_recv_test() {
     ];
     cpu.core(4).execute_store(0, &buff).unwrap();
 
-    let send_inst = |cpu :&mut CPU, core_instruction_builder: &mut CoreInstructionsBuilder, inst_builder: &mut InstructionsBuilder, from : i32,  to : i32| {
+    let send_inst = |inst_builder: &mut InstructionsBuilder, from: i32, to: i32| {
     let mut idata_build = InstructionDataBuilder::new();
     idata_build.set_core_indx(from).fix_core_indx();
     inst_builder.make_inst(sldi, idata_build.set_rdimm(1, from*size_of::<f32>() as i32).build());
@@ -240,7 +241,7 @@ fn multiple_send_recv_test() {
     );
     };
 
-    let recv_inst = |cpu :&mut CPU, core_instruction_builder: &mut CoreInstructionsBuilder, mut inst_builder: &mut InstructionsBuilder, to : i32,  from : i32| {
+    let recv_inst = |inst_builder: &mut InstructionsBuilder, to: i32, from: i32| {
     let mut idata_build = InstructionDataBuilder::new();
     idata_build.set_core_indx(to).fix_core_indx();
     inst_builder.make_inst(sldi, idata_build.set_rdimm(1, from*size_of::<f32>() as i32).build());
@@ -257,26 +258,26 @@ fn multiple_send_recv_test() {
 
 
     // 1 -> 3
-    send_inst(&mut cpu,&mut core_instruction_builder,&mut inst_builder,1, 3);
+    send_inst(&mut inst_builder, 1, 3);
     core_instruction_builder.set_core(1, inst_builder.build());
 
     // 2 -> 3
     // 2 <- 4
-    send_inst(&mut cpu,&mut core_instruction_builder,&mut inst_builder,2, 3);
-    recv_inst(&mut cpu,&mut core_instruction_builder,&mut inst_builder,2, 4);
+    send_inst(&mut inst_builder, 2, 3);
+    recv_inst(&mut inst_builder, 2, 4);
     core_instruction_builder.set_core(2, inst_builder.build());
 
     // 3 <- 2
     // 3 <- 4
     // 3 <- 1
-    recv_inst(&mut cpu,&mut core_instruction_builder,&mut inst_builder,3, 2);
-    recv_inst(&mut cpu,&mut core_instruction_builder,&mut inst_builder,3, 4);
-    recv_inst(&mut cpu,&mut core_instruction_builder,&mut inst_builder,3, 1);
+    recv_inst(&mut inst_builder, 3, 2);
+    recv_inst(&mut inst_builder, 3, 4);
+    recv_inst(&mut inst_builder, 3, 1);
     core_instruction_builder.set_core(3, inst_builder.build());
     // 4 -> 2
     // 4 -> 3
-    send_inst(&mut cpu,&mut core_instruction_builder,&mut inst_builder,4, 2);
-    send_inst(&mut cpu,&mut core_instruction_builder,&mut inst_builder,4, 3);
+    send_inst(&mut inst_builder, 4, 2);
+    send_inst(&mut inst_builder, 4, 3);
     core_instruction_builder.set_core(4, inst_builder.build());
 
     let mut executable = Executable::new(cpu, core_instruction_builder.build());

src/PIM/Common/IR/AddressAnalysis.cpp

@@ -110,6 +110,14 @@ llvm::FailureOr<int64_t> resolveIndexValueImpl(mlir::Value value, const StaticVa
     return static_cast<int64_t>(static_cast<uint64_t>(*lhs) / static_cast<uint64_t>(*rhs));
   }
 
+  if (auto minOp = mlir::dyn_cast<mlir::arith::MinUIOp>(definingOp)) {
+    auto lhs = resolveIndexValueImpl(minOp.getLhs(), knowledge);
+    auto rhs = resolveIndexValueImpl(minOp.getRhs(), knowledge);
+    if (failed(lhs) || failed(rhs))
+      return mlir::failure();
+    return static_cast<int64_t>(std::min(static_cast<uint64_t>(*lhs), static_cast<uint64_t>(*rhs)));
+  }
+
   if (auto remOp = mlir::dyn_cast<mlir::arith::RemUIOp>(definingOp)) {
     auto lhs = resolveIndexValueImpl(remOp.getLhs(), knowledge);
     auto rhs = resolveIndexValueImpl(remOp.getRhs(), knowledge);

src/PIM/Common/IR/CoreBlockUtils.cpp

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ bool isCoreStaticAddressOp(mlir::Operation* op) {
                    mlir::arith::SubIOp,
                    mlir::arith::MulIOp,
                    mlir::arith::DivUIOp,
+                   mlir::arith::MinUIOp,
                    mlir::arith::RemUIOp,
                    mlir::arith::IndexCastOp,
                    mlir::memref::AllocOp,

src/PIM/Common/IR/SubviewUtils.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,6 @@
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/IR/SubviewUtils.hpp"
-
 #include "mlir/IR/BuiltinTypeInterfaces.h"
 
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/IR/SubviewUtils.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/PimCommon.hpp"
 
 using namespace mlir;

src/PIM/Common/Support/Diagnostics.hpp

@@ -7,10 +7,34 @@
 #include "llvm/ADT/ArrayRef.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/StringRef.h"
 
+#include <cstdint>
 #include <system_error>
 
 namespace onnx_mlir::pim {
 
+struct CappedDiagnosticReporter {
+  explicit CappedDiagnosticReporter(int64_t maxReportedFailures = 8) : maxReportedFailures(maxReportedFailures) {}
+
+  template <typename EmitFn>
+  void report(mlir::Operation* op, EmitFn&& emit) {
+    numFailures++;
+    if (numFailures <= maxReportedFailures)
+      emit(op);
+  }
+
+  void emitSuppressedSummary(mlir::Operation* op, llvm::StringRef failureDescription) const {
+    if (numFailures > maxReportedFailures)
+      op->emitError() << "suppressed " << (numFailures - maxReportedFailures) << " additional "
+                      << failureDescription;
+  }
+
+  bool hasFailure() const { return numFailures != 0; }
+
+private:
+  int64_t maxReportedFailures;
+  int64_t numFailures = 0;
+};
+
 /// Emits a consistent diagnostic for target paths that require static shapes.
 mlir::InFlightDiagnostic emitUnsupportedStaticShapeDiagnostic(mlir::Operation* op, llvm::StringRef valueDescription);
 

src/PIM/Common/Support/ReportUtils.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,7 @@
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/Support/ReportUtils.hpp"
-
 #include "llvm/Support/Format.h"
 
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/Support/FileSystemUtils.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/Support/ReportUtils.hpp"
 
 namespace onnx_mlir {
 

src/PIM/Common/Support/ReportUtils.hpp

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/ArrayRef.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
 
-#include <cstdint>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <limits>
 #include <string>

src/PIM/Compiler/PimBinaryFormat.hpp

@@ -70,9 +70,7 @@ inline void writeUint32LE(llvm::raw_ostream& os, uint32_t value) {
   os.write(bytes.data(), bytes.size());
 }
 
-inline void writeInt32LE(llvm::raw_ostream& os, int32_t value) {
-  writeUint32LE(os, static_cast<uint32_t>(value));
-}
+inline void writeInt32LE(llvm::raw_ostream& os, int32_t value) { writeUint32LE(os, static_cast<uint32_t>(value)); }
 
 inline void writeHeader(llvm::raw_ostream& os) {
   os.write(kMagic, sizeof(kMagic));
@@ -186,39 +184,39 @@ inline Opcode opcodeFromString(llvm::StringRef opName) {
 
 inline llvm::StringRef opcodeToString(Opcode opcode) {
   switch (opcode) {
-  case Opcode::nop: return "nop";
-  case Opcode::sldi: return "sldi";
-  case Opcode::sld: return "sld";
-  case Opcode::sadd: return "sadd";
-  case Opcode::ssub: return "ssub";
-  case Opcode::smul: return "smul";
-  case Opcode::saddi: return "saddi";
-  case Opcode::smuli: return "smuli";
-  case Opcode::setbw: return "setbw";
-  case Opcode::mvmul: return "mvmul";
-  case Opcode::vvadd: return "vvadd";
-  case Opcode::vvsub: return "vvsub";
-  case Opcode::vvmul: return "vvmul";
-  case Opcode::vvdmul: return "vvdmul";
-  case Opcode::vvmax: return "vvmax";
-  case Opcode::vvsll: return "vvsll";
-  case Opcode::vvsra: return "vvsra";
-  case Opcode::vavg: return "vavg";
-  case Opcode::vrelu: return "vrelu";
-  case Opcode::vtanh: return "vtanh";
-  case Opcode::vsigm: return "vsigm";
+  case Opcode::nop:      return "nop";
+  case Opcode::sldi:     return "sldi";
+  case Opcode::sld:      return "sld";
+  case Opcode::sadd:     return "sadd";
+  case Opcode::ssub:     return "ssub";
+  case Opcode::smul:     return "smul";
+  case Opcode::saddi:    return "saddi";
+  case Opcode::smuli:    return "smuli";
+  case Opcode::setbw:    return "setbw";
+  case Opcode::mvmul:    return "mvmul";
+  case Opcode::vvadd:    return "vvadd";
+  case Opcode::vvsub:    return "vvsub";
+  case Opcode::vvmul:    return "vvmul";
+  case Opcode::vvdmul:   return "vvdmul";
+  case Opcode::vvmax:    return "vvmax";
+  case Opcode::vvsll:    return "vvsll";
+  case Opcode::vvsra:    return "vvsra";
+  case Opcode::vavg:     return "vavg";
+  case Opcode::vrelu:    return "vrelu";
+  case Opcode::vtanh:    return "vtanh";
+  case Opcode::vsigm:    return "vsigm";
   case Opcode::vsoftmax: return "vsoftmax";
-  case Opcode::vmv: return "vmv";
-  case Opcode::vrsu: return "vrsu";
-  case Opcode::vrsl: return "vrsl";
-  case Opcode::ld: return "ld";
-  case Opcode::st: return "st";
-  case Opcode::lldi: return "lldi";
-  case Opcode::lmv: return "lmv";
-  case Opcode::send: return "send";
-  case Opcode::recv: return "recv";
-  case Opcode::wait: return "wait";
-  case Opcode::sync: return "sync";
+  case Opcode::vmv:      return "vmv";
+  case Opcode::vrsu:     return "vrsu";
+  case Opcode::vrsl:     return "vrsl";
+  case Opcode::ld:       return "ld";
+  case Opcode::st:       return "st";
+  case Opcode::lldi:     return "lldi";
+  case Opcode::lmv:      return "lmv";
+  case Opcode::send:     return "send";
+  case Opcode::recv:     return "recv";
+  case Opcode::wait:     return "wait";
+  case Opcode::sync:     return "sync";
   }
   llvm_unreachable("Unsupported PIM binary opcode");
 }
@@ -235,9 +233,7 @@ inline InstructionRecord makeInstructionRecord(const llvm::json::Object& instruc
   case Opcode::sldi:
   case Opcode::saddi:
   case Opcode::smuli:
-  case Opcode::lldi:
-    record.r2OrImm = getOptionalInt(instruction, "imm");
-    break;
+  case Opcode::lldi:  record.r2OrImm = getOptionalInt(instruction, "imm"); break;
   case Opcode::mvmul:
     record.r2OrImm = getOptionalInt(instruction, "mbiw");
     record.generic1 = getOptionalInt(instruction, "relu");
@@ -252,9 +248,7 @@ inline InstructionRecord makeInstructionRecord(const llvm::json::Object& instruc
     record.r2OrImm = getOptionalInt(instruction, "core");
     record.generic3 = getOptionalInt(instruction, "size");
     break;
-  default:
-    record.r2OrImm = getOptionalInt(instruction, "rs2");
-    break;
+  default: record.r2OrImm = getOptionalInt(instruction, "rs2"); break;
   }
 
   if (record.opcode != Opcode::mvmul && record.opcode != Opcode::setbw) {
@@ -371,8 +365,7 @@ inline llvm::json::Object makeInstructionJson(const InstructionRecord& record) {
     break;
   case Opcode::wait:
   case Opcode::sync:
-  case Opcode::nop:
-    break;
+  case Opcode::nop:  break;
   }
 
   return instruction;

src/PIM/Compiler/PimCodeGen.cpp

@@ -367,7 +367,7 @@ void PimCodeGen::emitMemCopyOp(StringRef opName,
   instruction.generic1 = 0;
   instruction.generic2 = 0;
   instruction.generic3 = static_cast<int32_t>(size);
-  (void)sizeFieldName;
+  (void) sizeFieldName;
   emitInstruction(instruction);
 }
 

src/PIM/Compiler/PimCompilerOptions.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimCompilerOptions.hpp"
 
+#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
+
 #define DEBUG_TYPE "PimCompilerOptions"
 
 namespace onnx_mlir {
@@ -13,6 +15,14 @@ llvm::cl::opt<PimEmissionTargetType> pimEmissionTarget(
   llvm::cl::init(EmitPimCodegen),
   llvm::cl::cat(OnnxMlirOptions));
 
+llvm::cl::opt<PimMergeSchedulerType> pimMergeScheduler(
+  "pim-merge-scheduler",
+  llvm::cl::desc("Scheduler used by the Spatial merge-compute-nodes pass"),
+  llvm::cl::values(clEnumValN(MergeSchedulerPeft, "peft", "Use PEFT scheduling")),
+  llvm::cl::values(clEnumValN(MergeSchedulerDcp, "dcp", "Use the legacy DCP-inspired scheduler")),
+  llvm::cl::init(MergeSchedulerPeft),
+  llvm::cl::cat(OnnxMlirOptions));
+
 llvm::cl::opt<bool>
   pimOnlyCodegen("pim-only-codegen",
                  llvm::cl::desc("Only generate code for PIM (assume input is already in bufferized PIM IR)"),
@@ -30,19 +40,19 @@ llvm::cl::opt<bool> pimEmitJson("pim-emit-json",
                                 llvm::cl::cat(OnnxMlirOptions));
 
 llvm::cl::opt<size_t>
-  crossbarSize("crossbar-size", llvm::cl::desc("Width and heigth of a single crossbar"), llvm::cl::init(2));
+  crossbarSize("crossbar-size", llvm::cl::desc("Width and height of a single crossbar"), llvm::cl::init(2));
 
 llvm::cl::opt<size_t>
   crossbarCountInCore("crossbar-count", llvm::cl::desc("Number of crossbars in each core"), llvm::cl::init(256));
 
 llvm::cl::opt<long> coresCount("core-count",
-                               llvm::cl::desc("Number of cores in the chip. `-1` to use the minimum amount of cores."),
+                               llvm::cl::desc("Number of cores in the chip. Required for PIM compilation."),
                                llvm::cl::init(-1));
 
 llvm::cl::opt<size_t> dcpCriticalWindowSize(
   "dcp-critical-window-size",
   llvm::cl::desc("Number of lowest-slack virtual nodes considered by each DCP coarsening iteration. "
-                 "Use 0 to run the legacy full-graph DCP analysis."),
+                 "Use 0 to run the legacy full-graph DCP analysis. Only used by the DCP scheduler."),
   llvm::cl::init(4000));
 
 llvm::cl::opt<bool>
@@ -50,4 +60,13 @@ llvm::cl::opt<bool>
                     llvm::cl::desc("Ignore ConcatOp corner case: do not assert and do a simplification"),
                     llvm::cl::init(false));
 
+bool hasExplicitPimCoreCount() { return coresCount.getNumOccurrences() != 0; }
+
+void verifyExplicitPimCoreCount() {
+  if (!hasExplicitPimCoreCount())
+    llvm::report_fatal_error("PIM compilation requires an explicit --core-count=<positive integer>");
+  if (coresCount.getValue() <= 0)
+    llvm::report_fatal_error("PIM compilation requires --core-count to be a positive integer");
+}
+
 } // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Compiler/PimCompilerOptions.hpp

@@ -20,8 +20,14 @@ typedef enum {
   EmitPimCodegen = 3
 } PimEmissionTargetType;
 
+typedef enum {
+  MergeSchedulerPeft = 0,
+  MergeSchedulerDcp = 1,
+} PimMergeSchedulerType;
+
 extern llvm::cl::OptionCategory OnnxMlirOptions;
 extern llvm::cl::opt<PimEmissionTargetType> pimEmissionTarget;
+extern llvm::cl::opt<PimMergeSchedulerType> pimMergeScheduler;
 
 extern llvm::cl::opt<bool> pimOnlyCodegen;
 extern llvm::cl::opt<bool> useExperimentalConvImpl;
@@ -32,6 +38,9 @@ extern llvm::cl::opt<size_t> crossbarCountInCore;
 extern llvm::cl::opt<long> coresCount;
 extern llvm::cl::opt<size_t> dcpCriticalWindowSize;
 
+bool hasExplicitPimCoreCount();
+void verifyExplicitPimCoreCount();
+
 // This option, by default set to false, will ignore an error when resolving a
 // specific tiles of the operands of a concat. This specific case is when the
 // wanted tile is generated by two separate operands of the concat. If this is

src/PIM/Compiler/PimCompilerUtils.cpp

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ void addPassesPim(OwningOpRef<ModuleOp>& module,
                   PassManager& pm,
                   EmissionTargetType& emissionTarget,
                   std::string outputNameNoExt) {
+  verifyExplicitPimCoreCount();
 
   if (pimOnlyCodegen) {
     // Skip all the lowering passes and directly generate code for PIM.

src/PIM/Compiler/PimWeightEmitter.cpp

@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ struct DenseWeightView {
 };
 
 FailureOr<DenseWeightView> resolveDenseWeightView(ModuleOp moduleOp, mlir::Value weight) {
-  SmallVector<memref::SubViewOp> subviews;
+  SmallVector<Operation*> viewOps;
   mlir::Value current = weight;
   memref::GetGlobalOp getGlobalOp;
 
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ FailureOr<DenseWeightView> resolveDenseWeightView(ModuleOp moduleOp, mlir::Value
     if (auto subview = dyn_cast<memref::SubViewOp>(defOp)) {
       if (!hasAllStaticSubviewParts(subview))
         return failure();
-      subviews.push_back(subview);
+      viewOps.push_back(subview);
       current = subview.getSource();
       continue;
     }
@@ -54,6 +54,24 @@ FailureOr<DenseWeightView> resolveDenseWeightView(ModuleOp moduleOp, mlir::Value
       current = cast.getSource();
       continue;
     }
+    if (auto collapse = dyn_cast<memref::CollapseShapeOp>(defOp)) {
+      auto srcType = dyn_cast<MemRefType>(collapse.getSrc().getType());
+      auto resultType = dyn_cast<MemRefType>(collapse.getResult().getType());
+      if (!srcType || !resultType || !srcType.hasStaticShape() || !resultType.hasStaticShape())
+        return failure();
+      viewOps.push_back(collapse);
+      current = collapse.getSrc();
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (auto expand = dyn_cast<memref::ExpandShapeOp>(defOp)) {
+      auto srcType = dyn_cast<MemRefType>(expand.getSrc().getType());
+      auto resultType = dyn_cast<MemRefType>(expand.getResult().getType());
+      if (!srcType || !resultType || !srcType.hasStaticShape() || !resultType.hasStaticShape())
+        return failure();
+      viewOps.push_back(expand);
+      current = expand.getSrc();
+      continue;
+    }
     return failure();
   }
 
@@ -70,16 +88,39 @@ FailureOr<DenseWeightView> resolveDenseWeightView(ModuleOp moduleOp, mlir::Value
   view.shape.assign(denseAttr.getType().getShape().begin(), denseAttr.getType().getShape().end());
   view.strides = computeRowMajorStrides(view.shape);
 
-  for (memref::SubViewOp subview : llvm::reverse(subviews)) {
-    SmallVector<int64_t> nextStrides;
-    nextStrides.reserve(subview.getStaticStrides().size());
-    for (auto [offset, stride, sourceStride] :
-         llvm::zip_equal(subview.getStaticOffsets(), subview.getStaticStrides(), view.strides)) {
-      view.offset += offset * sourceStride;
-      nextStrides.push_back(stride * sourceStride);
+  for (Operation* viewOp : llvm::reverse(viewOps)) {
+    if (auto subview = dyn_cast<memref::SubViewOp>(viewOp)) {
+      SmallVector<int64_t> nextStrides;
+      nextStrides.reserve(subview.getStaticStrides().size());
+      for (auto [offset, stride, sourceStride] :
+           llvm::zip_equal(subview.getStaticOffsets(), subview.getStaticStrides(), view.strides)) {
+        view.offset += offset * sourceStride;
+        nextStrides.push_back(stride * sourceStride);
+      }
+      view.shape.assign(subview.getStaticSizes().begin(), subview.getStaticSizes().end());
+      view.strides = std::move(nextStrides);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // Collapse/expand are accepted only as contiguous static reshapes of a
+    // dense global view, so a row-major stride recomputation preserves layout.
+    if (auto collapse = dyn_cast<memref::CollapseShapeOp>(viewOp)) {
+      if (view.strides != computeRowMajorStrides(view.shape))
+        return failure();
+      auto resultType = cast<MemRefType>(collapse.getResult().getType());
+      view.shape.assign(resultType.getShape().begin(), resultType.getShape().end());
+      view.strides = computeRowMajorStrides(view.shape);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    if (auto expand = dyn_cast<memref::ExpandShapeOp>(viewOp)) {
+      if (view.strides != computeRowMajorStrides(view.shape))
+        return failure();
+      auto resultType = cast<MemRefType>(expand.getResult().getType());
+      view.shape.assign(resultType.getShape().begin(), resultType.getShape().end());
+      view.strides = computeRowMajorStrides(view.shape);
+      continue;
     }
-    view.shape.assign(subview.getStaticSizes().begin(), subview.getStaticSizes().end());
-    view.strides = std::move(nextStrides);
   }
 
   return view;

src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Common/ShapeTilingUtils.cpp

@@ -100,18 +100,27 @@ DenseMap<HSliceId, DenseMap<CoreId, SmallVector<Value>>> tileMatrix(
   return tiles;
 }
 
-tensor::SplatOp
-broadcastToVector(Value scalarToBroadcast, int64_t length, ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter, Location loc) {
+Value broadcastToVector(Value scalarToBroadcast, int64_t length, ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter, Location loc) {
   auto oldType = cast<RankedTensorType>(scalarToBroadcast.getType());
   Type elementType = oldType.getElementType();
   int64_t shape[2] = {1, length};
   Type type = oldType.cloneWith(ArrayRef(shape), elementType);
 
-  auto zero = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, 0).getResult();
-  SmallVector<Value> index(oldType.getRank(), zero);
-  auto elementValue = tensor::ExtractOp::create(rewriter, loc, scalarToBroadcast, index).getResult();
+  auto buildBroadcast = [&](Value input) -> Value {
+    auto zero = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, 0).getResult();
+    SmallVector<Value> index(oldType.getRank(), zero);
+    auto elementValue = tensor::ExtractOp::create(rewriter, loc, input, index).getResult();
+    return tensor::SplatOp::create(rewriter, loc, type, elementValue);
+  };
 
-  return tensor::SplatOp::create(rewriter, loc, type, elementValue);
+  if (isHostFoldableValue(scalarToBroadcast))
+    return buildBroadcast(scalarToBroadcast);
+
+  auto broadcastCompute =
+    createSpatCompute<1>(rewriter, loc, TypeRange {type}, {}, ValueRange {scalarToBroadcast}, [&](Value input) {
+      spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, buildBroadcast(input));
+    });
+  return broadcastCompute.getResult(0);
 }
 
 } // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Common/ShapeTilingUtils.hpp

@@ -136,9 +136,9 @@ tileMatrix(mlir::Value& matrixToTile,
            mlir::ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter,
            mlir::Location& loc);
 
-mlir::tensor::SplatOp broadcastToVector(mlir::Value scalarToBroadcast,
-                                        int64_t length,
-                                        mlir::ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter,
-                                        mlir::Location loc);
+mlir::Value broadcastToVector(mlir::Value scalarToBroadcast,
+                              int64_t length,
+                              mlir::ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter,
+                              mlir::Location loc);
 
 } // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/HostFoldability.cpp

@@ -1,8 +1,12 @@
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Arith/IR/Arith.h"
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Tensor/IR/Tensor.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/BuiltinAttributes.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/BuiltinTypes.h"
 
+#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/SmallBitVector.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/SmallPtrSet.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
 
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/HostFoldability.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
@@ -18,6 +22,11 @@ static bool hasStaticUnitStrides(tensor::ExtractSliceOp extractSliceOp) {
   return llvm::all_of(extractSliceOp.getStaticStrides(), [](int64_t stride) { return stride == 1; });
 }
 
+static bool hasConstantIndices(tensor::ExtractOp extractOp) {
+  return llvm::all_of(extractOp.getIndices(),
+                      [](Value index) { return isa_and_nonnull<arith::ConstantIndexOp>(index.getDefiningOp()); });
+}
+
 static bool isStaticTensorResult(Operation* op) {
   return llvm::all_of(op->getResultTypes(), [](Type type) {
     auto shapedType = dyn_cast<ShapedType>(type);
@@ -25,6 +34,167 @@ static bool isStaticTensorResult(Operation* op) {
   });
 }
 
+static SmallVector<int64_t> computeRowMajorStrides(ArrayRef<int64_t> shape) {
+  SmallVector<int64_t> strides(shape.size(), 1);
+  for (int64_t dim = static_cast<int64_t>(shape.size()) - 2; dim >= 0; --dim)
+    strides[dim] = strides[dim + 1] * shape[dim + 1];
+  return strides;
+}
+
+static FailureOr<DenseElementsAttr> transposeDenseElements(DenseElementsAttr denseAttr, ArrayRef<int64_t> perms) {
+  auto tensorType = dyn_cast<RankedTensorType>(denseAttr.getType());
+  if (!tensorType)
+    return failure();
+
+  int64_t rank = tensorType.getRank();
+  if (static_cast<int64_t>(perms.size()) != rank)
+    return failure();
+
+  llvm::SmallBitVector seen(rank);
+  SmallVector<int64_t> transposedShape;
+  transposedShape.reserve(rank);
+  for (int64_t perm : perms) {
+    if (perm < 0 || perm >= rank || seen.test(perm))
+      return failure();
+    seen.set(perm);
+    transposedShape.push_back(tensorType.getShape()[perm]);
+  }
+
+  auto transposedType = RankedTensorType::get(transposedShape, tensorType.getElementType(), tensorType.getEncoding());
+  if (denseAttr.isSplat())
+    return DenseElementsAttr::get(transposedType, denseAttr.getSplatValue<Attribute>());
+
+  SmallVector<Attribute> originalValues(denseAttr.getValues<Attribute>());
+  SmallVector<Attribute> transposedValues(originalValues.size());
+  SmallVector<int64_t> originalStrides = computeRowMajorStrides(tensorType.getShape());
+  SmallVector<int64_t> transposedStrides = computeRowMajorStrides(transposedShape);
+  SmallVector<int64_t> originalIndices(rank);
+
+  for (auto [linearIndex, value] : llvm::enumerate(originalValues)) {
+    int64_t remaining = static_cast<int64_t>(linearIndex);
+    for (int64_t dim = 0; dim < rank; ++dim) {
+      originalIndices[dim] = remaining / originalStrides[dim];
+      remaining %= originalStrides[dim];
+    }
+
+    int64_t transposedLinearIndex = 0;
+    for (int64_t dim = 0; dim < rank; ++dim)
+      transposedLinearIndex += originalIndices[perms[dim]] * transposedStrides[dim];
+
+    transposedValues[transposedLinearIndex] = value;
+  }
+
+  return DenseElementsAttr::get(transposedType, transposedValues);
+}
+
+static FailureOr<DenseElementsAttr> reshapeDenseElements(DenseElementsAttr denseAttr, RankedTensorType resultType) {
+  auto sourceType = dyn_cast<RankedTensorType>(denseAttr.getType());
+  if (!sourceType || !resultType || sourceType.getNumElements() != resultType.getNumElements())
+    return failure();
+
+  if (denseAttr.isSplat())
+    return DenseElementsAttr::get(resultType, denseAttr.getSplatValue<Attribute>());
+
+  SmallVector<Attribute> values(denseAttr.getValues<Attribute>());
+  return DenseElementsAttr::get(resultType, values);
+}
+
+static FailureOr<DenseElementsAttr> extractSliceDenseElements(DenseElementsAttr denseAttr,
+                                                              tensor::ExtractSliceOp extractSliceOp) {
+  auto sourceType = dyn_cast<RankedTensorType>(denseAttr.getType());
+  auto resultType = dyn_cast<RankedTensorType>(extractSliceOp.getType());
+  if (!sourceType || !resultType || !sourceType.hasStaticShape() || !resultType.hasStaticShape())
+    return failure();
+
+  ArrayRef<int64_t> offsets = extractSliceOp.getStaticOffsets();
+  ArrayRef<int64_t> sizes = extractSliceOp.getStaticSizes();
+  ArrayRef<int64_t> strides = extractSliceOp.getStaticStrides();
+  if (llvm::any_of(offsets, [](int64_t value) { return ShapedType::isDynamic(value); })
+      || llvm::any_of(sizes, [](int64_t value) { return ShapedType::isDynamic(value); })
+      || llvm::any_of(strides, [](int64_t stride) { return ShapedType::isDynamic(stride) || stride != 1; }))
+    return failure();
+
+  if (denseAttr.isSplat())
+    return DenseElementsAttr::get(resultType, denseAttr.getSplatValue<Attribute>());
+
+  SmallVector<Attribute> sourceValues(denseAttr.getValues<Attribute>());
+  SmallVector<int64_t> sourceStrides = computeRowMajorStrides(sourceType.getShape());
+  SmallVector<int64_t> resultStrides = computeRowMajorStrides(resultType.getShape());
+  SmallVector<Attribute> resultValues;
+  resultValues.reserve(resultType.getNumElements());
+
+  for (int64_t linearIndex = 0; linearIndex < resultType.getNumElements(); ++linearIndex) {
+    int64_t remaining = linearIndex;
+    int64_t sourceLinearIndex = 0;
+    for (int64_t dim = 0; dim < resultType.getRank(); ++dim) {
+      const int64_t resultIndex = resultStrides.empty() ? 0 : remaining / resultStrides[dim];
+      remaining = resultStrides.empty() ? 0 : remaining % resultStrides[dim];
+      sourceLinearIndex += (offsets[dim] + resultIndex) * sourceStrides[dim];
+    }
+    resultValues.push_back(sourceValues[sourceLinearIndex]);
+  }
+
+  return DenseElementsAttr::get(resultType, resultValues);
+}
+
+static DenseElementsAttr getDirectDenseConstantAttr(Value value) {
+  if (auto constantOp = value.getDefiningOp<arith::ConstantOp>())
+    return dyn_cast<DenseElementsAttr>(constantOp.getValue());
+  if (auto constantOp = value.getDefiningOp<ONNXConstantOp>())
+    return dyn_cast_or_null<DenseElementsAttr>(constantOp.getValueAttr());
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+static DenseElementsAttr getHostFoldableDenseElementsAttrImpl(Value value, llvm::SmallPtrSetImpl<Operation*>& visited) {
+  auto* definingOp = value.getDefiningOp();
+  if (!definingOp || !visited.insert(definingOp).second)
+    return nullptr;
+
+  // Rebuild dense attributes through view-only host-foldable chains so later
+  // lowering stages can still recognize grouped/sliced constants.
+  if (auto denseAttr = getDirectDenseConstantAttr(value))
+    return denseAttr;
+
+  if (auto transposeOp = dyn_cast<ONNXTransposeOp>(definingOp)) {
+    auto inputAttr = getHostFoldableDenseElementsAttrImpl(transposeOp.getData(), visited);
+    if (!inputAttr)
+      return nullptr;
+
+    SmallVector<int64_t> perm;
+    perm.reserve(transposeOp.getPermAttr().size());
+    for (IntegerAttr attr : transposeOp.getPermAttr().getAsRange<IntegerAttr>())
+      perm.push_back(attr.getInt());
+    auto transposedAttr = transposeDenseElements(inputAttr, perm);
+    return succeeded(transposedAttr) ? *transposedAttr : nullptr;
+  }
+
+  if (auto collapseShapeOp = dyn_cast<tensor::CollapseShapeOp>(definingOp)) {
+    auto inputAttr = getHostFoldableDenseElementsAttrImpl(collapseShapeOp.getSrc(), visited);
+    if (!inputAttr)
+      return nullptr;
+    auto reshapedAttr = reshapeDenseElements(inputAttr, cast<RankedTensorType>(collapseShapeOp.getType()));
+    return succeeded(reshapedAttr) ? *reshapedAttr : nullptr;
+  }
+
+  if (auto expandShapeOp = dyn_cast<tensor::ExpandShapeOp>(definingOp)) {
+    auto inputAttr = getHostFoldableDenseElementsAttrImpl(expandShapeOp.getSrc(), visited);
+    if (!inputAttr)
+      return nullptr;
+    auto reshapedAttr = reshapeDenseElements(inputAttr, cast<RankedTensorType>(expandShapeOp.getType()));
+    return succeeded(reshapedAttr) ? *reshapedAttr : nullptr;
+  }
+
+  if (auto extractSliceOp = dyn_cast<tensor::ExtractSliceOp>(definingOp)) {
+    auto inputAttr = getHostFoldableDenseElementsAttrImpl(extractSliceOp.getSource(), visited);
+    if (!inputAttr)
+      return nullptr;
+    auto slicedAttr = extractSliceDenseElements(inputAttr, extractSliceOp);
+    return succeeded(slicedAttr) ? *slicedAttr : nullptr;
+  }
+
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
 static bool isHostFoldableOpImpl(Operation* op, llvm::SmallPtrSetImpl<Operation*>& visited) {
   if (!op || !visited.insert(op).second)
     return false;
@@ -32,6 +202,9 @@ static bool isHostFoldableOpImpl(Operation* op, llvm::SmallPtrSetImpl<Operation*
   if (isa<arith::ConstantOp, ONNXConstantOp, ONNXNoneOp>(op))
     return true;
 
+  if (auto extractOp = dyn_cast<tensor::ExtractOp>(op))
+    return hasConstantIndices(extractOp) && isHostFoldableValue(extractOp.getTensor());
+
   if (!isStaticTensorResult(op))
     return false;
 
@@ -47,6 +220,9 @@ static bool isHostFoldableOpImpl(Operation* op, llvm::SmallPtrSetImpl<Operation*
   if (auto extractSliceOp = dyn_cast<tensor::ExtractSliceOp>(op))
     return hasStaticUnitStrides(extractSliceOp) && isHostFoldableValue(extractSliceOp.getSource());
 
+  if (auto splatOp = dyn_cast<tensor::SplatOp>(op))
+    return isHostFoldableValue(splatOp.getInput());
+
   if (auto extractRowsOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatExtractRowsOp>(op))
     return isHostFoldableValue(extractRowsOp.getInput());
 
@@ -72,4 +248,9 @@ bool isHostFoldableOp(Operation* op) {
   return isHostFoldableOpImpl(op, visited);
 }
 
+DenseElementsAttr getHostFoldableDenseElementsAttr(Value value) {
+  llvm::SmallPtrSet<Operation*, 8> visited;
+  return getHostFoldableDenseElementsAttrImpl(value, visited);
+}
+
 } // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/HostFoldability.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 #pragma once
 
+#include "mlir/IR/BuiltinAttributes.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/Operation.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/Value.h"
 
@@ -9,4 +10,6 @@ bool isHostFoldableValue(mlir::Value value);
 
 bool isHostFoldableOp(mlir::Operation* op);
 
+mlir::DenseElementsAttr getHostFoldableDenseElementsAttr(mlir::Value value);
+
 } // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/HostLegality.cpp

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Func/IR/FuncOps.h"
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Tensor/IR/Tensor.h"
 
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/Support/Diagnostics.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/HostFoldability.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/HostLegality.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
@@ -11,7 +12,7 @@ using namespace mlir;
 namespace onnx_mlir {
 
 LogicalResult verifyONNXToSpatialHostLegality(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
-  bool hasFailure = false;
+  pim::CappedDiagnosticReporter diagnostics;
 
   for (Operation& op : funcOp.getFunctionBody().front()) {
     if (isa<func::ReturnOp, spatial::SpatCompute, spatial::SpatComputeBatch>(&op))
@@ -19,11 +20,15 @@ LogicalResult verifyONNXToSpatialHostLegality(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
     if (isHostFoldableOp(&op))
       continue;
 
-    op.emitOpError("non-foldable top-level runtime op remains after ONNX-to-Spatial; lower it inside spat.compute");
-    hasFailure = true;
+    diagnostics.report(&op, [](Operation* illegalOp) {
+      illegalOp->emitOpError("non-foldable top-level runtime op remains after ONNX-to-Spatial; lower it inside "
+                             "spat.compute");
+    });
   }
 
-  return success(!hasFailure);
+  diagnostics.emitSuppressedSummary(funcOp, "ONNX-to-Spatial host legality failures");
+
+  return success(!diagnostics.hasFailure());
 }
 
 } // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ONNXToSpatialPass.cpp

@@ -5,17 +5,15 @@
 #include "mlir/IR/IRMapping.h"
 #include "mlir/Pass/Pass.h"
 #include "mlir/Pass/PassManager.h"
-#include "mlir/Transforms/GreedyPatternRewriteDriver.h"
 #include "mlir/Transforms/Passes.h"
+#include "mlir/Transforms/WalkPatternRewriteDriver.h"
 
 #include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
-#include "llvm/Support/Debug.h"
 
 #include "Common/Common.hpp"
 #include "Common/PimCommon.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/PimCommon.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimCompilerOptions.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ConversionPatterns.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/HostFoldability.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/HostLegality.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/PostPatterns.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/PrePatterns.hpp"
@@ -87,17 +85,68 @@ static void populateEmptyFunction(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
     returnOp.setOperand(index, computeResult);
 }
 
+static void wrapTopLevelRuntimeTransposes(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
+  IRRewriter rewriter(funcOp.getContext());
+  Block& entryBlock = funcOp.getFunctionBody().front();
+
+  for (Operation& op : llvm::make_early_inc_range(entryBlock)) {
+    auto transposeOp = dyn_cast<ONNXTransposeOp>(&op);
+    if (!transposeOp || isHostFoldableOp(transposeOp))
+      continue;
+
+    // Transpose stays globally legal because constant/view-only cases are
+    // allowed on the host. Any residual runtime transpose must be sunk into
+    // spat.compute before the host legality check.
+    auto resultType = transposeOp.getResult().getType();
+    rewriter.setInsertionPoint(transposeOp);
+    auto computeOp = createSpatCompute<1>(
+      rewriter, transposeOp.getLoc(), TypeRange {resultType}, {}, ValueRange {transposeOp.getData()}, [&](Value input) {
+        Value transposed =
+          ONNXTransposeOp::create(rewriter, transposeOp.getLoc(), resultType, input, transposeOp.getPermAttr());
+        spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, transposeOp.getLoc(), transposed);
+      });
+    rewriter.replaceOp(transposeOp, computeOp.getResult(0));
+  }
+}
+
 void ONNXToSpatialPass::runOnOperation() {
   ModuleOp moduleOp = getOperation();
   MLIRContext* ctx = &getContext();
 
+  ConversionTarget preTarget(*ctx);
+  preTarget.addLegalDialect<spatial::SpatialDialect,
+                            ONNXDialect,
+                            tensor::TensorDialect,
+                            arith::ArithDialect,
+                            scf::SCFDialect>();
+  preTarget.addIllegalOp<ONNXConstantOp, ONNXFlattenOp>();
+
   RewritePatternSet prePatterns(ctx);
   populatePrePatterns(prePatterns, ctx);
-  if (failed(applyPatternsGreedily(moduleOp, std::move(prePatterns))))
-    moduleOp.emitWarning("failed to apply ONNX-to-Spatial pre-patterns; continuing");
+  if (failed(applyPartialConversion(moduleOp, preTarget, std::move(prePatterns)))) {
+    moduleOp.emitError("failed to apply ONNX-to-Spatial pre-rewrites");
+    signalPassFailure();
+    return;
+  }
 
   auto entryFunc = getPimEntryFunc(moduleOp);
   if (failed(entryFunc)) {
+    moduleOp.emitError("failed to locate the PIM entry function during ONNX-to-Spatial lowering");
+    signalPassFailure();
+    return;
+  }
+
+  RewritePatternSet matmulPatterns(ctx);
+  populateMatMulRewritePatterns(matmulPatterns, ctx);
+  walkAndApplyPatterns(moduleOp, std::move(matmulPatterns));
+
+  bool hasUnloweredMatMul = false;
+  moduleOp.walk([&](ONNXMatMulOp matmulOp) {
+    hasUnloweredMatMul = true;
+    matmulOp.emitOpError("remaining ONNX MatMul before the required ONNX-to-Spatial conversion");
+  });
+  if (hasUnloweredMatMul) {
+    moduleOp.emitError("failed to lower all ONNX MatMul ops before ONNX-to-Spatial conversion");
     signalPassFailure();
     return;
   }
@@ -130,31 +179,28 @@ void ONNXToSpatialPass::runOnOperation() {
   RewritePatternSet conversionPatterns(ctx);
   populateConversionPatterns(conversionPatterns, ctx);
   if (failed(applyPartialConversion(moduleOp, target, std::move(conversionPatterns)))) {
+    moduleOp.emitError("failed to convert required ONNX ops to Spatial ops");
     signalPassFailure();
     return;
   }
 
+  ConversionTarget earlyPostTarget(*ctx);
+  earlyPostTarget.addLegalDialect<spatial::SpatialDialect,
+                                  ONNXDialect,
+                                  tensor::TensorDialect,
+                                  arith::ArithDialect,
+                                  scf::SCFDialect>();
+  earlyPostTarget.addDynamicallyLegalOp<spatial::SpatComputeBatch>(
+    [](spatial::SpatComputeBatch batchOp) { return !requiresEarlyPostRewrite(batchOp); });
+
   RewritePatternSet earlyPostPatterns(ctx);
   populateEarlyPostPatterns(earlyPostPatterns, ctx);
-  if (failed(applyPatternsGreedily(*entryFunc, std::move(earlyPostPatterns)))) {
+  if (failed(applyPartialConversion(*entryFunc, earlyPostTarget, std::move(earlyPostPatterns)))) {
+    moduleOp.emitError("failed to normalize single-lane spat.compute_batch ops before core assignment checks");
     signalPassFailure();
     return;
   }
 
-  if (coresCount != -1) {
-    int computeOpsCount = 0;
-    for (Operation& op : entryFunc->getFunctionBody().front().getOperations())
-      if (isa<spatial::SpatCompute>(op))
-        computeOpsCount++;
-
-    if (computeOpsCount > coresCount) {
-      entryFunc->emitError() << "number of compute ops (" << computeOpsCount << ") exceeds the core count ("
-                             << coresCount << ")";
-      signalPassFailure();
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-
   PassManager cleanupPM(ctx);
   cleanupPM.addPass(createCanonicalizerPass());
   if (failed(cleanupPM.run(moduleOp)))
@@ -162,14 +208,29 @@ void ONNXToSpatialPass::runOnOperation() {
 
   annotateWeightsConstants(*entryFunc);
 
+  ConversionTarget postTarget(*ctx);
+  postTarget.addLegalDialect<spatial::SpatialDialect,
+                             ONNXDialect,
+                             tensor::TensorDialect,
+                             arith::ArithDialect,
+                             scf::SCFDialect>();
+  postTarget.addDynamicallyLegalOp<spatial::SpatCompute>(
+    [](spatial::SpatCompute computeOp) { return !requiresPostRewrite(computeOp); });
+  postTarget.addDynamicallyLegalOp<spatial::SpatComputeBatch>(
+    [](spatial::SpatComputeBatch computeOp) { return !requiresPostRewrite(computeOp); });
+
   RewritePatternSet postPatterns(ctx);
   populatePostPatterns(postPatterns, ctx);
-  if (failed(applyPatternsGreedily(*entryFunc, std::move(postPatterns)))) {
+  if (failed(applyPartialConversion(*entryFunc, postTarget, std::move(postPatterns)))) {
+    moduleOp.emitError("failed to normalize weight-like Spatial compute operands before Spatial-to-PIM lowering");
     signalPassFailure();
     return;
   }
 
+  wrapTopLevelRuntimeTransposes(*entryFunc);
+
   if (failed(verifyONNXToSpatialHostLegality(*entryFunc))) {
+    moduleOp.emitError("ONNX-to-Spatial host legality verification failed");
     signalPassFailure();
     return;
   }

src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Patterns/Math/Conv.cpp

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/Support/Diagnostics.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimCompilerOptions.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Common/Common.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/HostFoldability.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
 #include "src/Dialect/ONNX/ONNXOps.hpp"
 
@@ -27,16 +28,6 @@ struct ConvToGemm : OpConversionPattern<ONNXConvOp> {
                                 ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter) const override;
 };
 
-static DenseElementsAttr getDenseConstantAttr(Value value) {
-  if (auto constantOp = value.getDefiningOp<arith::ConstantOp>())
-    return dyn_cast<DenseElementsAttr>(constantOp.getValue());
-
-  if (auto constantOp = value.getDefiningOp<ONNXConstantOp>())
-    return dyn_cast_or_null<DenseElementsAttr>(constantOp.getValueAttr());
-
-  return nullptr;
-}
-
 static int64_t getI64FromArrayAttr(ArrayAttr arr, size_t idx) { return cast<IntegerAttr>(arr[idx]).getInt(); }
 
 static Value expandBiasIfNeeded(Value bias, ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter, Location loc) {
@@ -355,49 +346,22 @@ static Value createCollectedConvOutput(ValueRange gemmRows,
   return collectComputeOp.getResult(0);
 }
 
-} // namespace
-
-LogicalResult ConvToGemm::matchAndRewrite(ONNXConvOp convOp,
-                                          ONNXConvOpAdaptor convOpAdaptor,
-                                          ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter) const {
-  Location loc = convOp.getLoc();
-  Value x = convOpAdaptor.getX();
-  Value w = convOpAdaptor.getW();
-  Value b = convOpAdaptor.getB();
-
-  auto xType = cast<RankedTensorType>(x.getType());
-  auto wType = cast<RankedTensorType>(w.getType());
-  auto outType = cast<RankedTensorType>(convOp.getY().getType());
-
-  if (!xType.hasStaticShape()) {
-    pim::emitUnsupportedStaticShapeDiagnostic(convOp, "conv input");
-    return failure();
-  }
-  if (!wType.hasStaticShape()) {
-    pim::emitUnsupportedStaticShapeDiagnostic(convOp, "conv weight");
-    return failure();
-  }
-  if (!outType.hasStaticShape()) {
-    pim::emitUnsupportedStaticShapeDiagnostic(convOp, "conv result");
-    return failure();
-  }
-  if (xType.getRank() != 4) {
-    pim::emitUnsupportedRankDiagnostic(convOp, "conv input", xType.getRank(), {4});
-    return failure();
-  }
-  if (wType.getRank() != 4) {
-    pim::emitUnsupportedRankDiagnostic(convOp, "conv weight", wType.getRank(), {4});
-    return failure();
-  }
-  if (outType.getRank() != 4) {
-    pim::emitUnsupportedRankDiagnostic(convOp, "conv result", outType.getRank(), {4});
-    return failure();
-  }
-  if (convOp.getGroup() != 1) {
-    convOp.emitOpError("only group=1 convolution is supported for Spatial lowering");
-    return failure();
-  }
-
+static Value lowerSingleConvGroup(Value x,
+                                  Value w,
+                                  Value b,
+                                  RankedTensorType xType,
+                                  RankedTensorType wType,
+                                  RankedTensorType outType,
+                                  int64_t padHeightBegin,
+                                  int64_t padHeightEnd,
+                                  int64_t padWidthBegin,
+                                  int64_t padWidthEnd,
+                                  int64_t strideHeight,
+                                  int64_t strideWidth,
+                                  int64_t dilationHeight,
+                                  int64_t dilationWidth,
+                                  ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter,
+                                  Location loc) {
   const int64_t batchSize = xType.getDimSize(0);
   const int64_t numChannelsIn = xType.getDimSize(1);
   const int64_t xHeight = xType.getDimSize(2);
@@ -408,71 +372,6 @@ LogicalResult ConvToGemm::matchAndRewrite(ONNXConvOp convOp,
   const int64_t outHeight = outType.getDimSize(2);
   const int64_t outWidth = outType.getDimSize(3);
 
-  // Read optional conv attributes (ONNX defaults: stride=1, dilation=1, pad=0)
-  const auto stridesAttr = convOp.getStrides();
-  const auto dilationsAttr = convOp.getDilations();
-  const auto padsAttr = convOp.getPads();
-
-  if (stridesAttr && stridesAttr->size() != 2) {
-    convOp.emitOpError("requires exactly two stride values for Spatial lowering");
-    return failure();
-  }
-  if (dilationsAttr && dilationsAttr->size() != 2) {
-    convOp.emitOpError("requires exactly two dilation values for Spatial lowering");
-    return failure();
-  }
-  if (padsAttr && padsAttr->size() != 4) {
-    convOp.emitOpError("requires exactly four pad values for 2D Spatial lowering");
-    return failure();
-  }
-
-  const int64_t strideHeight = stridesAttr ? getI64FromArrayAttr(*stridesAttr, 0) : 1;
-  const int64_t strideWidth = stridesAttr ? getI64FromArrayAttr(*stridesAttr, 1) : 1;
-  const int64_t dilationHeight = dilationsAttr ? getI64FromArrayAttr(*dilationsAttr, 0) : 1;
-  const int64_t dilationWidth = dilationsAttr ? getI64FromArrayAttr(*dilationsAttr, 1) : 1;
-
-  int64_t padHeightBegin = 0;
-  int64_t padHeightEnd = 0;
-  int64_t padWidthBegin = 0;
-  int64_t padWidthEnd = 0;
-
-  if (padsAttr) {
-    padHeightBegin = getI64FromArrayAttr(*padsAttr, 0);
-    padWidthBegin = getI64FromArrayAttr(*padsAttr, 1);
-    padHeightEnd = getI64FromArrayAttr(*padsAttr, 2);
-    padWidthEnd = getI64FromArrayAttr(*padsAttr, 3);
-  }
-  else {
-    // Compute padding from auto_pad attribute
-    const auto autoPad = convOp.getAutoPad();
-    if (autoPad == "SAME_UPPER" || autoPad == "SAME_LOWER") {
-      const int64_t effectiveKernelH = (wHeight - 1) * dilationHeight + 1;
-      const int64_t effectiveKernelW = (wWidth - 1) * dilationWidth + 1;
-      const int64_t totalPadH =
-        std::max(static_cast<int64_t>(0), (outHeight - 1) * strideHeight + effectiveKernelH - xHeight);
-      const int64_t totalPadW =
-        std::max(static_cast<int64_t>(0), (outWidth - 1) * strideWidth + effectiveKernelW - xWidth);
-
-      if (autoPad == "SAME_UPPER") {
-        padHeightBegin = totalPadH / 2;
-        padHeightEnd = totalPadH - padHeightBegin;
-        padWidthBegin = totalPadW / 2;
-        padWidthEnd = totalPadW - padWidthBegin;
-      }
-      else { // SAME_LOWER
-        padHeightEnd = totalPadH / 2;
-        padHeightBegin = totalPadH - padHeightEnd;
-        padWidthEnd = totalPadW / 2;
-        padWidthBegin = totalPadW - padWidthEnd;
-      }
-    }
-    else if (autoPad != "NOTSET" && autoPad != "VALID") {
-      convOp.emitOpError() << "unsupported auto_pad value `" << autoPad << "` for Spatial lowering";
-      return failure();
-    }
-    // "NOTSET" or "VALID" -> all pads stay 0
-  }
-
   // im2col layout (flipped with respect to the standard, so filters sit in B = crossbar):
   //   A (im2col):  [numPatches, patchSize]  -- one row per output spatial position
   //   B (weights): [patchSize, cOut]        -- W^T, stored in crossbar columns
@@ -492,7 +391,7 @@ LogicalResult ConvToGemm::matchAndRewrite(ONNXConvOp convOp,
   const int64_t xbarSize = static_cast<int64_t>(crossbarSize.getValue());
   const int64_t wMaxDim = std::max(patchSize, numChannelsOut);
   const int64_t maxParallelPixels = std::max<int64_t>(1, xbarSize / wMaxDim);
-  auto wDenseAttr = getDenseConstantAttr(w);
+  auto wDenseAttr = getHostFoldableDenseElementsAttr(w);
 
   // Prepare weight matrix W for crossbar storage:
   // W: [numChannelsOut, numChannelsIn, wHeight, wWidth] -> [numChannelsOut, patchSize] -> [patchSize, numChannelsOut]
@@ -513,7 +412,7 @@ LogicalResult ConvToGemm::matchAndRewrite(ONNXConvOp convOp,
   DenseElementsAttr biasDenseAttr;
   if (hasB) {
     gemmBias = b;
-    biasDenseAttr = getDenseConstantAttr(b);
+    biasDenseAttr = getHostFoldableDenseElementsAttr(b);
     biasMatrix = expandBiasIfNeeded(b, rewriter, loc);
   }
   const bool canPackWeightsAsConstants = static_cast<bool>(wDenseAttr);
@@ -589,17 +488,246 @@ LogicalResult ConvToGemm::matchAndRewrite(ONNXConvOp convOp,
                                       rewriter.getBoolAttr(false))
                      .getY();
 
-  rewriter.replaceOp(convOp,
-                     createCollectedConvOutput(ValueRange {gemmRows},
-                                               convOp.getType(),
-                                               gemmOutType,
-                                               nhwcType,
-                                               outType,
-                                               numPatches,
-                                               numChannelsOut,
-                                               effectiveMaxParallelPixels,
-                                               rewriter,
-                                               loc));
+  return createCollectedConvOutput(ValueRange {gemmRows},
+                                   outType,
+                                   gemmOutType,
+                                   nhwcType,
+                                   outType,
+                                   numPatches,
+                                   numChannelsOut,
+                                   effectiveMaxParallelPixels,
+                                   rewriter,
+                                   loc);
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+LogicalResult ConvToGemm::matchAndRewrite(ONNXConvOp convOp,
+                                          ONNXConvOpAdaptor convOpAdaptor,
+                                          ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter) const {
+  Location loc = convOp.getLoc();
+  Value x = convOpAdaptor.getX();
+  Value w = convOpAdaptor.getW();
+  Value b = convOpAdaptor.getB();
+
+  auto xType = cast<RankedTensorType>(x.getType());
+  auto wType = cast<RankedTensorType>(w.getType());
+  auto outType = cast<RankedTensorType>(convOp.getY().getType());
+
+  if (!xType.hasStaticShape()) {
+    pim::emitUnsupportedStaticShapeDiagnostic(convOp, "conv input");
+    return failure();
+  }
+  if (!wType.hasStaticShape()) {
+    pim::emitUnsupportedStaticShapeDiagnostic(convOp, "conv weight");
+    return failure();
+  }
+  if (!outType.hasStaticShape()) {
+    pim::emitUnsupportedStaticShapeDiagnostic(convOp, "conv result");
+    return failure();
+  }
+  if (xType.getRank() != 4) {
+    pim::emitUnsupportedRankDiagnostic(convOp, "conv input", xType.getRank(), {4});
+    return failure();
+  }
+  if (wType.getRank() != 4) {
+    pim::emitUnsupportedRankDiagnostic(convOp, "conv weight", wType.getRank(), {4});
+    return failure();
+  }
+  if (outType.getRank() != 4) {
+    pim::emitUnsupportedRankDiagnostic(convOp, "conv result", outType.getRank(), {4});
+    return failure();
+  }
+  if (convOp.getGroup() < 1) {
+    convOp.emitOpError("requires group >= 1 for Spatial lowering");
+    return failure();
+  }
+
+  const int64_t batchSize = xType.getDimSize(0);
+  const int64_t numChannelsIn = xType.getDimSize(1);
+  const int64_t xHeight = xType.getDimSize(2);
+  const int64_t xWidth = xType.getDimSize(3);
+  const int64_t numChannelsOut = wType.getDimSize(0);
+  const int64_t wHeight = wType.getDimSize(2);
+  const int64_t wWidth = wType.getDimSize(3);
+  const int64_t outHeight = outType.getDimSize(2);
+  const int64_t outWidth = outType.getDimSize(3);
+  const int64_t group = convOp.getGroup();
+  const bool hasB = !isa<ONNXNoneOp>(b.getDefiningOp());
+
+  if (numChannelsIn % group != 0) {
+    convOp.emitOpError() << "requires input channels " << numChannelsIn << " to be divisible by group " << group
+                         << " for Spatial lowering";
+    return failure();
+  }
+  if (numChannelsOut % group != 0) {
+    convOp.emitOpError() << "requires output channels " << numChannelsOut << " to be divisible by group " << group
+                         << " for Spatial lowering";
+    return failure();
+  }
+
+  const int64_t numChannelsInPerGroup = numChannelsIn / group;
+  const int64_t numChannelsOutPerGroup = numChannelsOut / group;
+  if (wType.getDimSize(1) != numChannelsInPerGroup) {
+    convOp.emitOpError() << "requires grouped conv weight input channels " << wType.getDimSize(1)
+                         << " to match input channels per group " << numChannelsInPerGroup << " for Spatial lowering";
+    return failure();
+  }
+  if (wType.getDimSize(0) != numChannelsOut) {
+    convOp.emitOpError() << "requires weight output channels " << wType.getDimSize(0) << " to match result channels "
+                         << numChannelsOut << " for Spatial lowering";
+    return failure();
+  }
+
+  // Read optional conv attributes (ONNX defaults: stride=1, dilation=1, pad=0)
+  const auto stridesAttr = convOp.getStrides();
+  const auto dilationsAttr = convOp.getDilations();
+  const auto padsAttr = convOp.getPads();
+
+  if (stridesAttr && stridesAttr->size() != 2) {
+    convOp.emitOpError("requires exactly two stride values for Spatial lowering");
+    return failure();
+  }
+  if (dilationsAttr && dilationsAttr->size() != 2) {
+    convOp.emitOpError("requires exactly two dilation values for Spatial lowering");
+    return failure();
+  }
+  if (padsAttr && padsAttr->size() != 4) {
+    convOp.emitOpError("requires exactly four pad values for 2D Spatial lowering");
+    return failure();
+  }
+
+  const int64_t strideHeight = stridesAttr ? getI64FromArrayAttr(*stridesAttr, 0) : 1;
+  const int64_t strideWidth = stridesAttr ? getI64FromArrayAttr(*stridesAttr, 1) : 1;
+  const int64_t dilationHeight = dilationsAttr ? getI64FromArrayAttr(*dilationsAttr, 0) : 1;
+  const int64_t dilationWidth = dilationsAttr ? getI64FromArrayAttr(*dilationsAttr, 1) : 1;
+
+  int64_t padHeightBegin = 0;
+  int64_t padHeightEnd = 0;
+  int64_t padWidthBegin = 0;
+  int64_t padWidthEnd = 0;
+
+  if (padsAttr) {
+    padHeightBegin = getI64FromArrayAttr(*padsAttr, 0);
+    padWidthBegin = getI64FromArrayAttr(*padsAttr, 1);
+    padHeightEnd = getI64FromArrayAttr(*padsAttr, 2);
+    padWidthEnd = getI64FromArrayAttr(*padsAttr, 3);
+  }
+  else {
+    // Compute padding from auto_pad attribute
+    const auto autoPad = convOp.getAutoPad();
+    if (autoPad == "SAME_UPPER" || autoPad == "SAME_LOWER") {
+      const int64_t effectiveKernelH = (wHeight - 1) * dilationHeight + 1;
+      const int64_t effectiveKernelW = (wWidth - 1) * dilationWidth + 1;
+      const int64_t totalPadH =
+        std::max(static_cast<int64_t>(0), (outHeight - 1) * strideHeight + effectiveKernelH - xHeight);
+      const int64_t totalPadW =
+        std::max(static_cast<int64_t>(0), (outWidth - 1) * strideWidth + effectiveKernelW - xWidth);
+
+      if (autoPad == "SAME_UPPER") {
+        padHeightBegin = totalPadH / 2;
+        padHeightEnd = totalPadH - padHeightBegin;
+        padWidthBegin = totalPadW / 2;
+        padWidthEnd = totalPadW - padWidthBegin;
+      }
+      else { // SAME_LOWER
+        padHeightEnd = totalPadH / 2;
+        padHeightBegin = totalPadH - padHeightEnd;
+        padWidthEnd = totalPadW / 2;
+        padWidthBegin = totalPadW - padWidthEnd;
+      }
+    }
+    else if (autoPad != "NOTSET" && autoPad != "VALID") {
+      convOp.emitOpError() << "unsupported auto_pad value `" << autoPad << "` for Spatial lowering";
+      return failure();
+    }
+    // "NOTSET" or "VALID" -> all pads stay 0
+  }
+
+  if (group == 1) {
+    rewriter.replaceOp(convOp,
+                       lowerSingleConvGroup(x,
+                                            w,
+                                            b,
+                                            xType,
+                                            wType,
+                                            outType,
+                                            padHeightBegin,
+                                            padHeightEnd,
+                                            padWidthBegin,
+                                            padWidthEnd,
+                                            strideHeight,
+                                            strideWidth,
+                                            dilationHeight,
+                                            dilationWidth,
+                                            rewriter,
+                                            loc));
+    return success();
+  }
+
+  SmallVector<Value> xSlices = sliceTensor(x, /*axis=*/1, numChannelsInPerGroup, rewriter, loc);
+  SmallVector<Value> wSlices = sliceTensor(w, /*axis=*/0, numChannelsOutPerGroup, rewriter, loc);
+  SmallVector<Value> bSlices;
+  if (hasB) {
+    auto biasType = cast<RankedTensorType>(b.getType());
+    int64_t biasAxis = -1;
+    if (biasType.getRank() == 1)
+      biasAxis = 0;
+    else if (biasType.getRank() == 2)
+      biasAxis = biasType.getDimSize(0) != 1 ? 0 : 1;
+    else {
+      convOp.emitOpError() << "requires rank-1 or rank-2 bias for grouped convolution Spatial lowering, but got rank "
+                           << biasType.getRank();
+      return failure();
+    }
+    bSlices = sliceTensor(b, biasAxis, numChannelsOutPerGroup, rewriter, loc);
+  }
+
+  if (xSlices.size() != static_cast<size_t>(group) || wSlices.size() != static_cast<size_t>(group)
+      || (hasB && bSlices.size() != static_cast<size_t>(group))) {
+    convOp.emitOpError("failed to partition grouped convolution operands for Spatial lowering");
+    return failure();
+  }
+
+  SmallVector<Value> groupResults;
+  groupResults.reserve(group);
+  auto groupOutType =
+    RankedTensorType::get({batchSize, numChannelsOutPerGroup, outHeight, outWidth}, outType.getElementType());
+  Value noBias = ONNXNoneOp::create(rewriter, loc, rewriter.getNoneType());
+  for (int64_t groupId = 0; groupId < group; groupId++) {
+    Value groupX = xSlices[groupId];
+    Value groupW = wSlices[groupId];
+    Value groupB = hasB ? bSlices[groupId] : noBias;
+    groupResults.push_back(lowerSingleConvGroup(groupX,
+                                                groupW,
+                                                groupB,
+                                                cast<RankedTensorType>(groupX.getType()),
+                                                cast<RankedTensorType>(groupW.getType()),
+                                                groupOutType,
+                                                padHeightBegin,
+                                                padHeightEnd,
+                                                padWidthBegin,
+                                                padWidthEnd,
+                                                strideHeight,
+                                                strideWidth,
+                                                dilationHeight,
+                                                dilationWidth,
+                                                rewriter,
+                                                loc));
+  }
+
+  Value result;
+  if (llvm::all_of(groupResults, isHostFoldableValue)) {
+    result = createSpatConcat(rewriter, loc, /*axis=*/1, groupResults);
+  }
+  else {
+    auto concatCompute = createSpatCompute(rewriter, loc, TypeRange {outType}, {}, groupResults, [&](ValueRange args) {
+      spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, createSpatConcat(rewriter, loc, /*axis=*/1, args));
+    });
+    result = concatCompute.getResult(0);
+  }
+
+  rewriter.replaceOp(convOp, result);
   return success();
 }
 

src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Patterns/Math/Gemm.cpp

@@ -502,9 +502,6 @@ LogicalResult GemmToSpatialComputeBatch::matchAndRewrite(ONNXGemmOp gemmOp,
   }
   (void) bType;
 
-  if (!isHostFoldableValue(b))
-    return failure();
-
   Value sharedBias;
   if (hasC) {
     auto scaledC = materializeScaledConstantTensor(c, gemmOpAdaptor.getBeta().convertToFloat(), rewriter, loc);

src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Patterns/Math/MatMul.cpp

@@ -2,8 +2,12 @@
 #include "mlir/IR/BuiltinTypes.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/PatternMatch.h"
 
+#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
 
+#include <functional>
+#include <numeric>
+
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Common/Common.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ConversionPatterns.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/HostFoldability.hpp"
@@ -19,6 +23,79 @@ static bool haveStaticPositiveShape(ArrayRef<int64_t> shape) {
   return llvm::all_of(shape, [](int64_t dim) { return dim > 0; });
 }
 
+static int64_t getStaticShapeElementCount(ArrayRef<int64_t> shape) {
+  return std::accumulate(shape.begin(), shape.end(), int64_t {1}, std::multiplies<int64_t> {});
+}
+
+static FailureOr<SmallVector<int64_t>> inferSupportedBatchShape(ArrayRef<int64_t> lhsBatchShape,
+                                                                ArrayRef<int64_t> rhsBatchShape) {
+  if (lhsBatchShape.empty())
+    return SmallVector<int64_t>(rhsBatchShape.begin(), rhsBatchShape.end());
+  if (rhsBatchShape.empty())
+    return SmallVector<int64_t>(lhsBatchShape.begin(), lhsBatchShape.end());
+  if (!llvm::equal(lhsBatchShape, rhsBatchShape))
+    return failure();
+  return SmallVector<int64_t>(lhsBatchShape.begin(), lhsBatchShape.end());
+}
+
+static Value collapseBatchDims(Value value,
+                               int64_t batchSize,
+                               int64_t rows,
+                               int64_t cols,
+                               PatternRewriter& rewriter,
+                               Location loc) {
+  auto type = cast<RankedTensorType>(value.getType());
+  if (type.getRank() == 2 || type.getRank() == 3)
+    return value;
+
+  auto collapsedType =
+    RankedTensorType::get({batchSize, rows, cols}, type.getElementType(), type.getEncoding());
+  SmallVector<ReassociationIndices> reassociation = {
+    ReassociationIndices {},
+    ReassociationIndices {static_cast<int64_t>(type.getRank() - 2)},
+    ReassociationIndices {static_cast<int64_t>(type.getRank() - 1)}
+  };
+  for (int64_t dim = 0; dim < type.getRank() - 2; ++dim)
+    reassociation.front().push_back(dim);
+
+  auto buildCollapsed = [&](Value input) -> Value {
+    return tensor::CollapseShapeOp::create(rewriter, loc, collapsedType, input, reassociation);
+  };
+
+  if (isHostFoldableValue(value))
+    return buildCollapsed(value);
+
+  auto collapseCompute =
+    createSpatCompute<1>(rewriter, loc, TypeRange {collapsedType}, {}, ValueRange {value}, [&](Value input) {
+      spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, buildCollapsed(input));
+    });
+  return collapseCompute.getResult(0);
+}
+
+static Value expandBatchDims(Value value,
+                             RankedTensorType outputType,
+                             size_t batchRank,
+                             PatternRewriter& rewriter,
+                             Location loc) {
+  if (cast<RankedTensorType>(value.getType()) == outputType)
+    return value;
+
+  SmallVector<ReassociationIndices> reassociation = {
+    ReassociationIndices {},
+    ReassociationIndices {static_cast<int64_t>(batchRank)},
+    ReassociationIndices {static_cast<int64_t>(batchRank + 1)}
+  };
+  for (size_t dim = 0; dim < batchRank; ++dim)
+    reassociation.front().push_back(static_cast<int64_t>(dim));
+
+  auto expandCompute =
+    createSpatCompute<1>(rewriter, loc, TypeRange {outputType}, {}, ValueRange {value}, [&](Value input) {
+      Value expanded = tensor::ExpandShapeOp::create(rewriter, loc, outputType, input, reassociation);
+      spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, expanded);
+    });
+  return expandCompute.getResult(0);
+}
+
 static Value extractBatchMatrix(Value value,
                                 int64_t batchIndex,
                                 int64_t batchSize,
@@ -62,13 +139,29 @@ static Value extractBatchMatrix(Value value,
 static Value transposeLastTwoDims(Value value, PatternRewriter& rewriter, Location loc) {
   auto type = cast<RankedTensorType>(value.getType());
   auto shape = type.getShape();
+  RankedTensorType transposedType;
+  SmallVector<int64_t> perm;
   if (type.getRank() == 2) {
-    auto transposedType = RankedTensorType::get({shape[1], shape[0]}, type.getElementType());
-    return ONNXTransposeOp::create(rewriter, loc, transposedType, value, rewriter.getI64ArrayAttr({1, 0}));
+    transposedType = RankedTensorType::get({shape[1], shape[0]}, type.getElementType());
+    perm = {1, 0};
+  }
+  else {
+    transposedType = RankedTensorType::get({shape[0], shape[2], shape[1]}, type.getElementType());
+    perm = {0, 2, 1};
   }
 
-  auto transposedType = RankedTensorType::get({shape[0], shape[2], shape[1]}, type.getElementType());
-  return ONNXTransposeOp::create(rewriter, loc, transposedType, value, rewriter.getI64ArrayAttr({0, 2, 1}));
+  auto buildTranspose = [&](Value input) -> Value {
+    return ONNXTransposeOp::create(rewriter, loc, transposedType, input, rewriter.getI64ArrayAttr(perm));
+  };
+
+  if (isHostFoldableValue(value))
+    return buildTranspose(value);
+
+  auto transposeCompute =
+    createSpatCompute<1>(rewriter, loc, TypeRange {transposedType}, {}, ValueRange {value}, [&](Value input) {
+      spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, buildTranspose(input));
+    });
+  return transposeCompute.getResult(0);
 }
 
 static Value transposeLastTwoDimsInCompute(Value value, PatternRewriter& rewriter, Location loc) {
@@ -120,24 +213,25 @@ struct MatMulToGemm : OpRewritePattern<ONNXMatMulOp> {
     if (!lhsType || !rhsType || !outType || !lhsType.hasStaticShape() || !rhsType.hasStaticShape()
         || !outType.hasStaticShape())
       return failure();
-    if ((lhsType.getRank() != 2 && lhsType.getRank() != 3) || (rhsType.getRank() != 2 && rhsType.getRank() != 3)
-        || (outType.getRank() != 2 && outType.getRank() != 3))
+    if (lhsType.getRank() < 2 || rhsType.getRank() < 2 || outType.getRank() < 2)
       return failure();
     if (!haveStaticPositiveShape(lhsType.getShape()) || !haveStaticPositiveShape(rhsType.getShape())
         || !haveStaticPositiveShape(outType.getShape()))
       return failure();
 
-    const int64_t lhsBatch = lhsType.getRank() == 3 ? lhsType.getDimSize(0) : 1;
-    const int64_t rhsBatch = rhsType.getRank() == 3 ? rhsType.getDimSize(0) : 1;
-    const int64_t batch = std::max(lhsBatch, rhsBatch);
-
-    if ((lhsBatch != 1 && lhsBatch != batch) || (rhsBatch != 1 && rhsBatch != batch))
+    SmallVector<int64_t> lhsBatchShape(lhsType.getShape().begin(), lhsType.getShape().end() - 2);
+    SmallVector<int64_t> rhsBatchShape(rhsType.getShape().begin(), rhsType.getShape().end() - 2);
+    auto batchShape = inferSupportedBatchShape(lhsBatchShape, rhsBatchShape);
+    if (failed(batchShape))
       return failure();
+    const int64_t lhsBatch = lhsBatchShape.empty() ? 1 : getStaticShapeElementCount(lhsBatchShape);
+    const int64_t rhsBatch = rhsBatchShape.empty() ? 1 : getStaticShapeElementCount(rhsBatchShape);
+    const int64_t batch = batchShape->empty() ? 1 : getStaticShapeElementCount(*batchShape);
 
-    const int64_t m = lhsType.getRank() == 3 ? lhsType.getDimSize(1) : lhsType.getDimSize(0);
-    const int64_t k = lhsType.getRank() == 3 ? lhsType.getDimSize(2) : lhsType.getDimSize(1);
-    const int64_t rhsK = rhsType.getRank() == 3 ? rhsType.getDimSize(1) : rhsType.getDimSize(0);
-    const int64_t n = rhsType.getRank() == 3 ? rhsType.getDimSize(2) : rhsType.getDimSize(1);
+    const int64_t m = lhsType.getDimSize(lhsType.getRank() - 2);
+    const int64_t k = lhsType.getDimSize(lhsType.getRank() - 1);
+    const int64_t rhsK = rhsType.getDimSize(rhsType.getRank() - 2);
+    const int64_t n = rhsType.getDimSize(rhsType.getRank() - 1);
     if (k != rhsK)
       return failure();
 
@@ -146,15 +240,17 @@ struct MatMulToGemm : OpRewritePattern<ONNXMatMulOp> {
         return failure();
     }
     else {
-      if (outType.getDimSize(0) != batch || outType.getDimSize(1) != m || outType.getDimSize(2) != n)
+      SmallVector<int64_t> outBatchShape(outType.getShape().begin(), outType.getShape().end() - 2);
+      if (!llvm::equal(outBatchShape, *batchShape) || outType.getDimSize(outType.getRank() - 2) != m
+          || outType.getDimSize(outType.getRank() - 1) != n)
         return failure();
     }
 
     Location loc = matmulOp.getLoc();
     bool useTransposedForm = isHostFoldableValue(matmulOp.getA()) && !isHostFoldableValue(matmulOp.getB());
 
-    Value lhs = matmulOp.getA();
-    Value rhs = matmulOp.getB();
+    Value lhs = collapseBatchDims(matmulOp.getA(), lhsBatch, m, k, rewriter, loc);
+    Value rhs = collapseBatchDims(matmulOp.getB(), rhsBatch, k, n, rewriter, loc);
     int64_t lhsBatchForGemm = lhsBatch;
     int64_t rhsBatchForGemm = rhsBatch;
     int64_t gemmM = m;
@@ -239,6 +335,7 @@ struct MatMulToGemm : OpRewritePattern<ONNXMatMulOp> {
     }
 
     Value result = concatValues(batchResults, /*axis=*/0, rewriter, loc);
+    result = expandBatchDims(result, outType, batchShape->size(), rewriter, loc);
     rewriter.replaceOp(matmulOp, result);
     return success();
   }

src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Patterns/NN/Softmax.cpp

@@ -1,9 +1,10 @@
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Arith/IR/Arith.h"
+#include "mlir/Dialect/SCF/IR/SCF.h"
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Tensor/IR/Tensor.h"
 #include "mlir/Transforms/DialectConversion.h"
 
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Common/Common.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ConversionPatterns.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/HostFoldability.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
 #include "src/Dialect/ONNX/ONNXOps.hpp"
 
@@ -22,53 +23,83 @@ static SmallVector<int64_t> permuteShape(ArrayRef<int64_t> shape, ArrayRef<int64
   return permutedShape;
 }
 
-static Value createSoftmaxCompute(Value input, ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter, Location loc) {
+static Value buildLoopSoftmaxSlice(Value input,
+                                   Value accumulator,
+                                   RankedTensorType inputType,
+                                   ArrayRef<Value> outerIndices,
+                                   ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter,
+                                   Location loc) {
+  int64_t rank = inputType.getRank();
+  SmallVector<int64_t> sliceShape(static_cast<size_t>(rank - 1), 1);
+  sliceShape.push_back(inputType.getDimSize(rank - 1));
+  auto sliceType = RankedTensorType::get(sliceShape, inputType.getElementType(), inputType.getEncoding());
+
+  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> offsets;
+  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> sizes;
+  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> strides(rank, rewriter.getIndexAttr(1));
+  offsets.reserve(rank);
+  sizes.reserve(rank);
+
+  for (Value outerIndex : outerIndices) {
+    offsets.push_back(outerIndex);
+    sizes.push_back(rewriter.getIndexAttr(1));
+  }
+  offsets.push_back(rewriter.getIndexAttr(0));
+  sizes.push_back(rewriter.getIndexAttr(inputType.getDimSize(rank - 1)));
+
+  Value inputSlice = tensor::ExtractSliceOp::create(rewriter, loc, sliceType, input, offsets, sizes, strides);
+  Value softmaxSlice = spatial::SpatSoftmaxOp::create(rewriter, loc, sliceType, inputSlice).getResult();
+  return tensor::InsertSliceOp::create(rewriter, loc, softmaxSlice, accumulator, offsets, sizes, strides);
+}
+
+static Value buildLoopSoftmaxNest(Value input,
+                                  Value accumulator,
+                                  RankedTensorType inputType,
+                                  int64_t axis,
+                                  SmallVectorImpl<Value>& outerIndices,
+                                  ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter,
+                                  Location loc) {
+  if (axis == inputType.getRank() - 1)
+    return buildLoopSoftmaxSlice(input, accumulator, inputType, outerIndices, rewriter, loc);
+
+  Value c0 = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, 0);
+  Value c1 = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, 1);
+  Value cUpper = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, inputType.getDimSize(axis));
+
+  auto loop = scf::ForOp::create(rewriter, loc, c0, cUpper, c1, ValueRange {accumulator});
+  rewriter.setInsertionPointToStart(loop.getBody());
+
+  Value loopIndex = loop.getInductionVar();
+  Value loopAccumulator = loop.getRegionIterArgs().front();
+  outerIndices.push_back(loopIndex);
+  Value updatedAccumulator =
+    buildLoopSoftmaxNest(input, loopAccumulator, inputType, axis + 1, outerIndices, rewriter, loc);
+  outerIndices.pop_back();
+
+  scf::YieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, updatedAccumulator);
+  rewriter.setInsertionPointAfter(loop);
+  return loop.getResult(0);
+}
+
+static Value createLoopSoftmaxCompute(Value input, ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter, Location loc) {
   auto inputType = cast<RankedTensorType>(input.getType());
   constexpr size_t numInputs = 1;
   auto computeOp =
     createSpatCompute<numInputs>(rewriter, loc, TypeRange {inputType}, {}, ValueRange {input}, [&](Value x) {
-      auto softmaxOp = spatial::SpatSoftmaxOp::create(rewriter, loc, inputType, x);
-      spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, softmaxOp.getResult());
+      if (inputType.getRank() == 1) {
+        Value softmax = spatial::SpatSoftmaxOp::create(rewriter, loc, inputType, x).getResult();
+        spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, softmax);
+        return;
+      }
+
+      Value outputInit = tensor::EmptyOp::create(rewriter, loc, inputType.getShape(), inputType.getElementType());
+      SmallVector<Value> outerIndices;
+      Value result = buildLoopSoftmaxNest(x, outputInit, inputType, /*axis=*/0, outerIndices, rewriter, loc);
+      spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, result);
     });
   return computeOp.getResult(0);
 }
 
-static Value concatValues(ValueRange inputs, int64_t axis, ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter, Location loc) {
-  auto firstType = cast<RankedTensorType>(inputs.front().getType());
-  SmallVector<int64_t> outputShape(firstType.getShape().begin(), firstType.getShape().end());
-  int64_t concatDimSize = 0;
-  for (Value input : inputs)
-    concatDimSize += cast<RankedTensorType>(input.getType()).getDimSize(axis);
-  outputShape[axis] = concatDimSize;
-  auto resultType = RankedTensorType::get(outputShape, firstType.getElementType(), firstType.getEncoding());
-
-  if (llvm::all_of(inputs, isHostFoldableValue))
-    return createSpatConcat(rewriter, loc, axis, inputs);
-
-  auto concatCompute = createSpatCompute(rewriter, loc, TypeRange {resultType}, {}, inputs, [&](ValueRange args) {
-    spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, createSpatConcat(rewriter, loc, axis, args));
-  });
-  return concatCompute.getResult(0);
-}
-
-static Value
-buildSoftmax(Value input, int64_t softmaxAxis, int64_t axis, ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter, Location loc) {
-  auto inputType = cast<RankedTensorType>(input.getType());
-  if (axis == inputType.getRank())
-    return createSoftmaxCompute(input, rewriter, loc);
-
-  if (axis == softmaxAxis)
-    return buildSoftmax(input, softmaxAxis, axis + 1, rewriter, loc);
-
-  SmallVector<Value> slices = sliceTensor(input, axis, /*sliceSize=*/1, rewriter, loc);
-  SmallVector<Value> rebuiltSlices;
-  rebuiltSlices.reserve(slices.size());
-  for (Value slice : slices)
-    rebuiltSlices.push_back(buildSoftmax(slice, softmaxAxis, axis + 1, rewriter, loc));
-
-  return concatValues(rebuiltSlices, axis, rewriter, loc);
-}
-
 struct SoftmaxToSpatialCompute : OpConversionPattern<ONNXSoftmaxOp> {
   using OpConversionPattern::OpConversionPattern;
 
@@ -86,7 +117,7 @@ struct SoftmaxToSpatialCompute : OpConversionPattern<ONNXSoftmaxOp> {
     Value input = adaptor.getInput();
     Value result;
     if (axis == inputType.getRank() - 1) {
-      result = buildSoftmax(input, axis, /*axis=*/0, rewriter, softmaxOp.getLoc());
+      result = createLoopSoftmaxCompute(input, rewriter, softmaxOp.getLoc());
     }
     else {
       SmallVector<int64_t> permutation;
@@ -109,8 +140,7 @@ struct SoftmaxToSpatialCompute : OpConversionPattern<ONNXSoftmaxOp> {
           spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, softmaxOp.getLoc(), transposed);
         });
       Value transposedInput = preTransposeCompute.getResult(0);
-      Value transposedResult = buildSoftmax(
-        transposedInput, /*softmaxAxis=*/inputType.getRank() - 1, /*axis=*/0, rewriter, softmaxOp.getLoc());
+      Value transposedResult = createLoopSoftmaxCompute(transposedInput, rewriter, softmaxOp.getLoc());
       auto postTransposeCompute =
         createSpatCompute<1>(rewriter, softmaxOp.getLoc(), TypeRange {inputType}, {}, transposedResult, [&](Value x) {
           Value transposed = ONNXTransposeOp::create(

src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Patterns/Tensor/Reshape.cpp

@@ -80,6 +80,22 @@ static bool inferExpandReassociation(ArrayRef<int64_t> sourceShape,
   return sourceIdx == sourceShape.size() && resultIdx == resultShape.size();
 }
 
+static SmallVector<ReassociationIndices> getCollapseTo1DReassociation(size_t rank) {
+  SmallVector<ReassociationIndices> reassociation(1);
+  reassociation.front().reserve(rank);
+  for (size_t dim = 0; dim < rank; ++dim)
+    reassociation.front().push_back(static_cast<int64_t>(dim));
+  return reassociation;
+}
+
+static SmallVector<ReassociationIndices> getExpandFrom1DReassociation(size_t rank) {
+  SmallVector<ReassociationIndices> reassociation(1);
+  reassociation.front().reserve(rank);
+  for (size_t dim = 0; dim < rank; ++dim)
+    reassociation.front().push_back(static_cast<int64_t>(dim));
+  return reassociation;
+}
+
 struct Reshape : OpConversionPattern<ONNXReshapeOp> {
   using OpConversionPattern::OpConversionPattern;
 
@@ -126,6 +142,23 @@ struct Reshape : OpConversionPattern<ONNXReshapeOp> {
         return tensor::ExpandShapeOp::create(rewriter, reshapeOp.getLoc(), resultType, data, reassociation);
       });
 
+    if (sourceType.getNumElements() != resultType.getNumElements())
+      return failure();
+
+    return replaceWithReshape([&](Value data) -> Value {
+      Value reshaped = data;
+      if (sourceType.getRank() != 1) {
+        auto flatType = RankedTensorType::get({sourceType.getNumElements()}, sourceType.getElementType());
+        reshaped = tensor::CollapseShapeOp::create(
+          rewriter, reshapeOp.getLoc(), flatType, reshaped, getCollapseTo1DReassociation(sourceType.getRank()));
+      }
+      if (resultType.getRank() == 1)
+        return reshaped;
+      return tensor::ExpandShapeOp::create(
+               rewriter, reshapeOp.getLoc(), resultType, reshaped, getExpandFrom1DReassociation(resultType.getRank()))
+        .getResult();
+    });
+
     return failure();
   }
 };

src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Patterns/Tensor/Resize.cpp

@@ -1,10 +1,10 @@
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Arith/IR/Arith.h"
+#include "mlir/Dialect/SCF/IR/SCF.h"
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Tensor/IR/Tensor.h"
 #include "mlir/Transforms/DialectConversion.h"
 
 #include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
 
-#include <algorithm>
-
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Common/Common.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/ConversionPatterns.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
@@ -15,42 +15,88 @@ using namespace mlir;
 namespace onnx_mlir {
 namespace {
 
-static Value
-extractSliceAt(Value input, int64_t axis, int64_t offset, ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter, Location loc) {
-  auto inputType = cast<RankedTensorType>(input.getType());
-  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> offsets(inputType.getRank(), rewriter.getIndexAttr(0));
-  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> sizes;
-  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> strides(inputType.getRank(), rewriter.getIndexAttr(1));
-  sizes.reserve(inputType.getRank());
-  for (int64_t dim : inputType.getShape())
-    sizes.push_back(rewriter.getIndexAttr(dim));
-  offsets[axis] = rewriter.getIndexAttr(offset);
-  sizes[axis] = rewriter.getIndexAttr(1);
-  return tensor::ExtractSliceOp::create(rewriter, loc, input, offsets, sizes, strides);
+static Value buildNearestAsymmetricIndex(
+  Value outputIndex, int64_t inputDim, int64_t outputDim, ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter, Location loc) {
+  Value cInputDim = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, inputDim);
+  Value cOutputDim = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, outputDim);
+  Value cInputDimLast = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, inputDim - 1);
+  Value scaledIndex = arith::MulIOp::create(rewriter, loc, outputIndex, cInputDim);
+  Value inputIndex = arith::DivUIOp::create(rewriter, loc, scaledIndex, cOutputDim);
+  return arith::MinUIOp::create(rewriter, loc, inputIndex, cInputDimLast);
 }
 
-static int64_t nearestAsymmetricIndex(int64_t outputIndex, int64_t inputDim, int64_t outputDim) {
-  return std::min<int64_t>((outputIndex * inputDim) / outputDim, inputDim - 1);
-}
+static Value buildNearestResizeLoop(Value input,
+                                    RankedTensorType inputType,
+                                    RankedTensorType resultType,
+                                    ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter,
+                                    Location loc) {
+  auto elemType = resultType.getElementType();
+  SmallVector<int64_t> unitShape(resultType.getRank(), 1);
+  auto unitTensorType = RankedTensorType::get(unitShape, elemType);
 
-static Value buildNearestResize(Value input,
-                                ArrayRef<int64_t> inputShape,
-                                ArrayRef<int64_t> outputShape,
-                                int64_t axis,
-                                ConversionPatternRewriter& rewriter,
-                                Location loc) {
-  if (axis == static_cast<int64_t>(outputShape.size()))
-    return input;
+  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> unitSizes(resultType.getRank(), rewriter.getIndexAttr(1));
+  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> unitStrides(resultType.getRank(), rewriter.getIndexAttr(1));
 
-  SmallVector<Value> slices;
-  slices.reserve(outputShape[axis]);
-  for (int64_t outputIndex = 0; outputIndex < outputShape[axis]; ++outputIndex) {
-    int64_t inputIndex = nearestAsymmetricIndex(outputIndex, inputShape[axis], outputShape[axis]);
-    Value slice = extractSliceAt(input, axis, inputIndex, rewriter, loc);
-    slices.push_back(buildNearestResize(slice, inputShape, outputShape, axis + 1, rewriter, loc));
-  }
+  Value c0 = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, 0);
+  Value c1 = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, 1);
+  Value cOutputN = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, resultType.getDimSize(0));
+  Value cOutputC = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, resultType.getDimSize(1));
+  Value cOutputH = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, resultType.getDimSize(2));
+  Value cOutputW = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, loc, resultType.getDimSize(3));
 
-  return createSpatConcat(rewriter, loc, axis, slices);
+  Value outputInit = tensor::EmptyOp::create(rewriter, loc, resultType.getShape(), elemType);
+
+  auto batchLoop = scf::ForOp::create(rewriter, loc, c0, cOutputN, c1, ValueRange {outputInit});
+  rewriter.setInsertionPointToStart(batchLoop.getBody());
+
+  Value outputN = batchLoop.getInductionVar();
+  Value outputBatchAcc = batchLoop.getRegionIterArgs().front();
+  Value inputN = buildNearestAsymmetricIndex(outputN, inputType.getDimSize(0), resultType.getDimSize(0), rewriter, loc);
+
+  auto channelLoop = scf::ForOp::create(rewriter, loc, c0, cOutputC, c1, ValueRange {outputBatchAcc});
+  rewriter.setInsertionPointToStart(channelLoop.getBody());
+
+  Value outputC = channelLoop.getInductionVar();
+  Value outputChannelAcc = channelLoop.getRegionIterArgs().front();
+  Value inputC =
+    buildNearestAsymmetricIndex(outputC, inputType.getDimSize(1), resultType.getDimSize(1), rewriter, loc);
+
+  auto heightLoop = scf::ForOp::create(rewriter, loc, c0, cOutputH, c1, ValueRange {outputChannelAcc});
+  rewriter.setInsertionPointToStart(heightLoop.getBody());
+
+  Value outputH = heightLoop.getInductionVar();
+  Value outputHeightAcc = heightLoop.getRegionIterArgs().front();
+  Value inputH =
+    buildNearestAsymmetricIndex(outputH, inputType.getDimSize(2), resultType.getDimSize(2), rewriter, loc);
+
+  auto widthLoop = scf::ForOp::create(rewriter, loc, c0, cOutputW, c1, ValueRange {outputHeightAcc});
+  rewriter.setInsertionPointToStart(widthLoop.getBody());
+
+  Value outputW = widthLoop.getInductionVar();
+  Value outputWidthAcc = widthLoop.getRegionIterArgs().front();
+  Value inputW =
+    buildNearestAsymmetricIndex(outputW, inputType.getDimSize(3), resultType.getDimSize(3), rewriter, loc);
+
+  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> inputOffsets = {inputN, inputC, inputH, inputW};
+  Value inputSlice =
+    tensor::ExtractSliceOp::create(rewriter, loc, unitTensorType, input, inputOffsets, unitSizes, unitStrides);
+
+  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> outputOffsets = {outputN, outputC, outputH, outputW};
+  Value updatedOutput =
+    tensor::InsertSliceOp::create(rewriter, loc, inputSlice, outputWidthAcc, outputOffsets, unitSizes, unitStrides);
+  scf::YieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, updatedOutput);
+
+  rewriter.setInsertionPointAfter(widthLoop);
+  scf::YieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, widthLoop.getResult(0));
+
+  rewriter.setInsertionPointAfter(heightLoop);
+  scf::YieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, heightLoop.getResult(0));
+
+  rewriter.setInsertionPointAfter(channelLoop);
+  scf::YieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, channelLoop.getResult(0));
+
+  rewriter.setInsertionPointAfter(batchLoop);
+  return batchLoop.getResult(0);
 }
 
 struct Resize : OpConversionPattern<ONNXResizeOp> {
@@ -62,20 +108,22 @@ struct Resize : OpConversionPattern<ONNXResizeOp> {
     auto inputType = dyn_cast<RankedTensorType>(adaptor.getX().getType());
     auto resultType = dyn_cast<RankedTensorType>(resizeOp.getY().getType());
     if (!inputType || !resultType || !inputType.hasStaticShape() || !resultType.hasStaticShape())
-      return failure();
+      return rewriter.notifyMatchFailure(resizeOp, "resize lowering requires static ranked tensor types.");
+    if (inputType.getRank() != 4 || resultType.getRank() != 4)
+      return rewriter.notifyMatchFailure(resizeOp, "resize lowering currently supports only rank-4 NCHW tensors.");
 
     if (resizeOp.getMode() != "nearest" || resizeOp.getCoordinateTransformationMode() != "asymmetric"
         || resizeOp.getNearestMode() != "floor")
-      return failure();
+      return rewriter.notifyMatchFailure(
+        resizeOp, "resize lowering currently supports only nearest + asymmetric + floor.");
 
     if (llvm::any_of(inputType.getShape(), [](int64_t dim) { return dim <= 0; })
         || llvm::any_of(resultType.getShape(), [](int64_t dim) { return dim <= 0; }))
-      return failure();
+      return rewriter.notifyMatchFailure(resizeOp, "resize lowering requires positive static dimensions.");
 
     auto computeOp =
       createSpatCompute<1>(rewriter, resizeOp.getLoc(), TypeRange {resultType}, {}, adaptor.getX(), [&](Value x) {
-        Value result =
-          buildNearestResize(x, inputType.getShape(), resultType.getShape(), /*axis=*/0, rewriter, resizeOp.getLoc());
+        Value result = buildNearestResizeLoop(x, inputType, resultType, rewriter, resizeOp.getLoc());
         spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, resizeOp.getLoc(), result);
       });
     rewriter.replaceOp(resizeOp, computeOp.getResults());

src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/PostPatterns.cpp

@@ -31,6 +31,21 @@ static bool isDirectConstantValue(Value value) {
   return isa_and_nonnull<arith::ConstantOp, ONNXConstantOp>(value.getDefiningOp());
 }
 
+template <typename ComputeOpTy>
+static bool hasPromotableWeightLikeInputs(ComputeOpTy compute) {
+  Block& block = compute.getBody().front();
+  for (auto [inputIdx, input] : llvm::enumerate(compute.getInputs())) {
+    if (inputIdx >= block.getNumArguments())
+      continue;
+    if (!isWeightLikeComputeOperand(input))
+      continue;
+    if (isDirectConstantValue(input) && !canPromoteInputBlockArgument(block.getArgument(inputIdx)))
+      continue;
+    return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
 // Collapses one-lane batches so later phases do not carry batch-only structure unnecessarily.
 struct FoldSingleLaneComputeBatchPattern : OpRewritePattern<spatial::SpatComputeBatch> {
   using OpRewritePattern<spatial::SpatComputeBatch>::OpRewritePattern;
@@ -262,4 +277,10 @@ void annotateWeightsConstants(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
   });
 }
 
+bool requiresEarlyPostRewrite(spatial::SpatComputeBatch batchOp) { return batchOp.getLaneCount() == 1; }
+
+bool requiresPostRewrite(spatial::SpatCompute computeOp) { return hasPromotableWeightLikeInputs(computeOp); }
+
+bool requiresPostRewrite(spatial::SpatComputeBatch computeOp) { return hasPromotableWeightLikeInputs(computeOp); }
+
 } // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/PostPatterns.hpp

@@ -3,8 +3,16 @@
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Func/IR/FuncOps.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/MLIRContext.h"
 
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
+
 namespace onnx_mlir {
 
+bool requiresEarlyPostRewrite(spatial::SpatComputeBatch batchOp);
+
+bool requiresPostRewrite(spatial::SpatCompute computeOp);
+
+bool requiresPostRewrite(spatial::SpatComputeBatch computeOp);
+
 void populateEarlyPostPatterns(mlir::RewritePatternSet& patterns, mlir::MLIRContext* ctx);
 
 void populatePostPatterns(mlir::RewritePatternSet& patterns, mlir::MLIRContext* ctx);

src/PIM/Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/PrePatterns.cpp

@@ -17,9 +17,7 @@ void populatePrePatterns(mlir::RewritePatternSet& patterns, mlir::MLIRContext* c
   patterns.add<convAddToConvWithBiasLeft>(ctx);
   patterns.add<convAddToConvWithBiasRight>(ctx);
   patterns.add<matMulAddToGemm>(ctx);
-  patterns.add<matMulToGemm>(ctx);
   patterns.add<removeFlattenSameShape>(ctx);
-  populateMatMulRewritePatterns(patterns, ctx);
 }
 
 } // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToGraphviz/SpatialToGraphviz.cpp

@@ -202,6 +202,7 @@ void SpatialToGraphvizPass::runOnOperation() {
 
   auto entryFunc = getPimEntryFunc(module);
   if (failed(entryFunc)) {
+    module.emitError("failed to locate the PIM entry function for Spatial graph visualization");
     signalPassFailure();
     return;
   }

src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/SpatialToPimPass.cpp

@@ -138,12 +138,13 @@ static Value padHVectorInputToCrossbarSize(IRRewriter& rewriter, Location loc, V
 }
 
 void SpatialToPimPass::runOnOperation() {
-  coreId = 1;
+  coreId = 0;
   ModuleOp moduleOp = getOperation();
   MLIRContext* ctx = moduleOp.getContext();
 
   auto entryFunc = getPimEntryFunc(moduleOp);
   if (failed(entryFunc)) {
+    moduleOp.emitError("failed to locate the PIM entry function during Spatial-to-PIM lowering");
     signalPassFailure();
     return;
   }
@@ -169,26 +170,22 @@ void SpatialToPimPass::runOnOperation() {
                     spatial::SpatChannelSendTensorBatchOp,
                     spatial::SpatExtractRowsOp>();
 
-  {
-    RewritePatternSet patterns(ctx);
-    populateWithGenerated(patterns);
-
-    if (failed(applyPartialConversion(moduleOp, target, std::move(patterns)))) {
-      signalPassFailure();
-      return;
-    }
+  RewritePatternSet initialPatterns(ctx);
+  populateWithGenerated(initialPatterns);
+  if (failed(applyPartialConversion(moduleOp, target, std::move(initialPatterns)))) {
+    moduleOp.emitError("failed to lower required Spatial ops to the initial PIM form");
+    signalPassFailure();
+    return;
   }
 
-  {
-    RewritePatternSet patterns(ctx);
-    populateGlobalTensorMaterializationPatterns(patterns);
-
-    walkAndApplyPatterns(moduleOp, std::move(patterns));
-  }
+  RewritePatternSet globalTensorPatterns(ctx);
+  populateGlobalTensorMaterializationPatterns(globalTensorPatterns);
+  walkAndApplyPatterns(moduleOp, std::move(globalTensorPatterns));
   auto returnOp = cast<func::ReturnOp>(funcOp.front().getTerminator());
 
   addReturnOutputBuffers(returnOp, rewriter, outputTensors);
   if (failed(allocateAndInitializeCoreLocalVariables(funcOp, rewriter))) {
+    funcOp.emitOpError("failed to allocate or initialize core-local tensors during Spatial-to-PIM lowering");
     signalPassFailure();
     return;
   }
@@ -197,6 +194,7 @@ void SpatialToPimPass::runOnOperation() {
   for (auto computeOp : funcOp.getOps<spatial::SpatCompute>()) {
     markOpToRemove(computeOp);
     if (failed(lowerComputeOp(computeOp, coreLoweringState, rewriter))) {
+      computeOp.emitOpError("failed to lower spat.compute to pim.core");
       signalPassFailure();
       return;
     }
@@ -205,17 +203,16 @@ void SpatialToPimPass::runOnOperation() {
   for (auto computeBatchOp : funcOp.getOps<spatial::SpatComputeBatch>()) {
     markOpToRemove(computeBatchOp);
     if (failed(lowerComputeBatchOp(computeBatchOp, coreLoweringState, rewriter))) {
+      computeBatchOp.emitOpError("failed to lower spat.compute_batch to pim.core_batch");
       signalPassFailure();
       return;
     }
   }
 
-  {
-    RewritePatternSet patterns(ctx);
-    populateTensorPackingPatterns(patterns);
-    walkAndApplyPatterns(funcOp, std::move(patterns));
-    eraseUnusedTensorPackingOps(funcOp, rewriter);
-  }
+  RewritePatternSet initialTensorPackingPatterns(ctx);
+  populateTensorPackingPatterns(initialTensorPackingPatterns);
+  walkAndApplyPatterns(funcOp, std::move(initialTensorPackingPatterns));
+  eraseUnusedTensorPackingOps(funcOp, rewriter);
 
   SmallVector<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp> receiveOps;
   for (auto op : funcOp.getOps<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp>())
@@ -229,27 +226,27 @@ void SpatialToPimPass::runOnOperation() {
     }
   }
 
-  {
-    RewritePatternSet coreBodyPatterns(ctx);
-    populateWithGenerated(coreBodyPatterns);
-    FrozenRewritePatternSet frozenCoreBodyPatterns(std::move(coreBodyPatterns));
+  RewritePatternSet coreBodyPatterns(ctx);
+  populateWithGenerated(coreBodyPatterns);
+  FrozenRewritePatternSet frozenCoreBodyPatterns(std::move(coreBodyPatterns));
 
-    SmallVector<pim::PimCoreOp> coreOps;
-    funcOp.walk([&](pim::PimCoreOp coreOp) { coreOps.push_back(coreOp); });
-    for (auto coreOp : coreOps) {
-      if (failed(applyFullConversion(coreOp.getOperation(), target, frozenCoreBodyPatterns))) {
-        signalPassFailure();
-        return;
-      }
+  SmallVector<pim::PimCoreOp> coreOps;
+  funcOp.walk([&](pim::PimCoreOp coreOp) { coreOps.push_back(coreOp); });
+  for (auto coreOp : coreOps) {
+    if (failed(applyFullConversion(coreOp.getOperation(), target, frozenCoreBodyPatterns))) {
+      coreOp.emitOpError("failed to convert nested Spatial ops inside pim.core");
+      signalPassFailure();
+      return;
     }
+  }
 
-    SmallVector<pim::PimCoreBatchOp> coreBatchOps;
-    funcOp.walk([&](pim::PimCoreBatchOp coreBatchOp) { coreBatchOps.push_back(coreBatchOp); });
-    for (auto coreBatchOp : coreBatchOps) {
-      if (failed(applyFullConversion(coreBatchOp.getOperation(), target, frozenCoreBodyPatterns))) {
-        signalPassFailure();
-        return;
-      }
+  SmallVector<pim::PimCoreBatchOp> coreBatchOps;
+  funcOp.walk([&](pim::PimCoreBatchOp coreBatchOp) { coreBatchOps.push_back(coreBatchOp); });
+  for (auto coreBatchOp : coreBatchOps) {
+    if (failed(applyFullConversion(coreBatchOp.getOperation(), target, frozenCoreBodyPatterns))) {
+      coreBatchOp.emitOpError("failed to convert nested Spatial ops inside pim.core_batch");
+      signalPassFailure();
+      return;
     }
   }
 
@@ -259,44 +256,43 @@ void SpatialToPimPass::runOnOperation() {
 
   SmallVector<Operation*> pendingRemovals(operationsToRemove.begin(), operationsToRemove.end());
   if (failed(erasePendingOps(pendingRemovals, rewriter))) {
+    funcOp.emitOpError("failed to erase obsolete Spatial ops after lowering to PIM");
     signalPassFailure();
     return;
   }
 
-  {
-    RewritePatternSet patterns(ctx);
-    populateTensorPackingPatterns(patterns);
-    walkAndApplyPatterns(funcOp, std::move(patterns));
-    eraseUnusedTensorPackingOps(funcOp, rewriter);
-  }
+  RewritePatternSet finalTensorPackingPatterns(ctx);
+  populateTensorPackingPatterns(finalTensorPackingPatterns);
+  walkAndApplyPatterns(funcOp, std::move(finalTensorPackingPatterns));
+  eraseUnusedTensorPackingOps(funcOp, rewriter);
 
-  {
-    ConversionTarget communicationTarget(*ctx);
-    communicationTarget.addLegalDialect<PimDialect,
-                                        tensor::TensorDialect,
-                                        arith::ArithDialect,
-                                        bufferization::BufferizationDialect,
-                                        func::FuncDialect,
-                                        memref::MemRefDialect,
-                                        scf::SCFDialect,
-                                        BuiltinDialect>();
-    communicationTarget.addLegalOp<ModuleOp>();
-    communicationTarget.addIllegalOp<spatial::SpatConcatOp,
-                                     spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp,
-                                     spatial::SpatChannelReceiveTensorOp,
-                                     spatial::SpatChannelSendOp,
-                                     spatial::SpatChannelSendTensorOp,
-                                     spatial::SpatExtractRowsOp>();
+  ConversionTarget communicationTarget(*ctx);
+  communicationTarget.addLegalDialect<PimDialect,
+                                      tensor::TensorDialect,
+                                      arith::ArithDialect,
+                                      bufferization::BufferizationDialect,
+                                      func::FuncDialect,
+                                      memref::MemRefDialect,
+                                      scf::SCFDialect,
+                                      BuiltinDialect>();
+  communicationTarget.addLegalOp<ModuleOp>();
+  communicationTarget.addIllegalOp<spatial::SpatConcatOp,
+                                   spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp,
+                                   spatial::SpatChannelReceiveTensorOp,
+                                   spatial::SpatChannelSendOp,
+                                   spatial::SpatChannelSendTensorOp,
+                                   spatial::SpatExtractRowsOp>();
 
-    RewritePatternSet communicationPatterns(ctx);
-    populateChannelLoweringPatterns(communicationPatterns);
-    if (failed(applyFullConversion(funcOp, communicationTarget, std::move(communicationPatterns)))) {
-      signalPassFailure();
-      return;
-    }
+  RewritePatternSet communicationPatterns(ctx);
+  populateChannelLoweringPatterns(communicationPatterns);
+  if (failed(applyFullConversion(funcOp, communicationTarget, std::move(communicationPatterns)))) {
+    funcOp.emitOpError("failed to lower Spatial communication ops to PIM communication ops");
+    signalPassFailure();
+    return;
   }
 
   if (failed(verifySpatialToPimBoundary(moduleOp))) {
+    moduleOp.emitError("Spatial-to-PIM boundary verification failed");
     signalPassFailure();
     return;
   }

src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/TensorPackingPatterns.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/TensorPackingPatterns.hpp"
-
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Pim/PimOps.hpp"
 
 using namespace mlir;
@@ -75,16 +74,14 @@ struct PackSpatialConcatInputsPattern final : OpRewritePattern<spatial::SpatConc
       return failure();
 
     auto outputType = cast<ShapedType>(concatOp.getOutput().getType());
-    auto newConcat = pim::PimConcatOp::create(rewriter,
-                                             concatOp.getLoc(),
-                                             concatOp.getOutput().getType(),
-                                             concatOp.getAxisAttr(),
-                                             ValueRange(packedInputs),
-                                             tensor::EmptyOp::create(rewriter,
-                                                                     concatOp.getLoc(),
-                                                                     outputType.getShape(),
-                                                                     outputType.getElementType())
-                                               .getResult());
+    auto newConcat = pim::PimConcatOp::create(
+      rewriter,
+      concatOp.getLoc(),
+      concatOp.getOutput().getType(),
+      concatOp.getAxisAttr(),
+      ValueRange(packedInputs),
+      tensor::EmptyOp::create(rewriter, concatOp.getLoc(), outputType.getShape(), outputType.getElementType())
+        .getResult());
     rewriter.replaceOp(concatOp, newConcat.getOutput());
     return success();
   }

src/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/TensorPackingPatterns.hpp

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #pragma once
 
-#include "mlir/Dialect/Tensor/IR/Tensor.h"
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Func/IR/FuncOps.h"
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Tensor/IR/Tensor.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/PatternMatch.h"
 
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"

src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/Bufferization/PimBufferizationPass.cpp

@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ void PimBufferizationPass::runOnOperation() {
     return WalkResult::skip();
   });
   if (hasFailed) {
+    moduleOp.emitError("failed to lower memref.copy-like ops inside PIM core bodies during bufferization");
     signalPassFailure();
     return;
   }

src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/StaticMemoryCoalescing/StaticMemoryCoalescing.cpp

@@ -1,15 +1,16 @@
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/StaticMemoryCoalescing/StaticMemoryCoalescing.hpp"
-
 #include "mlir/Dialect/MemRef/IR/MemRef.h"
+#include "mlir/Dialect/SCF/IR/SCF.h"
 #include "mlir/Interfaces/DestinationStyleOpInterface.h"
 
 #include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/SmallPtrSet.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
-#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
 
 #include <limits>
 
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/StaticMemoryCoalescing/StaticMemoryCoalescing.hpp"
+
 using namespace mlir;
 
 namespace onnx_mlir {
@@ -29,9 +30,8 @@ static uint64_t getTypeSizeBytes(MemRefType type) {
   return static_cast<uint64_t>(type.getNumElements() * type.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8);
 }
 
-static FailureOr<uint64_t> getLastUseInstruction(memref::AllocOp allocOp,
-                                                 Block& body,
-                                                 const DenseMap<Operation*, uint64_t>& opOrder) {
+static FailureOr<uint64_t>
+getLastUseInstruction(memref::AllocOp allocOp, Block& body, const DenseMap<Operation*, uint64_t>& opOrder) {
   uint64_t endInstruction = opOrder.lookup(allocOp);
   SmallPtrSet<Operation*, 16> visited;
   SmallVector<Value> pendingValues;
@@ -45,9 +45,15 @@ static FailureOr<uint64_t> getLastUseInstruction(memref::AllocOp allocOp,
       if (!visited.insert(user).second)
         continue;
 
-      if (isSupportedAliasOp(user)) {
+      if (isSupportedAliasOp(user))
         for (Value result : user->getResults())
           pendingValues.push_back(result);
+
+      if (auto forOp = dyn_cast<scf::ForOp>(user)) {
+        for (auto [index, initArg] : llvm::enumerate(forOp.getInitArgs())) {
+          if (initArg == value)
+            pendingValues.push_back(forOp.getResult(index));
+        }
       }
 
       if (auto dpsOp = dyn_cast<DestinationStyleOpInterface>(user)) {

src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/StaticMemoryCoalescing/StaticMemoryCoalescing.hpp

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 
 #include "mlir/Dialect/MemRef/IR/MemRef.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/PatternMatch.h"
-#include "mlir/IR/Operation.h"
 
 #include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
 

src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/StaticMemoryCoalescing/StaticMemoryCoalescingPass.cpp

@@ -45,9 +45,7 @@ struct CoalescingReportEntry {
   CoalescingReportRow row;
 };
 
-static std::string formatMemory(uint64_t bytes) {
-  return formatReportMemory(bytes);
-}
+static std::string formatMemory(uint64_t bytes) { return formatReportMemory(bytes); }
 
 static SmallVector<int32_t> getBatchCoreIds(pim::PimCoreBatchOp coreBatchOp) {
   auto coreIdsAttr = coreBatchOp->getAttrOfType<DenseI32ArrayAttr>(onnx_mlir::kCoreIdsAttrName);
@@ -58,9 +56,10 @@ static SmallVector<int32_t> getBatchCoreIds(pim::PimCoreBatchOp coreBatchOp) {
 static void printReportRow(raw_ostream& os, const CoalescingReportRow& row) {
   llvm::SmallVector<ReportField, 4> fields = {
     {"Number of candidates", std::to_string(row.numCandidates)},
-    {"Skipped allocations", std::to_string(row.numSkipped)},
-    {"Removed allocations", std::to_string(row.numRemoved)},
-    {"Saved memory", formatMemory(row.savedBytes)}};
+    {"Skipped allocations",  std::to_string(row.numSkipped)   },
+    {"Removed allocations",  std::to_string(row.numRemoved)   },
+    {"Saved memory",         formatMemory(row.savedBytes)     }
+  };
   printReportFlatFields(os, fields);
 }
 
@@ -87,10 +86,12 @@ static void emitReport(ArrayRef<CoalescingReportEntry> entries) {
     totalRow.savedBytes += entryTotal.savedBytes;
   }
 
-  llvm::SmallVector<ReportField, 4> totalFields = {{"Number of candidates", std::to_string(totalRow.numCandidates)},
-                                                   {"Skipped allocations", std::to_string(totalRow.numSkipped)},
-                                                   {"Removed allocations", std::to_string(totalRow.numRemoved)},
-                                                   {"Saved memory", formatMemory(totalRow.savedBytes)}};
+  llvm::SmallVector<ReportField, 4> totalFields = {
+    {"Number of candidates", std::to_string(totalRow.numCandidates)},
+    {"Skipped allocations",  std::to_string(totalRow.numSkipped)   },
+    {"Removed allocations",  std::to_string(totalRow.numRemoved)   },
+    {"Saved memory",         formatMemory(totalRow.savedBytes)     }
+  };
   printReportTotalsBlock(os, totalFields);
   if (!entries.empty())
     os << "\n";
@@ -127,15 +128,17 @@ static void emitReport(ArrayRef<CoalescingReportEntry> entries) {
     if (sortedEntries[index].kind == CoalescingReportEntry::Kind::Batch) {
       llvm::SmallVector<ReportField, 4> perCoreFields = {
         {"Number of candidates", std::to_string(sortedEntries[index].row.numCandidates)},
-        {"Skipped allocations", std::to_string(sortedEntries[index].row.numSkipped)},
-        {"Removed allocations", std::to_string(sortedEntries[index].row.numRemoved)},
-        {"Saved memory", formatMemory(sortedEntries[index].row.savedBytes)}};
+        {"Skipped allocations",  std::to_string(sortedEntries[index].row.numSkipped)   },
+        {"Removed allocations",  std::to_string(sortedEntries[index].row.numRemoved)   },
+        {"Saved memory",         formatMemory(sortedEntries[index].row.savedBytes)     }
+      };
       CoalescingReportRow totalRow = getTotalRow(sortedEntries[index]);
       llvm::SmallVector<ReportField, 4> totalFields = {
         {"Number of candidates", std::to_string(totalRow.numCandidates)},
-        {"Skipped allocations", std::to_string(totalRow.numSkipped)},
-        {"Removed allocations", std::to_string(totalRow.numRemoved)},
-        {"Saved memory", formatMemory(totalRow.savedBytes)}};
+        {"Skipped allocations",  std::to_string(totalRow.numSkipped)   },
+        {"Removed allocations",  std::to_string(totalRow.numRemoved)   },
+        {"Saved memory",         formatMemory(totalRow.savedBytes)     }
+      };
       printReportPerCoreAndTotalFields(os, perCoreFields, totalFields);
     }
     else {
@@ -196,8 +199,6 @@ struct StaticMemoryCoalescingPass : PassWrapper<StaticMemoryCoalescingPass, Oper
 
 } // namespace
 
-std::unique_ptr<Pass> createPimStaticMemoryCoalescingPass() {
-  return std::make_unique<StaticMemoryCoalescingPass>();
-}
+std::unique_ptr<Pass> createPimStaticMemoryCoalescingPass() { return std::make_unique<StaticMemoryCoalescingPass>(); }
 
 } // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -8,7 +8,14 @@ add_pim_library(SpatialOps
   SpatialOpsVerify.cpp
   SpatialOpsCanonicalization.cpp
   Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/MergeComputeNodesPass.cpp
+  Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/MaterializeMergeSchedule.cpp
+  Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/PostMergeCompaction.cpp
   Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/RegularOpCompaction.cpp
+  Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/ComputeGraph.cpp
+  Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/ComputeInstanceUtils.cpp
+  Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/DcpScheduler.cpp
+  Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/MergeSchedulingAnalysis.cpp
+  Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/PeftScheduler.cpp
   Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/DCPGraph/Graph.cpp
   Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/DCPGraph/GraphDebug.cpp
   Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/DCPGraph/GraphSupport.cpp

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOpsVerify.cpp

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 #include "mlir/IR/Diagnostics.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/OpDefinition.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/TypeUtilities.h"
+#include "mlir/Support/LLVM.h"
 
 #include "llvm/ADT/DenseSet.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/LogicalResult.h"
@@ -338,6 +339,19 @@ LogicalResult SpatConcatOp::verify() {
   return success();
 }
 
+LogicalResult verifyComputeResultsUses(Operation* op) {
+  if (!isa<SpatCompute, SpatComputeBatch>(op))
+    return op->emitError("verifyComputeResultUses: Op is not a SpatCompute/SpatComputeBatch operation");
+  if (!llvm::all_of(op->getResults(), [](Value result) {
+        return llvm::all_of(result.getUsers(), [](Operation* op) {
+          return !(op->getParentOfType<SpatCompute>() || op->getParentOfType<SpatComputeBatch>());
+        });
+      })) {
+    return op->emitError("ComputeResult used directly inside another Compute" );
+  }
+  return success();
+}
+
 LogicalResult SpatCompute::verify() {
   auto& block = getBody().front();
   if (block.mightHaveTerminator()) {
@@ -375,7 +389,8 @@ LogicalResult SpatCompute::verify() {
   for (auto arg : block.getArguments())
     if (arg.use_empty())
       return emitError("ComputeOp block argument is not used");
-
+  if (failed(verifyComputeResultsUses(this->getOperation())))
+    return failure();
   return success();
 }
 
@@ -465,8 +480,8 @@ LogicalResult SpatComputeBatch::verify() {
       return emitError("compute_batch coreIds attribute must be a dense i32 array");
     if (coreIdsAttr.size() != static_cast<int64_t>(laneCountSz))
       return emitError("compute_batch coreIds array length must match laneCount");
-    if (llvm::any_of(coreIdsAttr.asArrayRef(), [](int32_t coreId) { return coreId <= 0; }))
-      return emitError("compute_batch coreIds values must be positive");
+    if (llvm::any_of(coreIdsAttr.asArrayRef(), [](int32_t coreId) { return coreId < 0; }))
+      return emitError("compute_batch coreIds values must be non-negative");
     llvm::SmallDenseSet<int32_t, 8> seenCoreIds;
     for (int32_t coreId : coreIdsAttr.asArrayRef())
       if (!seenCoreIds.insert(coreId).second)
@@ -485,6 +500,8 @@ LogicalResult SpatComputeBatch::verify() {
       return emitError("body block argument type must match input type");
   }
 
+  if (failed(verifyComputeResultsUses(this->getOperation())))
+    return failure();
   return verifyBatchBody(getOperation(), block, getResultTypes(), weightsPerLane);
 }
 

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/DCPGraph/DCPAnalysis.cpp

@@ -1,802 +1,19 @@
-#include "mlir/Dialect/Tensor/IR/Tensor.h"
-#include "mlir/IR/OpDefinition.h"
-#include "mlir/IR/Value.h"
-#include "mlir/IR/ValueRange.h"
-
-#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
-#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
-#include "llvm/Support/Casting.h"
-#include "llvm/Support/FormatVariadic.h"
-#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
-
-#include <algorithm>
-#include <cstdlib>
-#include <iterator>
-#include <numeric>
-#include <optional>
-#include <queue>
-#include <utility>
-#include <vector>
-
 #include "DCPAnalysis.hpp"
-#include "Graph.hpp"
+#include "../Scheduling/ComputeGraph.hpp"
+#include "../Scheduling/DcpScheduler.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimCompilerOptions.hpp"
-#include "src/Support/TypeUtilities.hpp"
 
 namespace onnx_mlir {
 namespace spatial {
 
-using namespace mlir;
-
-namespace {
-using SpatCompute = onnx_mlir::spatial::SpatCompute;
-using SpatComputeBatch = onnx_mlir::spatial::SpatComputeBatch;
-
-bool isDcpCoarsenDebugEnabled() { return std::getenv("DCP_COARSEN_DEBUG") != nullptr; }
-
-struct VirtualNode {
-  SmallVector<size_t, 4> originalComputeIndices;
-  Weight weight = 0;
-  CrossbarUsage crossbarUsage = 0;
-};
-
-struct VirtualGraph {
-  std::vector<VirtualNode> nodes;
-  std::vector<IndexedEdge> edges;
-};
-
-struct TimingInfo {
-  std::vector<Time> aest;
-  std::vector<Time> alst;
-  std::vector<size_t> topologicalOrder;
-  bool valid = false;
-};
-
-struct WindowScheduleResult {
-  std::vector<std::vector<size_t>> mergeGroups;
-  CPU cpuCount = 0;
-  size_t mergedNodeCount = 0;
-  size_t maxMergeGroupSize = 0;
-};
-
-size_t getSchedulingCpuBudget() {
-  if (coresCount.getValue() > 0)
-    return static_cast<size_t>(coresCount.getValue());
-  return std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
-}
-
-size_t getBatchChunkTargetCount(int32_t laneCount) {
-  assert(laneCount > 0 && "laneCount must be positive");
-  return std::min(static_cast<size_t>(laneCount), std::max<size_t>(1, getSchedulingCpuBudget()));
-}
-
-ComputeInstance getBatchChunkForIndex(SpatComputeBatch batch, size_t chunkIndex) {
-  size_t totalLanes = static_cast<size_t>(batch.getLaneCount());
-  size_t chunkCount = getBatchChunkTargetCount(batch.getLaneCount());
-  size_t baseChunkSize = totalLanes / chunkCount;
-  size_t largeChunkCount = totalLanes % chunkCount;
-
-  size_t laneStart = chunkIndex * baseChunkSize + std::min(chunkIndex, largeChunkCount);
-  size_t laneCount = baseChunkSize + (chunkIndex < largeChunkCount ? 1 : 0);
-  return {batch.getOperation(), static_cast<uint32_t>(laneStart), static_cast<uint32_t>(laneCount)};
-}
-
-ComputeInstance getBatchChunkForLane(SpatComputeBatch batch, uint32_t lane) {
-  size_t totalLanes = static_cast<size_t>(batch.getLaneCount());
-  size_t chunkCount = getBatchChunkTargetCount(batch.getLaneCount());
-  size_t baseChunkSize = totalLanes / chunkCount;
-  size_t largeChunkCount = totalLanes % chunkCount;
-  size_t largeChunkSpan = largeChunkCount * (baseChunkSize + 1);
-
-  size_t chunkIndex = 0;
-  if (static_cast<size_t>(lane) < largeChunkSpan)
-    chunkIndex = static_cast<size_t>(lane) / (baseChunkSize + 1);
-  else
-    chunkIndex = largeChunkCount + (static_cast<size_t>(lane) - largeChunkSpan) / baseChunkSize;
-  return getBatchChunkForIndex(batch, chunkIndex);
-}
-
-std::vector<IndexedEdge> aggregateEdges(ArrayRef<IndexedEdge> edges) {
-  llvm::DenseMap<std::pair<size_t, size_t>, Weight> edgeWeights;
-  for (auto [start, end, weight] : edges) {
-    size_t startIndex = static_cast<size_t>(start);
-    size_t endIndex = static_cast<size_t>(end);
-    if (startIndex == endIndex)
-      continue;
-    auto key = std::make_pair(startIndex, endIndex);
-    Weight edgeWeight = static_cast<Weight>(weight);
-    auto inserted = edgeWeights.try_emplace(key, edgeWeight);
-    if (!inserted.second)
-      inserted.first->second = std::max(inserted.first->second, edgeWeight);
-  }
-
-  std::vector<IndexedEdge> aggregatedEdges;
-  aggregatedEdges.reserve(edgeWeights.size());
-  for (auto [key, weight] : edgeWeights)
-    aggregatedEdges.push_back(
-      {static_cast<int64_t>(key.first), static_cast<int64_t>(key.second), static_cast<int64_t>(weight)});
-  llvm::sort(aggregatedEdges, [](const IndexedEdge& lhs, const IndexedEdge& rhs) {
-    if (std::get<0>(lhs) != std::get<0>(rhs))
-      return std::get<0>(lhs) < std::get<0>(rhs);
-    return std::get<1>(lhs) < std::get<1>(rhs);
-  });
-  return aggregatedEdges;
-}
-
-Weight getComputeBodyWeight(Region& body) {
-  constexpr Weight kOperationWeight = 100;
-  Weight numOperations = 0;
-  for (auto& block : body)
-    for ([[maybe_unused]] auto& op : block)
-      numOperations = checkedAdd(numOperations, static_cast<Weight>(1));
-  return checkedMultiply(numOperations, kOperationWeight);
-}
-
-CrossbarUsage getComputeBodyCrossbarUsage(Region& body) {
-  CrossbarUsage crossbarUsage = 0;
-  for (auto& block : body)
-    for (auto& op : block)
-      if (isa<SpatVMMOp>(op))
-        crossbarUsage = checkedAdd(crossbarUsage, static_cast<CrossbarUsage>(1));
-  return crossbarUsage;
-}
-
-Weight getComputeInstanceWeight(const ComputeInstance& instance) {
-  if (auto spatCompute = dyn_cast<SpatCompute>(instance.op))
-    return getSpatComputeWeight(spatCompute);
-  auto batch = cast<SpatComputeBatch>(instance.op);
-  return checkedMultiply(getComputeBodyWeight(batch.getBody()), static_cast<Weight>(instance.laneCount));
-}
-
-CrossbarUsage getComputeInstanceCrossbarUsage(const ComputeInstance& instance) {
-  if (auto spatCompute = dyn_cast<SpatCompute>(instance.op))
-    return getSpatComputeCrossbarUsage(spatCompute);
-  auto batch = cast<SpatComputeBatch>(instance.op);
-  return checkedMultiply(getComputeBodyCrossbarUsage(batch.getBody()), static_cast<CrossbarUsage>(instance.laneCount));
-}
-
-SmallVector<Value, 4> getComputeInstanceInputs(const ComputeInstance& instance) {
-  if (auto spatCompute = dyn_cast<SpatCompute>(instance.op))
-    return SmallVector<Value, 4>(spatCompute.getInputs().begin(), spatCompute.getInputs().end());
-  auto batch = cast<SpatComputeBatch>(instance.op);
-  SmallVector<Value, 4> inputs;
-  inputs.reserve(instance.laneCount);
-  for (uint32_t lane = instance.laneStart; lane < instance.laneStart + instance.laneCount; ++lane)
-    inputs.push_back(batch.getInputs()[lane]);
-  return inputs;
-}
-
-std::optional<ComputeInstance> getOriginalComputeInstance(Value value) {
-  Operation* op = value.getDefiningOp();
-  if (!op)
-    return std::nullopt;
-
-  while (auto extract = dyn_cast<tensor::ExtractSliceOp>(op)) {
-    value = extract.getSource();
-    op = value.getDefiningOp();
-    if (!op)
-      return std::nullopt;
-  }
-
-  if (auto spatCompute = dyn_cast<SpatCompute>(op))
-    return ComputeInstance {spatCompute.getOperation(), 0, 1};
-  if (auto batch = dyn_cast<SpatComputeBatch>(op))
-    return getBatchChunkForLane(batch, static_cast<uint32_t>(cast<OpResult>(value).getResultNumber()));
-  return std::nullopt;
-}
-
-SmallVector<ComputeInstance> collectComputeInstances(Operation* entryOp) {
-  SmallVector<ComputeInstance> instances;
-  auto isUsedAsWeightOnly = [](Operation* producerOp) {
-    if (producerOp->getNumResults() == 0)
-      return false;
-    for (Value result : producerOp->getResults()) {
-      if (result.use_empty())
-        return false;
-      for (Operation* user : result.getUsers()) {
-        if (auto compute = dyn_cast<SpatCompute>(user)) {
-          if (!llvm::is_contained(compute.getWeights(), result))
-            return false;
-          continue;
-        }
-        if (auto batch = dyn_cast<SpatComputeBatch>(user)) {
-          if (!llvm::is_contained(batch.getWeights(), result))
-            return false;
-          continue;
-        }
-        return false;
-      }
-    }
-    return true;
-  };
-  for (Region& region : entryOp->getRegions()) {
-    for (Block& block : region) {
-      for (Operation& op : block) {
-        if (auto spatCompute = dyn_cast<SpatCompute>(&op)) {
-          if (isUsedAsWeightOnly(spatCompute.getOperation()))
-            continue;
-          instances.push_back({spatCompute.getOperation(), 0, 1});
-          continue;
-        }
-        if (auto batch = dyn_cast<SpatComputeBatch>(&op)) {
-          if (isUsedAsWeightOnly(batch.getOperation()))
-            continue;
-          size_t chunkCount = getBatchChunkTargetCount(batch.getLaneCount());
-          for (size_t chunkIndex = 0; chunkIndex < chunkCount; ++chunkIndex)
-            instances.push_back(getBatchChunkForIndex(batch, chunkIndex));
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-  return instances;
-}
-
-VirtualGraph buildInitialVirtualGraph(ArrayRef<ComputeInstance> computeInstances, ArrayRef<IndexedEdge> edges) {
-  VirtualGraph graph;
-  graph.nodes.reserve(computeInstances.size());
-  for (auto [index, computeInstance] : llvm::enumerate(computeInstances)) {
-    VirtualNode node;
-    node.originalComputeIndices.push_back(index);
-    node.weight = getComputeInstanceWeight(computeInstance);
-    node.crossbarUsage = getComputeInstanceCrossbarUsage(computeInstance);
-    graph.nodes.push_back(std::move(node));
-  }
-  graph.edges = aggregateEdges(edges);
-  return graph;
-}
-
-TimingInfo computeTiming(const VirtualGraph& graph) {
-  TimingInfo timing;
-  size_t nodeCount = graph.nodes.size();
-  timing.aest.assign(nodeCount, 0);
-  timing.alst.assign(nodeCount, 0);
-  timing.topologicalOrder.reserve(nodeCount);
-
-  std::vector<std::vector<std::pair<size_t, Weight>>> parents(nodeCount);
-  std::vector<std::vector<std::pair<size_t, Weight>>> children(nodeCount);
-  std::vector<size_t> incomingEdgeCount(nodeCount, 0);
-
-  for (auto [start, end, weight] : graph.edges) {
-    size_t startIndex = static_cast<size_t>(start);
-    size_t endIndex = static_cast<size_t>(end);
-    Weight edgeWeight = static_cast<Weight>(weight);
-    assert(startIndex < nodeCount && endIndex < nodeCount && "virtual edge endpoint out of range");
-    children[startIndex].push_back({endIndex, edgeWeight});
-    parents[endIndex].push_back({startIndex, edgeWeight});
-    incomingEdgeCount[endIndex]++;
-  }
-
-  auto getVirtualNodeOrderKey = [&](size_t nodeIndex) {
-    const VirtualNode& node = graph.nodes[nodeIndex];
-    if (!node.originalComputeIndices.empty())
-      return node.originalComputeIndices.front();
-    return nodeIndex;
-  };
-  auto readyNodeGreater = [&](size_t lhs, size_t rhs) {
-    size_t lhsKey = getVirtualNodeOrderKey(lhs);
-    size_t rhsKey = getVirtualNodeOrderKey(rhs);
-    if (lhsKey != rhsKey)
-      return lhsKey > rhsKey;
-    return lhs > rhs;
-  };
-  std::priority_queue<size_t, std::vector<size_t>, decltype(readyNodeGreater)> readyNodes(readyNodeGreater);
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < nodeCount; ++i)
-    if (incomingEdgeCount[i] == 0)
-      readyNodes.push(i);
-
-  while (!readyNodes.empty()) {
-    size_t current = readyNodes.top();
-    readyNodes.pop();
-    timing.topologicalOrder.push_back(current);
-    for (auto [child, weight] : children[current]) {
-      (void) weight;
-      assert(incomingEdgeCount[child] > 0 && "incoming edge count underflow");
-      incomingEdgeCount[child]--;
-      if (incomingEdgeCount[child] == 0)
-        readyNodes.push(child);
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (timing.topologicalOrder.size() != nodeCount)
-    return timing;
-
-  Time dcpl = 0;
-  for (size_t nodeIndex : timing.topologicalOrder) {
-    Time maxParentAest = 0;
-    for (auto [parent, transferCost] : parents[nodeIndex]) {
-      maxParentAest =
-        std::max(maxParentAest, addOrMax(addOrMax(timing.aest[parent], graph.nodes[parent].weight), transferCost));
-    }
-    timing.aest[nodeIndex] = maxParentAest;
-    dcpl = std::max(dcpl, addOrMax(maxParentAest, graph.nodes[nodeIndex].weight));
-  }
-
-  for (size_t nodeIndex : llvm::reverse(timing.topologicalOrder)) {
-    Time minAlst = std::numeric_limits<Time>::max();
-    if (children[nodeIndex].empty())
-      minAlst = subtractOrZero(dcpl, graph.nodes[nodeIndex].weight);
-    for (auto [child, transferCost] : children[nodeIndex]) {
-      minAlst =
-        std::min(minAlst, subtractOrZero(timing.alst[child], addOrMax(graph.nodes[nodeIndex].weight, transferCost)));
-    }
-    timing.alst[nodeIndex] = minAlst;
-  }
-
-  timing.valid = true;
-  return timing;
-}
-
-std::vector<std::vector<size_t>> buildUndirectedAdjacency(const VirtualGraph& graph) {
-  std::vector<std::vector<size_t>> adjacency(graph.nodes.size());
-  for (auto [start, end, weight] : graph.edges) {
-    (void) weight;
-    size_t startIndex = static_cast<size_t>(start);
-    size_t endIndex = static_cast<size_t>(end);
-    assert(startIndex < graph.nodes.size() && endIndex < graph.nodes.size() && "virtual edge endpoint out of range");
-    adjacency[startIndex].push_back(endIndex);
-    adjacency[endIndex].push_back(startIndex);
-  }
-  for (auto& neighbours : adjacency) {
-    llvm::sort(neighbours);
-    neighbours.erase(std::unique(neighbours.begin(), neighbours.end()), neighbours.end());
-  }
-  return adjacency;
-}
-
-std::vector<size_t> selectCriticalWindow(const VirtualGraph& graph, const TimingInfo& timing, size_t windowSize) {
-  std::vector<size_t> ranked(timing.aest.size());
-  std::iota(ranked.begin(), ranked.end(), 0);
-  auto isHigherPriority = [&](size_t lhs, size_t rhs) {
-    Time lhsSlack = slackOrZero(timing.aest[lhs], timing.alst[lhs]);
-    Time rhsSlack = slackOrZero(timing.aest[rhs], timing.alst[rhs]);
-    if (lhsSlack != rhsSlack)
-      return lhsSlack < rhsSlack;
-    if (timing.aest[lhs] != timing.aest[rhs])
-      return timing.aest[lhs] < timing.aest[rhs];
-    return lhs < rhs;
-  };
-
-  windowSize = std::min(windowSize, ranked.size());
-  if (windowSize == 0)
-    return {};
-  if (windowSize == ranked.size()) {
-    llvm::sort(ranked, isHigherPriority);
-    return ranked;
-  }
-
-  size_t criticalPoolSize = std::min(ranked.size(), std::max(windowSize, windowSize * 2));
-  if (criticalPoolSize < ranked.size())
-    std::nth_element(
-      ranked.begin(), ranked.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(criticalPoolSize), ranked.end(), isHigherPriority);
-
-  std::vector<char> inCriticalPool(ranked.size(), false);
-  for (size_t i = 0; i < criticalPoolSize; ++i)
-    inCriticalPool[ranked[i]] = true;
-
-  size_t seed = *std::min_element(ranked.begin(), ranked.end(), isHigherPriority);
-  std::vector<std::vector<size_t>> adjacency = buildUndirectedAdjacency(graph);
-  std::vector<size_t> selected;
-  std::vector<char> inWindow(ranked.size(), false);
-  selected.reserve(windowSize);
-
-  struct FrontierEntry {
-    size_t node;
-  };
-  auto frontierCompare = [&](FrontierEntry lhs, FrontierEntry rhs) { return isHigherPriority(rhs.node, lhs.node); };
-  std::priority_queue<FrontierEntry, std::vector<FrontierEntry>, decltype(frontierCompare)> frontier(frontierCompare);
-
-  auto addToWindow = [&](size_t node, const std::vector<char>& eligible) {
-    if (inWindow[node])
-      return;
-    inWindow[node] = true;
-    selected.push_back(node);
-    for (size_t neighbour : adjacency[node])
-      if (!inWindow[neighbour] && eligible[neighbour])
-        frontier.push({neighbour});
-  };
-
-  addToWindow(seed, inCriticalPool);
-  while (!frontier.empty() && selected.size() < windowSize) {
-    size_t node = frontier.top().node;
-    frontier.pop();
-    if (!inWindow[node])
-      addToWindow(node, inCriticalPool);
-  }
-
-  if (selected.size() < windowSize) {
-    std::vector<char> anyNode(ranked.size(), true);
-    for (size_t node : selected)
-      for (size_t neighbour : adjacency[node])
-        if (!inWindow[neighbour])
-          frontier.push({neighbour});
-    while (!frontier.empty() && selected.size() < windowSize) {
-      size_t node = frontier.top().node;
-      frontier.pop();
-      if (!inWindow[node])
-        addToWindow(node, anyNode);
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (selected.size() < windowSize) {
-    llvm::sort(ranked, isHigherPriority);
-    for (size_t node : ranked) {
-      if (selected.size() == windowSize)
-        break;
-      if (!inWindow[node]) {
-        inWindow[node] = true;
-        selected.push_back(node);
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  llvm::sort(selected, isHigherPriority);
-  return selected;
-}
-
-std::vector<IndexedEdge> buildWindowEdges(const VirtualGraph& graph, const std::vector<int64_t>& nodeToWindowIndex) {
-  std::vector<IndexedEdge> windowEdges;
-  windowEdges.reserve(graph.edges.size());
-  for (auto [start, end, weight] : graph.edges) {
-    int64_t mappedStart = nodeToWindowIndex[static_cast<size_t>(start)];
-    int64_t mappedEnd = nodeToWindowIndex[static_cast<size_t>(end)];
-    if (mappedStart == -1 || mappedEnd == -1)
-      continue;
-    windowEdges.push_back({mappedStart, mappedEnd, weight});
-  }
-  return aggregateEdges(windowEdges);
-}
-
-WindowScheduleResult scheduleWindow(const VirtualGraph& graph, ArrayRef<size_t> selectedNodes, MLIRContext* context) {
-  std::vector<Weight> windowWeights;
-  std::vector<CrossbarUsage> windowCrossbarUsage;
-  std::vector<int64_t> windowNodeOrderKeys;
-  std::vector<int64_t> nodeToWindowIndex(graph.nodes.size(), -1);
-  windowWeights.reserve(selectedNodes.size());
-  windowCrossbarUsage.reserve(selectedNodes.size());
-  windowNodeOrderKeys.reserve(selectedNodes.size());
-
-  for (auto [windowIndex, nodeIndex] : llvm::enumerate(selectedNodes)) {
-    nodeToWindowIndex[nodeIndex] = static_cast<int64_t>(windowIndex);
-    windowWeights.push_back(graph.nodes[nodeIndex].weight);
-    windowCrossbarUsage.push_back(graph.nodes[nodeIndex].crossbarUsage);
-    windowNodeOrderKeys.push_back(static_cast<int64_t>(nodeIndex));
-  }
-
-  GraphDCP windowGraph(
-    windowWeights, buildWindowEdges(graph, nodeToWindowIndex), windowNodeOrderKeys, windowCrossbarUsage);
-  if (coresCount.getValue() > 0)
-    windowGraph.setMaxCpuCount(static_cast<int>(coresCount.getValue()));
-  windowGraph.setContext(context);
-  windowGraph.runDcp();
-
-  WindowScheduleResult result;
-  result.cpuCount = windowGraph.cpuCount();
-  for (CPU cpu = 0; cpu < windowGraph.cpuCount(); ++cpu) {
-    auto scheduledTasks = windowGraph.getScheduledTasks(cpu);
-    if (scheduledTasks.size() < 2)
-      continue;
-
-    result.mergedNodeCount += scheduledTasks.size();
-    result.maxMergeGroupSize = std::max(result.maxMergeGroupSize, scheduledTasks.size());
-    std::vector<size_t> mergeGroup;
-    mergeGroup.reserve(scheduledTasks.size());
-    for (const auto& task : scheduledTasks)
-      mergeGroup.push_back(selectedNodes[task.nodeIndex]);
-    result.mergeGroups.push_back(std::move(mergeGroup));
-  }
-  return result;
-}
-
-bool coarsenGraph(const VirtualGraph& graph,
-                  ArrayRef<std::vector<size_t>> mergeGroups,
-                  VirtualGraph& coarsenedGraph,
-                  std::vector<size_t>& oldToNewNode) {
-  TimingInfo timing = computeTiming(graph);
-  std::vector<size_t> topologicalRank(graph.nodes.size());
-  std::iota(topologicalRank.begin(), topologicalRank.end(), 0);
-  if (timing.valid)
-    for (auto [rank, nodeIndex] : llvm::enumerate(timing.topologicalOrder))
-      topologicalRank[nodeIndex] = rank;
-
-  std::vector<std::vector<size_t>> orderedMergeGroups;
-  orderedMergeGroups.reserve(mergeGroups.size());
-  for (const auto& mergeGroup : mergeGroups) {
-    orderedMergeGroups.emplace_back(mergeGroup.begin(), mergeGroup.end());
-    std::stable_sort(orderedMergeGroups.back().begin(), orderedMergeGroups.back().end(), [&](size_t lhs, size_t rhs) {
-      if (topologicalRank[lhs] != topologicalRank[rhs])
-        return topologicalRank[lhs] < topologicalRank[rhs];
-      return lhs < rhs;
-    });
-  }
-
-  std::vector<int64_t> nodeToMergeGroup(graph.nodes.size(), -1);
-  for (auto [groupIndex, mergeGroup] : llvm::enumerate(orderedMergeGroups)) {
-    if (mergeGroup.size() < 2)
-      continue;
-    for (size_t nodeIndex : mergeGroup) {
-      assert(nodeIndex < graph.nodes.size() && "merge group node out of range");
-      nodeToMergeGroup[nodeIndex] = static_cast<int64_t>(groupIndex);
-    }
-  }
-
-  std::vector<std::optional<size_t>> mergeGroupToNewNode(orderedMergeGroups.size());
-  std::vector<size_t> newNodeRank;
-  oldToNewNode.assign(graph.nodes.size(), 0);
-  bool mergedAny = false;
-  coarsenedGraph.nodes.clear();
-  coarsenedGraph.edges.clear();
-  coarsenedGraph.nodes.reserve(graph.nodes.size());
-  newNodeRank.reserve(graph.nodes.size());
-
-  for (size_t nodeIndex = 0; nodeIndex < graph.nodes.size(); ++nodeIndex) {
-    int64_t mergeGroupIndex = nodeToMergeGroup[nodeIndex];
-    if (mergeGroupIndex == -1) {
-      oldToNewNode[nodeIndex] = coarsenedGraph.nodes.size();
-      coarsenedGraph.nodes.push_back(graph.nodes[nodeIndex]);
-      newNodeRank.push_back(topologicalRank[nodeIndex]);
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    auto& newNodeIndex = mergeGroupToNewNode[static_cast<size_t>(mergeGroupIndex)];
-    if (newNodeIndex.has_value()) {
-      oldToNewNode[nodeIndex] = *newNodeIndex;
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    VirtualNode mergedNode;
-    for (size_t memberIndex : orderedMergeGroups[static_cast<size_t>(mergeGroupIndex)]) {
-      const VirtualNode& memberNode = graph.nodes[memberIndex];
-      mergedNode.originalComputeIndices.append(memberNode.originalComputeIndices.begin(),
-                                               memberNode.originalComputeIndices.end());
-      mergedNode.weight = addOrMax(mergedNode.weight, memberNode.weight);
-      mergedNode.crossbarUsage = addOrMax(mergedNode.crossbarUsage, memberNode.crossbarUsage);
-    }
-    std::sort(mergedNode.originalComputeIndices.begin(), mergedNode.originalComputeIndices.end());
-
-    mergedAny = true;
-    newNodeIndex = coarsenedGraph.nodes.size();
-    for (size_t memberIndex : orderedMergeGroups[static_cast<size_t>(mergeGroupIndex)])
-      oldToNewNode[memberIndex] = *newNodeIndex;
-    newNodeRank.push_back(topologicalRank[orderedMergeGroups[static_cast<size_t>(mergeGroupIndex)].front()]);
-    coarsenedGraph.nodes.push_back(std::move(mergedNode));
-  }
-
-  if (!mergedAny)
-    return false;
-
-  std::vector<IndexedEdge> remappedEdges;
-  remappedEdges.reserve(graph.edges.size());
-  for (auto [start, end, weight] : graph.edges) {
-    size_t newStart = oldToNewNode[static_cast<size_t>(start)];
-    size_t newEnd = oldToNewNode[static_cast<size_t>(end)];
-    if (newStart == newEnd)
-      continue;
-    if (newNodeRank[newStart] >= newNodeRank[newEnd])
-      continue;
-    remappedEdges.push_back({static_cast<int64_t>(newStart), static_cast<int64_t>(newEnd), weight});
-  }
-  coarsenedGraph.edges = aggregateEdges(remappedEdges);
-
-  return true;
-}
-
-CPU getVirtualGraphMaxCpuCount() { return static_cast<CPU>(getSchedulingCpuBudget()); }
-
-size_t getDcpCoarseningWindowSize(size_t nodeCount) {
-  size_t windowSize = std::min(dcpCriticalWindowSize.getValue(), nodeCount);
-  CPU maxCpuCount = std::max<CPU>(1, getVirtualGraphMaxCpuCount());
-  if (nodeCount > static_cast<size_t>(maxCpuCount))
-    windowSize = std::max(windowSize, std::min(nodeCount, static_cast<size_t>(maxCpuCount) + 1));
-  return windowSize;
-}
-
-DCPAnalysisResult buildResultFromVirtualGraph(const VirtualGraph& graph, ArrayRef<ComputeInstance> computeInstances) {
-  DCPAnalysisResult result;
-
-  TimingInfo timing = computeTiming(graph);
-  std::vector<size_t> virtualNodeOrder;
-  if (timing.valid) {
-    virtualNodeOrder = std::move(timing.topologicalOrder);
-  }
-  else {
-    virtualNodeOrder.resize(graph.nodes.size());
-    std::iota(virtualNodeOrder.begin(), virtualNodeOrder.end(), 0);
-  }
-
-  std::vector<size_t> originalComputeToCpu(computeInstances.size(), 0);
-  for (auto [cpu, virtualNodeIndex] : llvm::enumerate(virtualNodeOrder)) {
-    const VirtualNode& virtualNode = graph.nodes[virtualNodeIndex];
-    for (size_t originalIndex : virtualNode.originalComputeIndices)
-      originalComputeToCpu[originalIndex] = cpu;
-  }
-
-  result.dominanceOrderCompute.reserve(computeInstances.size());
-  llvm::DenseMap<size_t, size_t> nextCpuSlot;
-  for (auto [originalIndex, computeInstance] : llvm::enumerate(computeInstances)) {
-    size_t cpu = originalComputeToCpu[originalIndex];
-    result.dominanceOrderCompute.push_back(computeInstance);
-    result.computeToCpuMap[computeInstance] = cpu;
-    result.computeToCpuSlotMap[computeInstance] = nextCpuSlot[cpu]++;
-    result.computeToAestMap[computeInstance] = originalIndex;
-    result.cpuToLastComputeMap[cpu] = computeInstance;
-  }
-  for (const auto& [cpu, lastCompute] : result.cpuToLastComputeMap)
-    result.isLastComputeOfCpu.insert(lastCompute);
-
-  return result;
-}
-
-DCPAnalysisResult buildResultFromScheduledGraph(GraphDCP& graphDCP, ArrayRef<ComputeInstance> computeInstances) {
-  DCPAnalysisResult result;
-  result.dominanceOrderCompute.assign(computeInstances.begin(), computeInstances.end());
-
-  for (CPU cpu = 0; cpu < graphDCP.cpuCount(); ++cpu) {
-    auto scheduledTasks = graphDCP.getScheduledTasks(cpu);
-    if (scheduledTasks.empty())
-      continue;
-
-    for (auto [slot, task] : llvm::enumerate(scheduledTasks)) {
-      ComputeInstance instance = computeInstances[task.nodeIndex];
-      result.computeToCpuMap[instance] = cpu;
-      result.computeToCpuSlotMap[instance] = slot;
-      result.computeToAestMap[instance] = static_cast<uint64_t>(task.aest);
-    }
-    result.cpuToLastComputeMap[cpu] = computeInstances[scheduledTasks.back().nodeIndex];
-    result.isLastComputeOfCpu.insert(computeInstances[scheduledTasks.back().nodeIndex]);
-  }
-
-  return result;
-}
-
-DCPAnalysisResult
-runLegacyDcp(ArrayRef<ComputeInstance> computeInstances, ArrayRef<IndexedEdge> edges, MLIRContext* context) {
-  SmallVector<Weight> nodeWeights;
-  SmallVector<CrossbarUsage> nodeCrossbarUsage;
-  SmallVector<int64_t> nodeOrderKeys;
-  nodeWeights.reserve(computeInstances.size());
-  nodeCrossbarUsage.reserve(computeInstances.size());
-  nodeOrderKeys.reserve(computeInstances.size());
-  for (auto [index, instance] : llvm::enumerate(computeInstances)) {
-    nodeWeights.push_back(getComputeInstanceWeight(instance));
-    nodeCrossbarUsage.push_back(getComputeInstanceCrossbarUsage(instance));
-    nodeOrderKeys.push_back(static_cast<int64_t>(index));
-  }
-
-  GraphDCP graphDCP(nodeWeights, edges, nodeOrderKeys, nodeCrossbarUsage);
-  if (coresCount.getValue() > 0)
-    graphDCP.setMaxCpuCount(static_cast<int>(coresCount.getValue()));
-  graphDCP.setContext(context);
-  graphDCP.runDcp();
-  return buildResultFromScheduledGraph(graphDCP, computeInstances);
-}
-
-} // namespace
-
-SpatCompute getOriginalSpatCompute(Operation* op) {
-  if (!op)
-    return {};
-  while (auto extract = dyn_cast<tensor::ExtractSliceOp>(op)) {
-    op = extract.getSource().getDefiningOp();
-    if (!op)
-      return {};
-  }
-  if (auto res = dyn_cast<SpatCompute>(op))
-    return res;
-  return {};
-}
-
 DCPAnalysisResult DCPAnalysis::run() {
-  SmallVector<ComputeInstance> computeInstances = collectComputeInstances(entryOp);
-  SmallVector<IndexedEdge, 10> edges;
-
-  llvm::DenseMap<ComputeInstance, size_t> instanceToIndex;
-  instanceToIndex.reserve(computeInstances.size());
-  for (auto [index, instance] : llvm::enumerate(computeInstances))
-    instanceToIndex[instance] = index;
-
-  for (auto [indexEndEdge, computeInstance] : llvm::enumerate(computeInstances)) {
-    for (Value input : getComputeInstanceInputs(computeInstance)) {
-      if (auto producerInstance = getOriginalComputeInstance(input)) {
-        auto producerIt = instanceToIndex.find(*producerInstance);
-        assert(producerIt != instanceToIndex.end());
-        auto indexStartEdge = producerIt->second;
-        edges.push_back({static_cast<int64_t>(indexStartEdge),
-                         static_cast<int64_t>(indexEndEdge),
-                         static_cast<int64_t>(getSizeInBytes(cast<ShapedType>(input.getType())))});
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  if (coresCount.getValue() > 0) {
-    size_t schedulingCpuBudget = getSchedulingCpuBudget();
-    bool needsExactScheduledBatches = llvm::any_of(computeInstances, [&](const ComputeInstance& instance) {
-      auto batch = dyn_cast<SpatComputeBatch>(instance.op);
-      return batch && static_cast<size_t>(batch.getLaneCount()) > schedulingCpuBudget;
-    });
-    if (needsExactScheduledBatches)
-      return runLegacyDcp(computeInstances, edges, entryOp->getContext());
-  }
-
-  if (dcpCriticalWindowSize.getValue() == 0)
-    return runLegacyDcp(computeInstances, edges, entryOp->getContext());
-
-  VirtualGraph virtualGraph = buildInitialVirtualGraph(computeInstances, edges);
-  size_t iteration = 0;
-  bool debugCoarsening = isDcpCoarsenDebugEnabled();
-  auto tryCoarsenSelectedNodes = [&](ArrayRef<size_t> selectedNodes) {
-    size_t oldNodeCount = virtualGraph.nodes.size();
-    WindowScheduleResult windowSchedule = scheduleWindow(virtualGraph, selectedNodes, entryOp->getContext());
-    if (windowSchedule.mergeGroups.empty()) {
-      if (debugCoarsening && oldNodeCount >= 200)
-        llvm::errs() << llvm::formatv("[DCP-COARSEN] iter={0} old={1} selected={2} windowCpus={3} "
-                                      "groups=0 mergedNodes=0 maxGroup=0 new={1} changed=0\n",
-                                      iteration,
-                                      oldNodeCount,
-                                      selectedNodes.size(),
-                                      windowSchedule.cpuCount);
-      return false;
-    }
-
-    VirtualGraph coarsenedGraph;
-    std::vector<size_t> oldToNewNode;
-    if (!coarsenGraph(virtualGraph, windowSchedule.mergeGroups, coarsenedGraph, oldToNewNode))
-      return false;
-    if (debugCoarsening && (oldNodeCount >= 200 || coarsenedGraph.nodes.size() >= 200))
-      llvm::errs() << llvm::formatv("[DCP-COARSEN] iter={0} old={1} selected={2} windowCpus={3} "
-                                    "groups={4} mergedNodes={5} maxGroup={6} new={7} changed={8}\n",
-                                    iteration,
-                                    oldNodeCount,
-                                    selectedNodes.size(),
-                                    windowSchedule.cpuCount,
-                                    windowSchedule.mergeGroups.size(),
-                                    windowSchedule.mergedNodeCount,
-                                    windowSchedule.maxMergeGroupSize,
-                                    coarsenedGraph.nodes.size(),
-                                    oldNodeCount - coarsenedGraph.nodes.size());
-    virtualGraph = std::move(coarsenedGraph);
-    return true;
-  };
-
-  while (virtualGraph.nodes.size() > 1) {
-    if (virtualGraph.nodes.size() <= getSchedulingCpuBudget()) {
-      if (debugCoarsening && virtualGraph.nodes.size() >= 200)
-        llvm::errs() << llvm::formatv(
-          "[DCP-COARSEN] iter={0} old={1} stop=cpu-budget\n", iteration, virtualGraph.nodes.size());
-      break;
-    }
-
-    iteration++;
-    TimingInfo timing = computeTiming(virtualGraph);
-    if (!timing.valid) {
-      if (debugCoarsening && virtualGraph.nodes.size() >= 200)
-        llvm::errs() << llvm::formatv(
-          "[DCP-COARSEN] iter={0} old={1} invalid-timing\n", iteration, virtualGraph.nodes.size());
-      break;
-    }
-
-    SmallVector<size_t> selectedNodes;
-    auto criticalWindow =
-      selectCriticalWindow(virtualGraph, timing, getDcpCoarseningWindowSize(virtualGraph.nodes.size()));
-    selectedNodes.append(criticalWindow.begin(), criticalWindow.end());
-
-    if (selectedNodes.size() < 2) {
-      if (debugCoarsening && virtualGraph.nodes.size() >= 200)
-        llvm::errs() << llvm::formatv("[DCP-COARSEN] iter={0} old={1} selected={2} stop=small-window\n",
-                                      iteration,
-                                      virtualGraph.nodes.size(),
-                                      selectedNodes.size());
-      break;
-    }
-
-    if (tryCoarsenSelectedNodes(selectedNodes))
-      continue;
-    if (debugCoarsening && virtualGraph.nodes.size() >= 200)
-      llvm::errs() << llvm::formatv(
-        "[DCP-COARSEN] iter={0} old={1} stop=no-merge\n", iteration, virtualGraph.nodes.size());
-    break;
-  }
-
-  return buildResultFromVirtualGraph(virtualGraph, computeInstances);
+  ComputeGraph graph = buildComputeGraph(entryOp);
+  DcpScheduleOptions options;
+  if (coresCount.getValue() > 0)
+    options.processorCount = static_cast<size_t>(coresCount.getValue());
+  options.criticalWindowSize = dcpCriticalWindowSize.getValue();
+  options.allowFallbackForAutoCoreCount = true;
+  return runDcpScheduler(graph, options, entryOp->getContext());
 }
 
 } // namespace spatial

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/DCPGraph/DCPAnalysis.hpp

@@ -2,64 +2,27 @@
 
 #include "mlir/IR/Operation.h"
 
-#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
-#include "llvm/ADT/DenseSet.h"
-
-#include <cstdint>
-#include <vector>
-
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
-
-// A scheduling identity that covers both spat.compute and scheduled shards of
-// spat.compute_batch.
-struct ComputeInstance {
-  mlir::Operation* op = nullptr;
-  uint32_t laneStart = 0;
-  uint32_t laneCount = 1;
-
-  bool operator==(const ComputeInstance& other) const {
-    return op == other.op && laneStart == other.laneStart && laneCount == other.laneCount;
-  }
-};
-
-struct DCPAnalysisResult {
-  std::vector<ComputeInstance> dominanceOrderCompute;
-  llvm::DenseMap<ComputeInstance, size_t> computeToCpuMap;
-  llvm::DenseMap<ComputeInstance, size_t> computeToCpuSlotMap;
-  llvm::DenseMap<ComputeInstance, uint64_t> computeToAestMap;
-  llvm::DenseSet<ComputeInstance> isLastComputeOfCpu;
-  llvm::DenseMap<size_t, ComputeInstance> cpuToLastComputeMap;
-};
+#include "../Scheduling/MergeSchedule.hpp"
 
 namespace onnx_mlir {
 namespace spatial {
+using DCPAnalysisResult = MergeScheduleResult;
+
 struct DCPAnalysis {
 private:
   DCPAnalysisResult result;
-  mlir::Operation* entryOp;
+  mlir::Operation *entryOp;
   DCPAnalysisResult run();
 
 public:
-  DCPAnalysis(mlir::Operation* op)
+  DCPAnalysis(mlir::Operation *op)
   : entryOp(op) {
     result = run();
   }
-  DCPAnalysisResult& getResult() { return result; }
+  DCPAnalysisResult &getResult() { return result; }
 };
 
 } // namespace spatial
 } // namespace onnx_mlir
 
-namespace llvm {
-template <>
-struct DenseMapInfo<ComputeInstance> {
-  static ComputeInstance getEmptyKey() {
-    return {DenseMapInfo<mlir::Operation*>::getEmptyKey(), UINT32_MAX, UINT32_MAX};
-  }
-  static ComputeInstance getTombstoneKey() {
-    return {DenseMapInfo<mlir::Operation*>::getTombstoneKey(), UINT32_MAX, UINT32_MAX};
-  }
-  static unsigned getHashValue(const ComputeInstance& v) { return llvm::hash_combine(v.op, v.laneStart, v.laneCount); }
-  static bool isEqual(const ComputeInstance& a, const ComputeInstance& b) { return a == b; }
-};
-} // namespace llvm
+using DCPAnalysisResult = onnx_mlir::spatial::DCPAnalysisResult;

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/MaterializeMergeSchedule.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,636 @@
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Arith/IR/Arith.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/IRMapping.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/PatternMatch.h"
+
+#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/DenseSet.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <functional>
+#include <optional>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "MaterializeMergeSchedule.hpp"
+#include "Scheduling/ComputeInstanceUtils.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/PimCommon.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
+
+using namespace mlir;
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace spatial {
+
+namespace {
+
+using SpatCompute = spatial::SpatCompute;
+using ProducerValueRef = spatial::ProducerValueRef;
+using spatial::getComputeInstanceInputs;
+using spatial::getComputeInstanceOutputTypes;
+using spatial::getComputeInstanceOutputValues;
+using spatial::getComputeInstanceTemplateBlock;
+using spatial::getComputeInstanceWeights;
+using spatial::getProducerValueRef;
+
+class MergeScheduleMaterializerImpl {
+public:
+  explicit MergeScheduleMaterializerImpl(func::FuncOp funcOp)
+  : func(funcOp), loc(funcOp.getLoc()), returnOp(cast<func::ReturnOp>(funcOp.getBody().front().getTerminator())) {}
+
+  LogicalResult run(const MergeScheduleResult& scheduleResult, int64_t& nextChannelIdRef) {
+    schedule = &scheduleResult;
+    nextChannelId = &nextChannelIdRef;
+
+    collectScheduledTasks();
+    buildTaskIndex();
+    collectExternalInputsAndWeights();
+    planRemoteChannels();
+    planReceiveReordering();
+    createCpuComputeOps();
+    if (failed(cloneTaskBodies()))
+      return failure();
+    replaceExternalUses();
+    if (failed(eraseOldScheduledOps()))
+      return failure();
+    moveExternalUsersBeforeReturn();
+    return success();
+  }
+
+private:
+  struct ScheduledTask {
+    ComputeInstance computeInstance;
+    size_t cpu = 0;
+    size_t orderWithinCpu = 0;
+  };
+
+  struct ChannelInfo {
+    int64_t channelId = -1;
+    int32_t sourceCoreId = -1;
+    int32_t targetCoreId = -1;
+  };
+
+  struct CpuProgram {
+    SpatCompute op;
+    DenseMap<Value, Value> externalInputMap;
+    DenseMap<Value, size_t> weightToIndex;
+  };
+
+  struct RemoteSendInfo {
+    ChannelInfo channelInfo;
+    ComputeInstance consumer;
+    size_t inputIndex = 0;
+    size_t consumerOrder = 0;
+    size_t sourceOrder = 0;
+  };
+
+  struct RemoteReceiveEntry {
+    ChannelInfo channelInfo;
+    ComputeInstance consumer;
+    size_t inputIndex = 0;
+    size_t sourceOrder = 0;
+  };
+
+  static uint64_t getRemoteSendPairKey(const ChannelInfo& channelInfo) {
+    return (static_cast<uint64_t>(static_cast<uint32_t>(channelInfo.sourceCoreId)) << 32)
+         | static_cast<uint32_t>(channelInfo.targetCoreId);
+  }
+
+  void collectExternalUsers(Operation* op) {
+    if (!externalUsersToMove.insert(op).second)
+      return;
+    for (Value result : op->getResults()) {
+      for (Operation* user : result.getUsers()) {
+        if (oldComputeOps.contains(user) || isa<func::ReturnOp>(user))
+          continue;
+        collectExternalUsers(user);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  void collectScheduledTasks() {
+    for (ComputeInstance scheduledInstance : schedule->dominanceOrderCompute) {
+      oldComputeOps.insert(scheduledInstance.op);
+      scheduledTasks.push_back({scheduledInstance,
+                                schedule->computeToCpuMap.lookup(scheduledInstance),
+                                schedule->computeToCpuSlotMap.lookup(scheduledInstance)});
+    }
+  }
+
+  void buildTaskIndex() {
+    auto markCpuSeen = [&](size_t cpu) {
+      if (seenCpus.insert(cpu).second)
+        orderedCpus.push_back(cpu);
+    };
+
+    for (const ScheduledTask& task : scheduledTasks) {
+      taskByComputeInstance[task.computeInstance] = task;
+      tasksByCpu[task.cpu].push_back(task);
+      markCpuSeen(task.cpu);
+    }
+
+    llvm::sort(orderedCpus);
+    for (size_t cpu : orderedCpus)
+      llvm::stable_sort(tasksByCpu[cpu], [&](const ScheduledTask& lhs, const ScheduledTask& rhs) {
+        return lhs.orderWithinCpu < rhs.orderWithinCpu;
+      });
+  }
+
+  void collectExternalInputsAndWeights() {
+    for (size_t cpu : orderedCpus) {
+      for (const ScheduledTask& task : tasksByCpu[cpu]) {
+        auto& thisCpuWeights = cpuWeights[cpu];
+        auto& thisSeenWeights = seenWeightsByCpu[cpu];
+        auto taskWeights = getComputeInstanceWeights(task.computeInstance);
+        for (Value weight : taskWeights)
+          if (thisSeenWeights.insert(weight).second)
+            thisCpuWeights.push_back(weight);
+
+        auto taskInputs = getComputeInstanceInputs(task.computeInstance);
+        auto& remoteInputs = remoteInputsByTask[task.computeInstance];
+        remoteInputs.resize(taskInputs.size());
+        for (auto [inputIndex, input] : llvm::enumerate(taskInputs)) {
+          auto producerRef = getProducerValueRef(input);
+          if (producerRef) {
+            auto producerIt = taskByComputeInstance.find(producerRef->instance);
+            if (producerIt != taskByComputeInstance.end()) {
+              if (producerIt->second.cpu != cpu) {
+                ChannelInfo info {
+                  (*nextChannelId)++,
+                  static_cast<int32_t>(producerIt->second.cpu),
+                  static_cast<int32_t>(cpu),
+                };
+                remoteInputs[inputIndex] = info;
+                auto& perResultChannels = remoteSendsByTask[producerRef->instance];
+                if (perResultChannels.empty())
+                  perResultChannels.resize(getComputeInstanceOutputTypes(producerIt->second.computeInstance).size());
+                perResultChannels[producerRef->resultIndex].push_back(
+                  {info, task.computeInstance, inputIndex, task.orderWithinCpu, 0});
+              }
+              continue;
+            }
+          }
+          if (seenExternalInputsByCpu[cpu].insert(input).second)
+            cpuExternalInputs[cpu].push_back(input);
+        }
+
+        auto taskOutputs = getComputeInstanceOutputValues(task.computeInstance);
+        for (auto [resultIndex, output] : llvm::enumerate(taskOutputs)) {
+          bool hasExternalUser = false;
+          for (auto& use : output.getUses()) {
+            Operation* useOwner = use.getOwner();
+            if (oldComputeOps.contains(useOwner))
+              continue;
+            hasExternalUser = true;
+            if (!isa<func::ReturnOp>(useOwner))
+              collectExternalUsers(useOwner);
+          }
+          if (hasExternalUser)
+            cpuExternalOutputs[cpu].push_back({task.computeInstance, resultIndex});
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  void planRemoteChannels() {
+    for (size_t cpu : orderedCpus) {
+      DenseMap<uint64_t, size_t> nextSourceOrderByPair;
+      DenseMap<uint64_t, size_t> lastConsumerOrderByPair;
+      for (const ScheduledTask& task : tasksByCpu[cpu]) {
+        auto sendsIt = remoteSendsByTask.find(task.computeInstance);
+        if (sendsIt == remoteSendsByTask.end())
+          continue;
+        for (auto& sendInfos : sendsIt->second) {
+          for (RemoteSendInfo& sendInfo : sendInfos) {
+            uint64_t pairKey = getRemoteSendPairKey(sendInfo.channelInfo);
+            sendInfo.sourceOrder = nextSourceOrderByPair[pairKey]++;
+            auto [it, inserted] = lastConsumerOrderByPair.try_emplace(pairKey, sendInfo.consumerOrder);
+            if (!inserted) {
+              if (sendInfo.consumerOrder < it->second)
+                pairsNeedingReceiveReorder.insert(pairKey);
+              it->second = sendInfo.consumerOrder;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  void planReceiveReordering() {
+    DenseMap<uint64_t, SmallVector<RemoteSendInfo*>> reorderedSendsByPair;
+    for (auto& taskSends : remoteSendsByTask) {
+      for (auto& sendInfos : taskSends.second) {
+        for (RemoteSendInfo& sendInfo : sendInfos) {
+          uint64_t pairKey = getRemoteSendPairKey(sendInfo.channelInfo);
+          if (pairsNeedingReceiveReorder.contains(pairKey))
+            reorderedSendsByPair[pairKey].push_back(&sendInfo);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (auto& pairSends : reorderedSendsByPair) {
+      llvm::stable_sort(pairSends.second, [](const RemoteSendInfo* lhs, const RemoteSendInfo* rhs) {
+        if (lhs->sourceOrder != rhs->sourceOrder)
+          return lhs->sourceOrder < rhs->sourceOrder;
+        return lhs->channelInfo.channelId < rhs->channelInfo.channelId;
+      });
+      for (RemoteSendInfo* sendInfo : pairSends.second) {
+        int64_t channelId = (*nextChannelId)++;
+        sendInfo->channelInfo.channelId = channelId;
+        auto remoteInputsIt = remoteInputsByTask.find(sendInfo->consumer);
+        assert(remoteInputsIt != remoteInputsByTask.end() && "missing remote input for reordered send");
+        assert(sendInfo->inputIndex < remoteInputsIt->second.size() && "remote input index out of range");
+        assert(remoteInputsIt->second[sendInfo->inputIndex] && "missing reordered remote input channel");
+        remoteInputsIt->second[sendInfo->inputIndex]->channelId = channelId;
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (const auto& taskSends : remoteSendsByTask) {
+      for (const auto& sendInfos : taskSends.second) {
+        for (const RemoteSendInfo& sendInfo : sendInfos) {
+          auto remoteInputsIt = remoteInputsByTask.find(sendInfo.consumer);
+          assert(remoteInputsIt != remoteInputsByTask.end() && "missing remote input for send");
+          assert(sendInfo.inputIndex < remoteInputsIt->second.size() && "remote input index out of range");
+          assert(remoteInputsIt->second[sendInfo.inputIndex] && "missing remote input channel");
+          remoteInputsIt->second[sendInfo.inputIndex] = sendInfo.channelInfo;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (auto& taskSends : remoteSendsByTask) {
+      for (const auto& sendInfos : taskSends.second) {
+        for (const RemoteSendInfo& sendInfo : sendInfos) {
+          uint64_t pairKey = getRemoteSendPairKey(sendInfo.channelInfo);
+          if (!pairsNeedingReceiveReorder.contains(pairKey))
+            continue;
+          size_t targetCpu = static_cast<size_t>(sendInfo.channelInfo.targetCoreId);
+          receiveQueuesByCpu[targetCpu][pairKey].push_back(
+            {sendInfo.channelInfo, sendInfo.consumer, sendInfo.inputIndex, sendInfo.sourceOrder});
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    for (auto& cpuQueues : receiveQueuesByCpu) {
+      for (auto& pairQueue : cpuQueues.second) {
+        llvm::stable_sort(pairQueue.second, [](const RemoteReceiveEntry& lhs, const RemoteReceiveEntry& rhs) {
+          if (lhs.sourceOrder != rhs.sourceOrder)
+            return lhs.sourceOrder < rhs.sourceOrder;
+          return lhs.channelInfo.channelId < rhs.channelInfo.channelId;
+        });
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  void createCpuComputeOps() {
+    IRRewriter rewriter(func.getContext());
+    for (size_t cpu : orderedCpus) {
+      SmallVector<Value> operands;
+      operands.reserve(cpuWeights[cpu].size() + cpuExternalInputs[cpu].size());
+      llvm::append_range(operands, cpuWeights[cpu]);
+      llvm::append_range(operands, cpuExternalInputs[cpu]);
+
+      SmallVector<Type> resultTypes;
+      resultTypes.reserve(cpuExternalOutputs[cpu].size());
+      for (ProducerValueRef outputRef : cpuExternalOutputs[cpu]) {
+        ScheduledTask task = taskByComputeInstance.at(outputRef.instance);
+        resultTypes.push_back(getComputeInstanceOutputTypes(task.computeInstance)[outputRef.resultIndex]);
+      }
+
+      rewriter.setInsertionPoint(returnOp);
+      auto newCompute = SpatCompute::create(rewriter, loc, TypeRange(resultTypes), ValueRange(operands));
+      newCompute.getProperties().setOperandSegmentSizes(
+        {static_cast<int>(cpuWeights[cpu].size()), static_cast<int>(cpuExternalInputs[cpu].size())});
+      newCompute->setAttr(onnx_mlir::kCoreIdAttrName, rewriter.getI32IntegerAttr(static_cast<int32_t>(cpu)));
+
+      SmallVector<Type> blockArgTypes;
+      SmallVector<Location> blockArgLocs;
+      blockArgTypes.reserve(cpuExternalInputs[cpu].size());
+      blockArgLocs.reserve(cpuExternalInputs[cpu].size());
+      for (Value input : cpuExternalInputs[cpu]) {
+        blockArgTypes.push_back(input.getType());
+        blockArgLocs.push_back(loc);
+      }
+      Block* newBlock =
+        rewriter.createBlock(&newCompute.getBody(), newCompute.getBody().end(), TypeRange(blockArgTypes), blockArgLocs);
+
+      CpuProgram program;
+      program.op = newCompute;
+      for (auto [weightIndex, weight] : llvm::enumerate(cpuWeights[cpu]))
+        program.weightToIndex[weight] = weightIndex;
+      for (auto [inputIndex, input] : llvm::enumerate(cpuExternalInputs[cpu]))
+        program.externalInputMap[input] = newBlock->getArgument(inputIndex);
+      for (auto [resultIndex, outputRef] : llvm::enumerate(cpuExternalOutputs[cpu])) {
+        ScheduledTask task = taskByComputeInstance.at(outputRef.instance);
+        oldToNewExternalValueMap[getComputeInstanceOutputValues(task.computeInstance)[outputRef.resultIndex]] =
+          newCompute.getResult(resultIndex);
+      }
+      cpuPrograms[cpu] = std::move(program);
+    }
+  }
+
+  FailureOr<Value> receiveThroughInput(IRRewriter& rewriter,
+                                       size_t cpu,
+                                       DenseMap<uint64_t, size_t>& receiveQueueIndices,
+                                       DenseMap<ComputeInstance, SmallVector<Value>>& preReceivedInputsByTask,
+                                       const ChannelInfo& requestedChannelInfo,
+                                       ComputeInstance requestedConsumer,
+                                       size_t requestedInputIndex) {
+    uint64_t pairKey = getRemoteSendPairKey(requestedChannelInfo);
+    auto cpuQueuesIt = receiveQueuesByCpu.find(cpu);
+    if (cpuQueuesIt == receiveQueuesByCpu.end())
+      return failure();
+    auto queueIt = cpuQueuesIt->second.find(pairKey);
+    if (queueIt == cpuQueuesIt->second.end())
+      return failure();
+
+    auto& queue = queueIt->second;
+    size_t& queueIndex = receiveQueueIndices[pairKey];
+    while (queueIndex < queue.size()) {
+      const RemoteReceiveEntry& entry = queue[queueIndex++];
+      auto consumerTaskIt = taskByComputeInstance.find(entry.consumer);
+      if (consumerTaskIt == taskByComputeInstance.end())
+        return failure();
+      SmallVector<Value> consumerInputs = getComputeInstanceInputs(consumerTaskIt->second.computeInstance);
+      if (consumerInputs.size() <= entry.inputIndex)
+        return failure();
+      Type inputType = consumerInputs[entry.inputIndex].getType();
+      auto receive = spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp::create(rewriter,
+                                                           loc,
+                                                           inputType,
+                                                           rewriter.getI64IntegerAttr(entry.channelInfo.channelId),
+                                                           rewriter.getI32IntegerAttr(entry.channelInfo.sourceCoreId),
+                                                           rewriter.getI32IntegerAttr(entry.channelInfo.targetCoreId));
+
+      auto& receivedInputs = preReceivedInputsByTask[entry.consumer];
+      if (receivedInputs.size() <= entry.inputIndex)
+        receivedInputs.resize(entry.inputIndex + 1);
+      receivedInputs[entry.inputIndex] = receive.getResult();
+
+      if (entry.consumer == requestedConsumer && entry.inputIndex == requestedInputIndex)
+        return receive.getResult();
+    }
+    return failure();
+  }
+
+  LogicalResult cloneTaskBodies() {
+    for (size_t cpu : orderedCpus) {
+      CpuProgram& program = cpuPrograms[cpu];
+      IRRewriter rewriter(func.getContext());
+      rewriter.setInsertionPointToEnd(&program.op.getBody().front());
+      DenseMap<uint64_t, size_t> receiveQueueIndices;
+      DenseMap<ComputeInstance, SmallVector<Value>> preReceivedInputsByTask;
+
+      auto lookupPreReceivedInput = [&](ComputeInstance consumer, size_t inputIndex) -> std::optional<Value> {
+        auto inputsIt = preReceivedInputsByTask.find(consumer);
+        if (inputsIt == preReceivedInputsByTask.end() || inputsIt->second.size() <= inputIndex)
+          return std::nullopt;
+        Value value = inputsIt->second[inputIndex];
+        if (!value)
+          return std::nullopt;
+        return value;
+      };
+
+      for (const ScheduledTask& task : tasksByCpu[cpu]) {
+        SmallVector<Value> taskInputs = getComputeInstanceInputs(task.computeInstance);
+        auto taskWeights = getComputeInstanceWeights(task.computeInstance);
+        Block& templateBlock = getComputeInstanceTemplateBlock(task.computeInstance);
+
+        SmallVector<Value> resolvedInputs;
+        resolvedInputs.reserve(taskInputs.size());
+        auto remoteInputsIt = remoteInputsByTask.find(task.computeInstance);
+        for (auto [inputIndex, input] : llvm::enumerate(taskInputs)) {
+          auto producerRef = getProducerValueRef(input);
+          if (producerRef) {
+            auto producerIt = taskByComputeInstance.find(producerRef->instance);
+            if (producerIt != taskByComputeInstance.end()) {
+              if (producerIt->second.cpu == cpu) {
+                auto producedIt = producedValuesByTask.find(producerRef->instance);
+                if (producedIt == producedValuesByTask.end() || producedIt->second.size() <= producerRef->resultIndex) {
+                  task.computeInstance.op->emitOpError("missing local producer value during per-cpu merge materialization")
+                    << " consumerCpu=" << cpu << " producerCpu=" << producerIt->second.cpu
+                    << " producerLaneStart=" << producerRef->instance.laneStart
+                    << " producerLaneCount=" << producerRef->instance.laneCount;
+                  return failure();
+                }
+                resolvedInputs.push_back(producedIt->second[producerRef->resultIndex]);
+                continue;
+              }
+              const ChannelInfo& channelInfo = *remoteInputsIt->second[inputIndex];
+              uint64_t pairKey = getRemoteSendPairKey(channelInfo);
+              if (pairsNeedingReceiveReorder.contains(pairKey)) {
+                if (std::optional<Value> preReceived = lookupPreReceivedInput(task.computeInstance, inputIndex)) {
+                  resolvedInputs.push_back(*preReceived);
+                  continue;
+                }
+                FailureOr<Value> received = receiveThroughInput(rewriter,
+                                                                cpu,
+                                                                receiveQueueIndices,
+                                                                preReceivedInputsByTask,
+                                                                channelInfo,
+                                                                task.computeInstance,
+                                                                inputIndex);
+                if (failed(received)) {
+                  task.computeInstance.op->emitOpError("failed to materialize reordered remote receive")
+                    << " consumerCpu=" << cpu << " sourceCoreId=" << channelInfo.sourceCoreId
+                    << " targetCoreId=" << channelInfo.targetCoreId << " channelId=" << channelInfo.channelId;
+                  return failure();
+                }
+                resolvedInputs.push_back(*received);
+                continue;
+              }
+              auto receive =
+                spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp::create(rewriter,
+                                                      loc,
+                                                      input.getType(),
+                                                      rewriter.getI64IntegerAttr(channelInfo.channelId),
+                                                      rewriter.getI32IntegerAttr(channelInfo.sourceCoreId),
+                                                      rewriter.getI32IntegerAttr(channelInfo.targetCoreId));
+              resolvedInputs.push_back(receive.getResult());
+              continue;
+            }
+          }
+          resolvedInputs.push_back(program.externalInputMap.at(input));
+        }
+
+        SmallVector<Value> taskYieldValues;
+        rewriter.setInsertionPointToEnd(&program.op.getBody().front());
+        if (isa<SpatCompute>(task.computeInstance.op)) {
+          IRMapping mapper;
+          for (auto [argIndex, oldArg] : llvm::enumerate(templateBlock.getArguments()))
+            mapper.map(oldArg, resolvedInputs[argIndex]);
+
+          for (Operation& op : templateBlock) {
+            if (auto yield = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatYieldOp>(&op)) {
+              for (Value yieldOperand : yield.getOperands())
+                taskYieldValues.push_back(mapper.lookup(yieldOperand));
+              continue;
+            }
+
+            Operation* clonedOp = rewriter.clone(op, mapper);
+            if (auto oldWeightedMvmOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatMVMOp>(&op)) {
+              auto newWeightedMvmOp = cast<spatial::SpatMVMOp>(clonedOp);
+              Value weight = taskWeights[oldWeightedMvmOp.getWeightIndex()];
+              newWeightedMvmOp.setWeightIndex(program.weightToIndex.at(weight));
+            }
+            if (auto oldWeightedVmmOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatVMMOp>(&op)) {
+              auto newWeightedVmmOp = cast<spatial::SpatVMMOp>(clonedOp);
+              Value weight = taskWeights[oldWeightedVmmOp.getWeightIndex()];
+              newWeightedVmmOp.setWeightIndex(program.weightToIndex.at(weight));
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        else {
+          for (size_t laneOffset = 0; laneOffset < task.computeInstance.laneCount; ++laneOffset) {
+            IRMapping mapper;
+            if (templateBlock.getNumArguments() == 1)
+              mapper.map(templateBlock.getArgument(0), resolvedInputs[laneOffset]);
+
+            for (Operation& op : templateBlock) {
+              if (auto yield = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatYieldOp>(&op)) {
+                for (Value yieldOperand : yield.getOperands())
+                  taskYieldValues.push_back(mapper.lookup(yieldOperand));
+                continue;
+              }
+
+              Operation* clonedOp = rewriter.clone(op, mapper);
+              if (auto oldWeightedMvmOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatMVMOp>(&op)) {
+                if (oldWeightedMvmOp.getWeightIndex() != 0) {
+                  task.computeInstance.op->emitOpError(
+                    "batched per-cpu merge materialization expects lane-local weight index 0");
+                  return failure();
+                }
+                auto newWeightedMvmOp = cast<spatial::SpatMVMOp>(clonedOp);
+                newWeightedMvmOp.setWeightIndex(program.weightToIndex.at(taskWeights[laneOffset]));
+              }
+              if (auto oldWeightedVmmOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatVMMOp>(&op)) {
+                if (oldWeightedVmmOp.getWeightIndex() != 0) {
+                  task.computeInstance.op->emitOpError(
+                    "batched per-cpu merge materialization expects lane-local weight index 0");
+                  return failure();
+                }
+                auto newWeightedVmmOp = cast<spatial::SpatVMMOp>(clonedOp);
+                newWeightedVmmOp.setWeightIndex(program.weightToIndex.at(taskWeights[laneOffset]));
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        }
+
+        producedValuesByTask[task.computeInstance] = taskYieldValues;
+        if (auto sendsIt = remoteSendsByTask.find(task.computeInstance); sendsIt != remoteSendsByTask.end()) {
+          for (auto [resultIndex, sendInfos] : llvm::enumerate(sendsIt->second)) {
+            if (sendInfos.empty())
+              continue;
+            Value producedValue = taskYieldValues[resultIndex];
+            for (const RemoteSendInfo& sendInfo : sendInfos) {
+              spatial::SpatChannelSendOp::create(rewriter,
+                                                 loc,
+                                                 rewriter.getI64IntegerAttr(sendInfo.channelInfo.channelId),
+                                                 rewriter.getI32IntegerAttr(sendInfo.channelInfo.sourceCoreId),
+                                                 rewriter.getI32IntegerAttr(sendInfo.channelInfo.targetCoreId),
+                                                 producedValue);
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      SmallVector<Value> yieldValues;
+      yieldValues.reserve(cpuExternalOutputs[cpu].size());
+      for (ProducerValueRef outputRef : cpuExternalOutputs[cpu]) {
+        auto producedIt = producedValuesByTask.find(outputRef.instance);
+        if (producedIt == producedValuesByTask.end() || producedIt->second.size() <= outputRef.resultIndex) {
+          ScheduledTask task = taskByComputeInstance.at(outputRef.instance);
+          task.computeInstance.op->emitOpError("missing yielded external value during per-cpu merge materialization")
+            << " cpu=" << cpu << " laneStart=" << outputRef.instance.laneStart;
+          return failure();
+        }
+        yieldValues.push_back(producedIt->second[outputRef.resultIndex]);
+      }
+      spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, loc, ValueRange(yieldValues));
+    }
+
+    return success();
+  }
+
+  void replaceExternalUses() {
+    for (auto [oldValue, newValue] : oldToNewExternalValueMap) {
+      for (auto& use : llvm::make_early_inc_range(oldValue.getUses()))
+        if (!oldComputeOps.contains(use.getOwner()))
+          use.assign(newValue);
+    }
+  }
+
+  LogicalResult eraseOldScheduledOps() {
+    SmallVector<Operation*> orderedOpsToErase;
+    for (Operation& op : func.getBody().front())
+      if (oldComputeOps.contains(&op))
+        orderedOpsToErase.push_back(&op);
+
+    for (Operation* op : llvm::reverse(orderedOpsToErase)) {
+      SmallVector<Operation*> remainingUsers;
+      for (Value result : op->getResults())
+        for (Operation* user : result.getUsers())
+          remainingUsers.push_back(user);
+      if (!remainingUsers.empty()) {
+        InFlightDiagnostic diagnostic = op->emitOpError("still has uses during per-cpu merge cleanup")
+                                     << "; erase-set=" << (oldComputeOps.contains(op) ? "yes" : "no");
+        for (Operation* user : remainingUsers) {
+          diagnostic.attachNote(user->getLoc())
+            << "remaining user " << user->getName() << "; erase-set=" << (oldComputeOps.contains(user) ? "yes" : "no");
+        }
+        return failure();
+      }
+      op->erase();
+    }
+
+    return success();
+  }
+
+  void moveExternalUsersBeforeReturn() {
+    SmallVector<Operation*> orderedUsersToMove;
+    for (Operation& op : func.getBody().front()) {
+      if (&op == returnOp.getOperation())
+        break;
+      if (externalUsersToMove.contains(&op))
+        orderedUsersToMove.push_back(&op);
+    }
+    for (Operation* op : orderedUsersToMove)
+      op->moveBefore(returnOp);
+  }
+
+  func::FuncOp func;
+  const MergeScheduleResult* schedule = nullptr;
+  int64_t* nextChannelId = nullptr;
+  Location loc;
+  func::ReturnOp returnOp;
+
+  SmallVector<ScheduledTask> scheduledTasks;
+  DenseSet<Operation*> oldComputeOps;
+  DenseMap<ComputeInstance, ScheduledTask> taskByComputeInstance;
+  DenseMap<size_t, SmallVector<ScheduledTask>> tasksByCpu;
+  SmallVector<size_t> orderedCpus;
+  DenseSet<size_t> seenCpus;
+  DenseSet<Operation*> externalUsersToMove;
+  DenseMap<ComputeInstance, SmallVector<SmallVector<RemoteSendInfo>>> remoteSendsByTask;
+  DenseMap<ComputeInstance, SmallVector<std::optional<ChannelInfo>>> remoteInputsByTask;
+  DenseMap<size_t, SmallVector<Value>> cpuExternalInputs;
+  DenseMap<size_t, SmallVector<Value>> cpuWeights;
+  DenseMap<size_t, SmallVector<ProducerValueRef>> cpuExternalOutputs;
+  DenseMap<size_t, DenseSet<Value>> seenExternalInputsByCpu;
+  DenseMap<size_t, DenseSet<Value>> seenWeightsByCpu;
+  DenseSet<uint64_t> pairsNeedingReceiveReorder;
+  DenseMap<size_t, DenseMap<uint64_t, SmallVector<RemoteReceiveEntry>>> receiveQueuesByCpu;
+  DenseMap<size_t, CpuProgram> cpuPrograms;
+  DenseMap<Value, Value> oldToNewExternalValueMap;
+  DenseMap<ComputeInstance, SmallVector<Value>> producedValuesByTask;
+};
+
+} // namespace
+
+LogicalResult
+MergeScheduleMaterializer::run(func::FuncOp func, const MergeScheduleResult& schedule, int64_t& nextChannelId) {
+  return MergeScheduleMaterializerImpl(func).run(schedule, nextChannelId);
+}
+
+} // namespace spatial
+} // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/MaterializeMergeSchedule.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Func/IR/FuncOps.h"
+#include "mlir/Support/LogicalResult.h"
+
+#include "Scheduling/MergeSchedule.hpp"
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace spatial {
+
+class MergeScheduleMaterializer {
+public:
+  mlir::LogicalResult
+  run(mlir::func::FuncOp func, const MergeScheduleResult &schedule, int64_t &nextChannelId);
+};
+
+} // namespace spatial
+} // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/PostMergeCompaction.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,459 @@
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Arith/IR/Arith.h"
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Func/IR/FuncOps.h"
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Tensor/IR/Tensor.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/IRMapping.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/PatternMatch.h"
+
+#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/DenseSet.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/Hashing.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/FormatVariadic.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
+
+#include <chrono>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <limits>
+#include <optional>
+
+#include "PostMergeCompaction.hpp"
+#include "RegularOpCompaction.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/PimCommon.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
+
+using namespace mlir;
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace {
+
+using SpatCompute = spatial::SpatCompute;
+using SpatComputeBatch = spatial::SpatComputeBatch;
+
+bool isMergeProfilingEnabled() { return std::getenv("RAPTOR_PROFILE_MERGE") != nullptr; }
+
+class ScopedMergePhaseTimer {
+public:
+  explicit ScopedMergePhaseTimer(StringRef phaseName)
+  : enabled(isMergeProfilingEnabled()), phase(phaseName.str()) {
+    if (enabled)
+      start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+  }
+
+  ~ScopedMergePhaseTimer() {
+    if (!enabled)
+      return;
+    auto elapsed = std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start;
+    double millis = std::chrono::duration<double, std::milli>(elapsed).count();
+    llvm::errs() << "[merge-profile] " << phase << ": " << llvm::formatv("{0:F3}", millis) << " ms\n";
+  }
+
+private:
+  bool enabled = false;
+  std::string phase;
+  std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point start;
+};
+
+std::optional<int32_t> getComputeCoreId(SpatCompute compute) {
+  if (auto coreIdAttr = compute->getAttrOfType<IntegerAttr>(onnx_mlir::kCoreIdAttrName))
+    return static_cast<int32_t>(coreIdAttr.getInt());
+  return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+static constexpr StringLiteral kRebatchPhaseAttrName = "_pim_rebatch_phase";
+
+std::optional<uint64_t> getComputeRebatchPhase(SpatCompute compute) {
+  if (auto phaseAttr = compute->getAttrOfType<IntegerAttr>(kRebatchPhaseAttrName))
+    return static_cast<uint64_t>(phaseAttr.getInt());
+  return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+struct RebatchKey {
+  unsigned inputCount = 0;
+  unsigned resultCount = 0;
+  unsigned weightCount = 0;
+  uint64_t phase = 0;
+  bool hasPhase = false;
+  uint64_t structureHash = 0;
+
+  bool operator==(const RebatchKey& other) const {
+    return inputCount == other.inputCount && resultCount == other.resultCount && weightCount == other.weightCount
+        && phase == other.phase && hasPhase == other.hasPhase && structureHash == other.structureHash;
+  }
+};
+
+struct RebatchKeyInfo {
+  static inline RebatchKey getEmptyKey() { return {std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max(), 0, 0, 0, false, 0}; }
+
+  static inline RebatchKey getTombstoneKey() { return {std::numeric_limits<unsigned>::max() - 1, 0, 0, 0, false, 0}; }
+
+  static unsigned getHashValue(const RebatchKey& key) {
+    return static_cast<unsigned>(
+      llvm::hash_combine(key.inputCount, key.resultCount, key.weightCount, key.phase, key.hasPhase, key.structureHash));
+  }
+
+  static bool isEqual(const RebatchKey& lhs, const RebatchKey& rhs) { return lhs == rhs; }
+};
+
+uint64_t getTypeHash(Type type) { return reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(type.getAsOpaquePointer()); }
+
+uint64_t getValueHash(Value value) { return reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(value.getAsOpaquePointer()); }
+
+uint64_t getAttributeHash(Attribute attr) { return reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(attr.getAsOpaquePointer()); }
+
+RebatchKey computeRebatchKey(SpatCompute compute) {
+  llvm::hash_code structureHash =
+    llvm::hash_combine(compute.getInputs().size(), compute.getResultTypes().size(), compute.getWeights().size());
+
+  for (Value weight : compute.getWeights())
+    structureHash = llvm::hash_combine(structureHash, getValueHash(weight));
+  if (std::optional<uint64_t> phase = getComputeRebatchPhase(compute))
+    structureHash = llvm::hash_combine(structureHash, *phase);
+
+  Block& body = compute.getBody().front();
+  structureHash = llvm::hash_combine(structureHash, body.getNumArguments());
+  for (BlockArgument arg : body.getArguments())
+    structureHash = llvm::hash_combine(structureHash, getTypeHash(arg.getType()));
+
+  for (Operation& op : body) {
+    structureHash = llvm::hash_combine(
+      structureHash, op.getName().getStringRef(), op.getNumOperands(), op.getNumResults(), op.getNumRegions());
+    for (Type type : op.getResultTypes())
+      structureHash = llvm::hash_combine(structureHash, getTypeHash(type));
+    for (NamedAttribute attr : op.getAttrs())
+      structureHash = llvm::hash_combine(structureHash, attr.getName().strref(), getAttributeHash(attr.getValue()));
+  }
+
+  std::optional<uint64_t> phase = getComputeRebatchPhase(compute);
+  return {static_cast<unsigned>(compute.getInputs().size()),
+          static_cast<unsigned>(compute.getResultTypes().size()),
+          static_cast<unsigned>(compute.getWeights().size()),
+          phase.value_or(0),
+          phase.has_value(),
+          static_cast<uint64_t>(structureHash)};
+}
+
+bool areEquivalentForRebatch(SpatCompute lhs, SpatCompute rhs) {
+  if (!lhs || !rhs)
+    return false;
+  if (lhs.getInputs().size() != rhs.getInputs().size())
+    return false;
+  if (lhs.getResultTypes() != rhs.getResultTypes())
+    return false;
+  if (lhs.getWeights().size() != rhs.getWeights().size())
+    return false;
+  if (getComputeRebatchPhase(lhs) != getComputeRebatchPhase(rhs))
+    return false;
+  if (!llvm::equal(lhs.getWeights(), rhs.getWeights()))
+    return false;
+
+  auto& lhsBlock = lhs.getBody().front();
+  auto& rhsBlock = rhs.getBody().front();
+  if (lhsBlock.getNumArguments() != rhsBlock.getNumArguments())
+    return false;
+
+  DenseMap<Value, Value> mappedValues;
+  for (auto [lhsArg, rhsArg] : llvm::zip(lhsBlock.getArguments(), rhsBlock.getArguments())) {
+    if (lhsArg.getType() != rhsArg.getType())
+      return false;
+    mappedValues[lhsArg] = rhsArg;
+  }
+  auto lhsIt = lhsBlock.begin();
+  auto rhsIt = rhsBlock.begin();
+  for (; lhsIt != lhsBlock.end() && rhsIt != rhsBlock.end(); ++lhsIt, ++rhsIt) {
+    Operation& lhsOp = *lhsIt;
+    Operation& rhsOp = *rhsIt;
+
+    if (lhsOp.getName() != rhsOp.getName())
+      return false;
+    if (lhsOp.getNumOperands() != rhsOp.getNumOperands())
+      return false;
+    if (lhsOp.getNumResults() != rhsOp.getNumResults())
+      return false;
+    if (lhsOp.getNumRegions() != 0 || rhsOp.getNumRegions() != 0)
+      return false;
+
+    for (auto [lhsOperand, rhsOperand] : llvm::zip(lhsOp.getOperands(), rhsOp.getOperands())) {
+      auto mapped = mappedValues.find(lhsOperand);
+      if (mapped != mappedValues.end()) {
+        if (mapped->second != rhsOperand)
+          return false;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (lhsOperand != rhsOperand)
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    if (auto lhsReceive = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp>(lhsOp)) {
+      auto rhsReceive = cast<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp>(rhsOp);
+      if (lhsReceive.getOutput().getType() != rhsReceive.getOutput().getType())
+        return false;
+    }
+    else if (auto lhsSend = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatChannelSendOp>(lhsOp)) {
+      auto rhsSend = cast<spatial::SpatChannelSendOp>(rhsOp);
+      if (lhsSend.getInput().getType() != rhsSend.getInput().getType())
+        return false;
+    }
+    else if (lhsOp.getAttrs() != rhsOp.getAttrs()) {
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    if (lhsOp.getResultTypes() != rhsOp.getResultTypes())
+      return false;
+    for (auto [lhsResult, rhsResult] : llvm::zip(lhsOp.getResults(), rhsOp.getResults()))
+      mappedValues[lhsResult] = rhsResult;
+  }
+
+  return lhsIt == lhsBlock.end() && rhsIt == rhsBlock.end();
+}
+
+void rebatchEquivalentComputes(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
+  IRRewriter rewriter(funcOp.getContext());
+  SmallVector<SpatCompute> computes(funcOp.getOps<SpatCompute>());
+  DenseSet<Operation*> consumed;
+  DenseMap<Operation*, size_t> computeOrder;
+  DenseMap<RebatchKey, SmallVector<SpatCompute>, RebatchKeyInfo> candidatesByKey;
+
+  for (auto [index, compute] : llvm::enumerate(computes)) {
+    computeOrder[compute.getOperation()] = index;
+    if (compute.getInputs().size() <= 1 && compute.getResults().empty())
+      candidatesByKey[computeRebatchKey(compute)].push_back(compute);
+  }
+
+  for (size_t index = 0; index < computes.size(); ++index) {
+    auto anchor = computes[index];
+    if (consumed.contains(anchor))
+      continue;
+    if (anchor.getInputs().size() > 1)
+      continue;
+    if (!anchor.getResults().empty())
+      continue;
+
+    SmallVector<SpatCompute> group {anchor};
+    llvm::SmallDenseSet<int32_t, 8> usedCoreIds;
+    if (auto coreId = getComputeCoreId(anchor))
+      usedCoreIds.insert(*coreId);
+
+    auto bucketIt = candidatesByKey.find(computeRebatchKey(anchor));
+    if (bucketIt == candidatesByKey.end())
+      continue;
+
+    for (auto candidate : bucketIt->second) {
+      if (computeOrder.lookup(candidate.getOperation()) <= index)
+        continue;
+      if (consumed.contains(candidate))
+        continue;
+      if (!areEquivalentForRebatch(anchor, candidate))
+        continue;
+
+      if (auto coreId = getComputeCoreId(candidate))
+        if (!usedCoreIds.insert(*coreId).second)
+          continue;
+
+      group.push_back(candidate);
+    }
+
+    if (group.size() <= 1)
+      continue;
+
+    auto insertionAnchor = group.front();
+    if (llvm::all_of(group, [](SpatCompute compute) { return getComputeCoreId(compute).has_value(); })) {
+      llvm::stable_sort(
+        group, [](SpatCompute lhs, SpatCompute rhs) { return *getComputeCoreId(lhs) < *getComputeCoreId(rhs); });
+    }
+
+    SmallVector<Value> weights;
+    weights.reserve(group.size() * anchor.getWeights().size());
+    SmallVector<Value> inputs;
+    inputs.reserve(group.size() * anchor.getInputs().size());
+    SmallVector<int32_t> coreIds;
+    coreIds.reserve(group.size());
+    bool haveAllCoreIds = true;
+    for (auto compute : group) {
+      llvm::append_range(weights, compute.getWeights());
+      llvm::append_range(inputs, compute.getInputs());
+      auto coreIdAttr = compute->getAttrOfType<IntegerAttr>(onnx_mlir::kCoreIdAttrName);
+      if (!coreIdAttr)
+        haveAllCoreIds = false;
+      else if (haveAllCoreIds)
+        coreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(coreIdAttr.getInt()));
+    }
+
+    rewriter.setInsertionPoint(insertionAnchor);
+    auto rebatched = SpatComputeBatch::create(rewriter,
+                                              insertionAnchor.getLoc(),
+                                              TypeRange {},
+                                              rewriter.getI32IntegerAttr(static_cast<int32_t>(group.size())),
+                                              ValueRange(weights),
+                                              ValueRange(inputs));
+    rebatched.getProperties().setOperandSegmentSizes(
+      {static_cast<int>(weights.size()), static_cast<int>(inputs.size())});
+    if (haveAllCoreIds)
+      rebatched->setAttr(onnx_mlir::kCoreIdsAttrName, rewriter.getDenseI32ArrayAttr(coreIds));
+
+    SmallVector<Type> blockArgTypes;
+    SmallVector<Location> blockArgLocs;
+    for (BlockArgument arg : anchor.getBody().front().getArguments()) {
+      blockArgTypes.push_back(arg.getType());
+      blockArgLocs.push_back(arg.getLoc());
+    }
+    auto* newBlock =
+      rewriter.createBlock(&rebatched.getBody(), rebatched.getBody().end(), TypeRange(blockArgTypes), blockArgLocs);
+    rewriter.setInsertionPointToEnd(newBlock);
+
+    IRMapping mapper;
+    auto& anchorBlock = anchor.getBody().front();
+    for (auto [oldArg, newArg] : llvm::zip(anchorBlock.getArguments(), newBlock->getArguments()))
+      mapper.map(oldArg, newArg);
+    auto opIts = llvm::map_to_vector(group, [](SpatCompute compute) { return compute.getBody().front().begin(); });
+    for (Operation& anchorOp : anchorBlock) {
+      if (auto receiveOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp>(&anchorOp)) {
+        struct BatchReceiveEntry {
+          uint64_t channelId = 0;
+          uint32_t sourceCoreId = 0;
+          uint32_t targetCoreId = 0;
+        };
+        SmallVector<BatchReceiveEntry> entries;
+        entries.reserve(group.size());
+        for (auto [groupIndex, compute] : llvm::enumerate(group)) {
+          auto groupReceive = cast<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp>(&*opIts[groupIndex]);
+          entries.push_back(
+            {groupReceive.getChannelId(), groupReceive.getSourceCoreId(), groupReceive.getTargetCoreId()});
+          ++opIts[groupIndex];
+        }
+        SmallVector<int64_t> channelIds;
+        SmallVector<int32_t> sourceCoreIds;
+        SmallVector<int32_t> targetCoreIds;
+        channelIds.reserve(group.size());
+        sourceCoreIds.reserve(group.size());
+        targetCoreIds.reserve(group.size());
+        for (const BatchReceiveEntry& entry : entries) {
+          channelIds.push_back(static_cast<int64_t>(entry.channelId));
+          sourceCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(entry.sourceCoreId));
+          targetCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(entry.targetCoreId));
+        }
+        auto batchReceive = spatial::SpatChannelReceiveBatchOp::create(rewriter,
+                                                                       receiveOp.getLoc(),
+                                                                       receiveOp.getOutput().getType(),
+                                                                       rewriter.getDenseI64ArrayAttr(channelIds),
+                                                                       rewriter.getDenseI32ArrayAttr(sourceCoreIds),
+                                                                       rewriter.getDenseI32ArrayAttr(targetCoreIds));
+        mapper.map(receiveOp.getOutput(), batchReceive.getOutput());
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (auto sendOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatChannelSendOp>(&anchorOp)) {
+        struct BatchSendEntry {
+          uint64_t channelId = 0;
+          uint32_t sourceCoreId = 0;
+          uint32_t targetCoreId = 0;
+        };
+        SmallVector<BatchSendEntry> entries;
+        entries.reserve(group.size());
+        for (auto [groupIndex, compute] : llvm::enumerate(group)) {
+          auto groupSend = cast<spatial::SpatChannelSendOp>(&*opIts[groupIndex]);
+          entries.push_back({groupSend.getChannelId(), groupSend.getSourceCoreId(), groupSend.getTargetCoreId()});
+          ++opIts[groupIndex];
+        }
+        SmallVector<int64_t> channelIds;
+        SmallVector<int32_t> sourceCoreIds;
+        SmallVector<int32_t> targetCoreIds;
+        channelIds.reserve(group.size());
+        sourceCoreIds.reserve(group.size());
+        targetCoreIds.reserve(group.size());
+        for (const BatchSendEntry& entry : entries) {
+          channelIds.push_back(static_cast<int64_t>(entry.channelId));
+          sourceCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(entry.sourceCoreId));
+          targetCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(entry.targetCoreId));
+        }
+        spatial::SpatChannelSendBatchOp::create(rewriter,
+                                                sendOp.getLoc(),
+                                                rewriter.getDenseI64ArrayAttr(channelIds),
+                                                rewriter.getDenseI32ArrayAttr(sourceCoreIds),
+                                                rewriter.getDenseI32ArrayAttr(targetCoreIds),
+                                                mapper.lookup(sendOp.getInput()));
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (isa<spatial::SpatYieldOp>(anchorOp)) {
+        for (auto& opIt : opIts)
+          ++opIt;
+        spatial::SpatYieldOp::create(rewriter, anchorOp.getLoc(), ValueRange {});
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      Operation* cloned = rewriter.clone(anchorOp, mapper);
+      for (auto [originalResult, clonedResult] : llvm::zip(anchorOp.getResults(), cloned->getResults()))
+        mapper.map(originalResult, clonedResult);
+      for (auto& opIt : opIts)
+        ++opIt;
+    }
+
+    for (auto compute : group) {
+      compute->removeAttr(kRebatchPhaseAttrName);
+      consumed.insert(compute);
+      rewriter.eraseOp(compute);
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (auto compute : funcOp.getOps<SpatCompute>())
+    compute->removeAttr(kRebatchPhaseAttrName);
+}
+
+void cleanupDeadPackingOps(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
+  auto eraseUnusedOps = [&](auto tag) {
+    using OpTy = decltype(tag);
+    SmallVector<OpTy> ops;
+    funcOp.walk([&](OpTy op) { ops.push_back(op); });
+    for (auto op : llvm::reverse(ops))
+      if (op->use_empty())
+        op.erase();
+  };
+  eraseUnusedOps(tensor::ExtractSliceOp {});
+  eraseUnusedOps(spatial::SpatConcatOp {});
+  eraseUnusedOps(spatial::SpatExtractRowsOp {});
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+LogicalResult runPostMergeCompactionPipeline(func::FuncOp funcOp, int64_t& nextChannelId) {
+  {
+    ScopedMergePhaseTimer timer("order-bilateral-channel-ops");
+    orderBilateralChannelOps(funcOp);
+  }
+  {
+    ScopedMergePhaseTimer timer("rebatch-equivalent-computes");
+    rebatchEquivalentComputes(funcOp);
+  }
+  {
+    ScopedMergePhaseTimer timer("compact-scalar-channel-runs-1");
+    compactScalarChannelRuns(funcOp, nextChannelId);
+  }
+  {
+    ScopedMergePhaseTimer timer("compact-batch-channel-runs-1");
+    compactBatchChannelRuns(funcOp);
+  }
+  {
+    ScopedMergePhaseTimer timer("compact-regular-op-runs");
+    compactRegularOpRuns(funcOp);
+  }
+  {
+    ScopedMergePhaseTimer timer("compact-row-wise-wvmm-runs");
+    compactRowWiseWvmmRuns(funcOp);
+  }
+  {
+    ScopedMergePhaseTimer timer("compact-scalar-channel-runs-2");
+    compactScalarChannelRuns(funcOp, nextChannelId);
+  }
+  {
+    ScopedMergePhaseTimer timer("compact-batch-channel-runs-2");
+    compactBatchChannelRuns(funcOp);
+  }
+  {
+    ScopedMergePhaseTimer timer("cleanup-dead-packing-ops");
+    cleanupDeadPackingOps(funcOp);
+  }
+
+  return success();
+}
+
+} // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/PostMergeCompaction.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Func/IR/FuncOps.h"
+#include "mlir/Support/LogicalResult.h"
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+
+mlir::LogicalResult runPostMergeCompactionPipeline(mlir::func::FuncOp funcOp, int64_t &nextChannelId);
+
+} // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/RegularOpCompaction.cpp

@@ -7,12 +7,13 @@
 #include "mlir/IR/Value.h"
 #include "mlir/Support/LLVM.h"
 
+#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/DenseSet.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
 
-#include <tuple>
-
 #include "RegularOpCompaction.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/PimCommon.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Conversion/SpatialToPim/TensorPackingPatterns.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
 
@@ -42,6 +43,47 @@ struct RegularChunk {
   Value output;
 };
 
+struct RegularCompactionResult {
+  bool changed = false;
+  Operation* resumeAfter = nullptr;
+};
+
+template <typename OpTy>
+struct ConsecutiveRun {
+  SmallVector<OpTy> ops;
+  Block::iterator end;
+};
+
+template <typename OpTy, typename Predicate>
+static ConsecutiveRun<OpTy>
+collectConsecutiveRun(Block::iterator start, Block::iterator blockEnd, Predicate predicate) {
+  ConsecutiveRun<OpTy> run;
+  run.end = start;
+  while (run.end != blockEnd) {
+    auto current = dyn_cast<OpTy>(&*run.end);
+    if (!current || !predicate(current))
+      break;
+    run.ops.push_back(current);
+    ++run.end;
+  }
+  return run;
+}
+
+static uint64_t getEndpointKey(uint32_t sourceCoreId, uint32_t targetCoreId) {
+  return (static_cast<uint64_t>(sourceCoreId) << 32) | static_cast<uint64_t>(targetCoreId);
+}
+
+static void appendChannelAttrs(SmallVectorImpl<int64_t>& channelIds,
+                               SmallVectorImpl<int32_t>& sourceCoreIds,
+                               SmallVectorImpl<int32_t>& targetCoreIds,
+                               uint64_t channelId,
+                               uint32_t sourceCoreId,
+                               uint32_t targetCoreId) {
+  channelIds.push_back(static_cast<int64_t>(channelId));
+  sourceCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(sourceCoreId));
+  targetCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(targetCoreId));
+}
+
 static spatial::SpatConcatOp getContiguousConcatUse(ValueRange values, unsigned& startOperandIndex) {
   if (values.empty() || !values.front().hasOneUse())
     return {};
@@ -168,6 +210,17 @@ static bool areEquivalentRegularChunks(const RegularChunk& lhs, const RegularChu
                       [](auto pair) { return areEquivalentRegularSteps(std::get<0>(pair), std::get<1>(pair)); });
 }
 
+static bool isForwardedChannelPayload(Value value, Block& block) {
+  Operation* op = value.getDefiningOp();
+  if (!op || op->getBlock() != &block)
+    return true;
+
+  if (auto extractSliceOp = dyn_cast<tensor::ExtractSliceOp>(op))
+    return isForwardedChannelPayload(extractSliceOp.getSource(), block);
+
+  return isa<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp, spatial::SpatChannelReceiveTensorOp>(op);
+}
+
 static FailureOr<RegularChunk> analyzeRegularChunk(spatial::SpatVMMOp startOp) {
   RegularChunk chunk;
   chunk.startOp = startOp.getOperation();
@@ -202,9 +255,10 @@ static FailureOr<RegularChunk> analyzeRegularChunk(spatial::SpatVMMOp startOp) {
   return chunk;
 }
 
-static void compactRegularChunkRun(IRRewriter& rewriter, ArrayRef<RegularChunk> run) {
+static RegularCompactionResult compactRegularChunkRun(IRRewriter& rewriter, ArrayRef<RegularChunk> run) {
   assert(!run.empty() && "expected a non-empty regular chunk run");
   const RegularChunk& anchorChunk = run.front();
+  RegularCompactionResult result;
 
   SmallVector<Value> inputs;
   inputs.reserve(run.size());
@@ -214,7 +268,7 @@ static void compactRegularChunkRun(IRRewriter& rewriter, ArrayRef<RegularChunk>
   rewriter.setInsertionPoint(anchorChunk.startOp);
   Value packedInput = createPackedTensorForValues(ValueRange(inputs), rewriter, anchorChunk.startOp->getLoc());
   if (!packedInput)
-    return;
+    return result;
 
   auto inputType = cast<RankedTensorType>(anchorChunk.input.getType());
   auto outputType = cast<RankedTensorType>(anchorChunk.output.getType());
@@ -317,10 +371,79 @@ static void compactRegularChunkRun(IRRewriter& rewriter, ArrayRef<RegularChunk>
     llvm::append_range(opsToErase, chunk.ops);
   for (Operation* op : llvm::reverse(opsToErase))
     rewriter.eraseOp(op);
+
+  result.changed = true;
+  result.resumeAfter = loop.getOperation()->getNextNode();
+  return result;
 }
 
 } // namespace
 
+void orderBilateralChannelOps(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
+  for (auto compute : funcOp.getOps<spatial::SpatCompute>()) {
+    auto coreIdAttr = compute->getAttrOfType<IntegerAttr>(onnx_mlir::kCoreIdAttrName);
+    if (!coreIdAttr)
+      continue;
+
+    int32_t coreId = static_cast<int32_t>(coreIdAttr.getInt());
+    Block& block = compute.getBody().front();
+    SmallVector<std::pair<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp, Operation*>> moves;
+    DenseMap<uint64_t, Operation*> firstForwardedSendByEndpoint;
+
+    for (Operation& op : block) {
+      if (auto sendOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatChannelSendOp>(&op)) {
+        if (sendOp.getSourceCoreId() == static_cast<uint32_t>(coreId)
+            && isForwardedChannelPayload(sendOp.getInput(), block)) {
+          uint64_t key = getEndpointKey(sendOp.getSourceCoreId(), sendOp.getTargetCoreId());
+          firstForwardedSendByEndpoint.try_emplace(key, sendOp.getOperation());
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      auto receiveOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp>(&op);
+      if (!receiveOp || receiveOp.getTargetCoreId() != static_cast<uint32_t>(coreId)
+          || receiveOp.getSourceCoreId() >= static_cast<uint32_t>(coreId)) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      uint64_t key = getEndpointKey(static_cast<uint32_t>(coreId), receiveOp.getSourceCoreId());
+      auto firstMatchingSend = firstForwardedSendByEndpoint.find(key);
+      if (firstMatchingSend != firstForwardedSendByEndpoint.end())
+        moves.push_back({receiveOp, firstMatchingSend->second});
+    }
+
+    for (auto [receiveOp, insertionPoint] : moves)
+      receiveOp->moveBefore(insertionPoint);
+
+    for (auto it = block.begin(); it != block.end();) {
+      auto receiveOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp>(&*it);
+      if (!receiveOp || receiveOp.getSourceCoreId() >= static_cast<uint32_t>(coreId)) {
+        ++it;
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      Type outputType = receiveOp.getOutput().getType();
+      auto run = collectConsecutiveRun<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp>(
+        it, block.end(), [&](spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp current) {
+          return current.getOutput().getType() == outputType
+              && current.getSourceCoreId() < static_cast<uint32_t>(coreId);
+        });
+
+      if (run.ops.size() > 1) {
+        SmallVector<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp> sorted(run.ops);
+        llvm::stable_sort(sorted, [](spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp lhs, spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp rhs) {
+          return lhs.getSourceCoreId() > rhs.getSourceCoreId();
+        });
+        Block::iterator insertIt = run.end;
+        for (auto op : sorted)
+          op->moveBefore(&block, insertIt);
+      }
+
+      it = run.end;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
 void compactScalarChannelRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp, int64_t& nextChannelId) {
   IRRewriter rewriter(funcOp.getContext());
 
@@ -329,18 +452,23 @@ void compactScalarChannelRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp, int64_t& nextChannelId) {
     for (auto it = block.begin(); it != block.end();) {
       auto receiveOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp>(&*it);
       if (receiveOp) {
-        SmallVector<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp> run;
         Type outputType = receiveOp.getOutput().getType();
-        auto runIt = it;
-        while (runIt != block.end()) {
-          auto current = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp>(&*runIt);
-          if (!current || current.getOutput().getType() != outputType)
+        auto run = collectConsecutiveRun<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp>(
+          it, block.end(), [&](spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp current) {
+            return current.getOutput().getType() == outputType;
+          });
+
+        bool hasRepeatedEndpoint = false;
+        DenseSet<uint64_t> seenEndpoints;
+        for (auto op : run.ops) {
+          uint64_t endpointKey = getEndpointKey(op.getSourceCoreId(), op.getTargetCoreId());
+          if (!seenEndpoints.insert(endpointKey).second) {
+            hasRepeatedEndpoint = true;
             break;
-          run.push_back(current);
-          ++runIt;
+          }
         }
 
-        if (run.size() > 1) {
+        if (run.ops.size() > 1 && !hasRepeatedEndpoint) {
           struct ReceiveEntry {
             spatial::SpatChannelReceiveOp op;
             size_t originalIndex = 0;
@@ -349,13 +477,9 @@ void compactScalarChannelRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp, int64_t& nextChannelId) {
             uint64_t channelId = 0;
           };
           SmallVector<ReceiveEntry> sortedEntries;
-          sortedEntries.reserve(run.size());
-          for (auto [originalIndex, op] : llvm::enumerate(run))
+          sortedEntries.reserve(run.ops.size());
+          for (auto [originalIndex, op] : llvm::enumerate(run.ops))
             sortedEntries.push_back({op, originalIndex, op.getSourceCoreId(), op.getTargetCoreId(), op.getChannelId()});
-          llvm::stable_sort(sortedEntries, [](const ReceiveEntry& lhs, const ReceiveEntry& rhs) {
-            return std::tuple(lhs.sourceCoreId, lhs.targetCoreId, lhs.channelId)
-                 < std::tuple(rhs.sourceCoreId, rhs.targetCoreId, rhs.channelId);
-          });
 
           SmallVector<int64_t> channelIds;
           SmallVector<int32_t> sourceCoreIds;
@@ -364,13 +488,11 @@ void compactScalarChannelRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp, int64_t& nextChannelId) {
           sourceCoreIds.reserve(sortedEntries.size());
           targetCoreIds.reserve(sortedEntries.size());
           for (ReceiveEntry& entry : sortedEntries) {
-            (void) entry;
-            channelIds.push_back(nextChannelId++);
-            sourceCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(entry.sourceCoreId));
-            targetCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(entry.targetCoreId));
+            appendChannelAttrs(
+              channelIds, sourceCoreIds, targetCoreIds, entry.channelId, entry.sourceCoreId, entry.targetCoreId);
           }
 
-          auto rowType = cast<RankedTensorType>(run.front().getOutput().getType());
+          auto rowType = cast<RankedTensorType>(run.ops.front().getOutput().getType());
           auto fallbackPackedType = getPackedTensorType(rowType, static_cast<int64_t>(sortedEntries.size()));
           SmallVector<Value> sortedOutputs;
           sortedOutputs.reserve(sortedEntries.size());
@@ -383,10 +505,10 @@ void compactScalarChannelRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp, int64_t& nextChannelId) {
             concatOp ? getPackedConcatSliceType(concatOp, concatStartIndex, static_cast<unsigned>(sortedOutputs.size()))
                      : RankedTensorType {};
           auto packedType = concatPackedType ? concatPackedType : fallbackPackedType;
-          rewriter.setInsertionPoint(run.front());
+          rewriter.setInsertionPoint(run.ops.front());
           auto compactReceive =
             spatial::SpatChannelReceiveTensorOp::create(rewriter,
-                                                        run.front().getLoc(),
+                                                        run.ops.front().getLoc(),
                                                         packedType,
                                                         rewriter.getDenseI64ArrayAttr(channelIds),
                                                         rewriter.getDenseI32ArrayAttr(sourceCoreIds),
@@ -403,7 +525,7 @@ void compactScalarChannelRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp, int64_t& nextChannelId) {
               entry.op.getOutput().replaceAllUsesWith(extractPackedChunk(
                 compactReceive.getOutput(), rowType, static_cast<unsigned>(sortedIndex), rewriter, entry.op.getLoc()));
           }
-          for (auto op : run)
+          for (auto op : run.ops)
             rewriter.eraseOp(op);
 
           it = compactReceive->getIterator();
@@ -414,18 +536,13 @@ void compactScalarChannelRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp, int64_t& nextChannelId) {
 
       auto sendOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatChannelSendOp>(&*it);
       if (sendOp) {
-        SmallVector<spatial::SpatChannelSendOp> run;
         Type inputType = sendOp.getInput().getType();
-        auto runIt = it;
-        while (runIt != block.end()) {
-          auto current = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatChannelSendOp>(&*runIt);
-          if (!current || current.getInput().getType() != inputType)
-            break;
-          run.push_back(current);
-          ++runIt;
-        }
+        auto run =
+          collectConsecutiveRun<spatial::SpatChannelSendOp>(it, block.end(), [&](spatial::SpatChannelSendOp current) {
+            return current.getInput().getType() == inputType;
+          });
 
-        if (run.size() > 1) {
+        if (run.ops.size() > 1) {
           struct SendEntry {
             spatial::SpatChannelSendOp op;
             uint32_t sourceCoreId = 0;
@@ -433,13 +550,9 @@ void compactScalarChannelRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp, int64_t& nextChannelId) {
             uint64_t channelId = 0;
           };
           SmallVector<SendEntry> sortedEntries;
-          sortedEntries.reserve(run.size());
-          for (auto op : run)
+          sortedEntries.reserve(run.ops.size());
+          for (auto op : run.ops)
             sortedEntries.push_back({op, op.getSourceCoreId(), op.getTargetCoreId(), op.getChannelId()});
-          llvm::stable_sort(sortedEntries, [](const SendEntry& lhs, const SendEntry& rhs) {
-            return std::tuple(lhs.sourceCoreId, lhs.targetCoreId, lhs.channelId)
-                 < std::tuple(rhs.sourceCoreId, rhs.targetCoreId, rhs.channelId);
-          });
 
           SmallVector<int64_t> channelIds;
           SmallVector<int32_t> sourceCoreIds;
@@ -450,26 +563,24 @@ void compactScalarChannelRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp, int64_t& nextChannelId) {
           targetCoreIds.reserve(sortedEntries.size());
           inputs.reserve(sortedEntries.size());
           for (SendEntry& entry : sortedEntries) {
-            (void) entry;
-            channelIds.push_back(nextChannelId++);
-            sourceCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(entry.sourceCoreId));
-            targetCoreIds.push_back(static_cast<int32_t>(entry.targetCoreId));
+            appendChannelAttrs(
+              channelIds, sourceCoreIds, targetCoreIds, entry.channelId, entry.sourceCoreId, entry.targetCoreId);
             inputs.push_back(entry.op.getInput());
           }
 
-          rewriter.setInsertionPoint(run.front());
-          Value packedInput = createPackedTensorForValues(ValueRange(inputs), rewriter, run.front().getLoc());
+          rewriter.setInsertionPoint(run.ops.front());
+          Value packedInput = createPackedTensorForValues(ValueRange(inputs), rewriter, run.ops.front().getLoc());
           if (packedInput) {
             spatial::SpatChannelSendTensorOp::create(rewriter,
-                                                     run.front().getLoc(),
+                                                     run.ops.front().getLoc(),
                                                      rewriter.getDenseI64ArrayAttr(channelIds),
                                                      rewriter.getDenseI32ArrayAttr(sourceCoreIds),
                                                      rewriter.getDenseI32ArrayAttr(targetCoreIds),
                                                      packedInput);
-            for (auto op : run)
+            for (auto op : run.ops)
               rewriter.eraseOp(op);
 
-            it = runIt;
+            it = run.end;
             continue;
           }
         }
@@ -488,32 +599,27 @@ void compactBatchChannelRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
     for (auto it = block.begin(); it != block.end();) {
       auto receiveOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveBatchOp>(&*it);
       if (receiveOp) {
-        SmallVector<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveBatchOp> run;
         Type outputType = receiveOp.getOutput().getType();
-        auto runIt = it;
-        while (runIt != block.end()) {
-          auto current = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveBatchOp>(&*runIt);
-          if (!current || current.getOutput().getType() != outputType)
-            break;
-          run.push_back(current);
-          ++runIt;
-        }
+        auto run = collectConsecutiveRun<spatial::SpatChannelReceiveBatchOp>(
+          it, block.end(), [&](spatial::SpatChannelReceiveBatchOp current) {
+            return current.getOutput().getType() == outputType;
+          });
 
-        if (run.size() > 1) {
+        if (run.ops.size() > 1) {
           SmallVector<int64_t> channelIds;
           SmallVector<int32_t> sourceCoreIds;
           SmallVector<int32_t> targetCoreIds;
-          for (auto op : run) {
+          for (auto op : run.ops) {
             llvm::append_range(channelIds, op.getChannelIds());
             llvm::append_range(sourceCoreIds, op.getSourceCoreIds());
             llvm::append_range(targetCoreIds, op.getTargetCoreIds());
           }
 
-          auto rowType = cast<RankedTensorType>(run.front().getOutput().getType());
-          auto fallbackPackedType = getPackedTensorType(rowType, static_cast<int64_t>(run.size()));
+          auto rowType = cast<RankedTensorType>(run.ops.front().getOutput().getType());
+          auto fallbackPackedType = getPackedTensorType(rowType, static_cast<int64_t>(run.ops.size()));
           SmallVector<Value> outputs;
-          outputs.reserve(run.size());
-          for (auto op : run)
+          outputs.reserve(run.ops.size());
+          for (auto op : run.ops)
             outputs.push_back(op.getOutput());
 
           unsigned concatStartIndex = 0;
@@ -522,10 +628,10 @@ void compactBatchChannelRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
             concatOp ? getPackedConcatSliceType(concatOp, concatStartIndex, static_cast<unsigned>(outputs.size()))
                      : RankedTensorType {};
           auto packedType = concatPackedType ? concatPackedType : fallbackPackedType;
-          rewriter.setInsertionPoint(run.front());
+          rewriter.setInsertionPoint(run.ops.front());
           auto compactReceive =
             spatial::SpatChannelReceiveTensorBatchOp::create(rewriter,
-                                                             run.front().getLoc(),
+                                                             run.ops.front().getLoc(),
                                                              packedType,
                                                              rewriter.getDenseI64ArrayAttr(channelIds),
                                                              rewriter.getDenseI32ArrayAttr(sourceCoreIds),
@@ -535,11 +641,11 @@ void compactBatchChannelRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
               concatOp, concatStartIndex, static_cast<unsigned>(outputs.size()), compactReceive.getOutput(), rewriter);
           }
           else {
-            for (auto [index, op] : llvm::enumerate(run))
+            for (auto [index, op] : llvm::enumerate(run.ops))
               op.getOutput().replaceAllUsesWith(extractPackedChunk(
                 compactReceive.getOutput(), rowType, static_cast<unsigned>(index), rewriter, op.getLoc()));
           }
-          for (auto op : run)
+          for (auto op : run.ops)
             rewriter.eraseOp(op);
 
           it = compactReceive->getIterator();
@@ -550,43 +656,38 @@ void compactBatchChannelRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
 
       auto sendOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatChannelSendBatchOp>(&*it);
       if (sendOp) {
-        SmallVector<spatial::SpatChannelSendBatchOp> run;
         Type inputType = sendOp.getInput().getType();
-        auto runIt = it;
-        while (runIt != block.end()) {
-          auto current = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatChannelSendBatchOp>(&*runIt);
-          if (!current || current.getInput().getType() != inputType)
-            break;
-          run.push_back(current);
-          ++runIt;
-        }
+        auto run = collectConsecutiveRun<spatial::SpatChannelSendBatchOp>(
+          it, block.end(), [&](spatial::SpatChannelSendBatchOp current) {
+            return current.getInput().getType() == inputType;
+          });
 
-        if (run.size() > 1) {
+        if (run.ops.size() > 1) {
           SmallVector<int64_t> channelIds;
           SmallVector<int32_t> sourceCoreIds;
           SmallVector<int32_t> targetCoreIds;
           SmallVector<Value> inputs;
-          inputs.reserve(run.size());
-          for (auto op : run) {
+          inputs.reserve(run.ops.size());
+          for (auto op : run.ops) {
             llvm::append_range(channelIds, op.getChannelIds());
             llvm::append_range(sourceCoreIds, op.getSourceCoreIds());
             llvm::append_range(targetCoreIds, op.getTargetCoreIds());
             inputs.push_back(op.getInput());
           }
 
-          rewriter.setInsertionPoint(run.front());
-          Value packedInput = createPackedTensorForValues(ValueRange(inputs), rewriter, run.front().getLoc());
+          rewriter.setInsertionPoint(run.ops.front());
+          Value packedInput = createPackedTensorForValues(ValueRange(inputs), rewriter, run.ops.front().getLoc());
           if (packedInput) {
             spatial::SpatChannelSendTensorBatchOp::create(rewriter,
-                                                          run.front().getLoc(),
+                                                          run.ops.front().getLoc(),
                                                           rewriter.getDenseI64ArrayAttr(channelIds),
                                                           rewriter.getDenseI32ArrayAttr(sourceCoreIds),
                                                           rewriter.getDenseI32ArrayAttr(targetCoreIds),
                                                           packedInput);
-            for (auto op : run)
+            for (auto op : run.ops)
               rewriter.eraseOp(op);
 
-            it = runIt;
+            it = run.end;
             continue;
           }
         }
@@ -614,8 +715,9 @@ void compactRegularOpRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
         continue;
       }
 
+      auto anchorEndIt = std::next(it, static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(anchorChunk->ops.size()));
       SmallVector<RegularChunk> run {*anchorChunk};
-      auto runIt = std::next(it, static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(anchorChunk->ops.size()));
+      auto runIt = anchorEndIt;
       while (runIt != block.end()) {
         auto candidateStart = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatVMMOp>(&*runIt);
         if (!candidateStart)
@@ -630,12 +732,26 @@ void compactRegularOpRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
       }
 
       if (run.size() <= 1) {
-        ++it;
+        it = anchorEndIt;
         continue;
       }
 
-      compactRegularChunkRun(rewriter, run);
-      it = runIt;
+      size_t originalOpCount = 0;
+      for (const RegularChunk& chunk : run)
+        originalOpCount += chunk.ops.size();
+
+      RegularCompactionResult result = compactRegularChunkRun(rewriter, run);
+      if (result.changed) {
+        assert(originalOpCount > anchorChunk->ops.size() && "successful regular compaction must consume the run");
+        if (!result.resumeAfter) {
+          it = block.end();
+          continue;
+        }
+        it = result.resumeAfter->getIterator();
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      it = anchorEndIt;
     }
   };
 
@@ -666,37 +782,32 @@ void compactRowWiseWvmmRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
         continue;
       }
 
-      SmallVector<spatial::SpatVMMOp> run;
-      auto runIt = it;
       int64_t expectedRow = static_cast<int64_t>(rowResult.getResultNumber());
-      while (runIt != block.end()) {
-        auto current = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatVMMOp>(&*runIt);
-        if (!current || current.getWeightIndex() != wvmmOp.getWeightIndex()
+      auto run = collectConsecutiveRun<spatial::SpatVMMOp>(it, block.end(), [&](spatial::SpatVMMOp current) {
+        if (current.getWeightIndex() != wvmmOp.getWeightIndex()
             || current.getInput().getDefiningOp<spatial::SpatExtractRowsOp>() != extractRowsOp
             || current.getInput().getType() != wvmmOp.getInput().getType()
-            || current.getOutput().getType() != wvmmOp.getOutput().getType()) {
-          break;
-        }
+            || current.getOutput().getType() != wvmmOp.getOutput().getType())
+          return false;
 
         auto currentRow = dyn_cast<OpResult>(current.getInput());
         if (!currentRow || currentRow.getResultNumber() != static_cast<unsigned>(expectedRow))
-          break;
+          return false;
 
-        run.push_back(current);
         ++expectedRow;
-        ++runIt;
-      }
+        return true;
+      });
 
-      if (run.size() <= 1) {
+      if (run.ops.size() <= 1) {
         ++it;
         continue;
       }
 
-      if (!run.front().getOutput().hasOneUse()) {
+      if (!run.ops.front().getOutput().hasOneUse()) {
         ++it;
         continue;
       }
-      auto concatUse = run.front().getOutput().getUses().begin();
+      auto concatUse = run.ops.front().getOutput().getUses().begin();
       auto concatOp = dyn_cast<spatial::SpatConcatOp>(concatUse->getOwner());
       if (!concatOp) {
         ++it;
@@ -705,7 +816,7 @@ void compactRowWiseWvmmRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
 
       unsigned concatStartIndex = concatUse->getOperandNumber();
       bool validConcatRun = true;
-      for (auto [index, op] : llvm::enumerate(run)) {
+      for (auto [index, op] : llvm::enumerate(run.ops)) {
         if (!op.getOutput().hasOneUse()) {
           validConcatRun = false;
           break;
@@ -736,17 +847,17 @@ void compactRowWiseWvmmRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
       }
 
       int64_t firstRow = static_cast<int64_t>(rowResult.getResultNumber());
-      int64_t runLength = static_cast<int64_t>(run.size());
+      int64_t runLength = static_cast<int64_t>(run.ops.size());
       auto packedType = RankedTensorType::get({runLength, outputCols}, outputType.getElementType());
 
-      rewriter.setInsertionPoint(run.front());
-      auto zero = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, run.front().getLoc(), 0);
-      auto upper = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, run.front().getLoc(), runLength);
-      auto step = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, run.front().getLoc(), 1);
+      rewriter.setInsertionPoint(run.ops.front());
+      auto zero = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, run.ops.front().getLoc(), 0);
+      auto upper = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, run.ops.front().getLoc(), runLength);
+      auto step = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, run.ops.front().getLoc(), 1);
       auto packedInit =
-        tensor::EmptyOp::create(rewriter, run.front().getLoc(), packedType.getShape(), packedType.getElementType());
+        tensor::EmptyOp::create(rewriter, run.ops.front().getLoc(), packedType.getShape(), packedType.getElementType());
       auto loop =
-        scf::ForOp::create(rewriter, run.front().getLoc(), zero, upper, step, ValueRange {packedInit.getResult()});
+        scf::ForOp::create(rewriter, run.ops.front().getLoc(), zero, upper, step, ValueRange {packedInit.getResult()});
 
       {
         OpBuilder::InsertionGuard guard(rewriter);
@@ -757,41 +868,41 @@ void compactRowWiseWvmmRuns(func::FuncOp funcOp) {
 
         Value sourceRow = iv;
         if (firstRow != 0) {
-          auto firstRowValue = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, run.front().getLoc(), firstRow);
-          sourceRow = arith::AddIOp::create(rewriter, run.front().getLoc(), iv, firstRowValue);
+          auto firstRowValue = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, run.ops.front().getLoc(), firstRow);
+          sourceRow = arith::AddIOp::create(rewriter, run.ops.front().getLoc(), iv, firstRowValue);
         }
 
         SmallVector<OpFoldResult> extractOffsets = {sourceRow, rewriter.getIndexAttr(0)};
         SmallVector<OpFoldResult> extractSizes = {rewriter.getIndexAttr(1), rewriter.getIndexAttr(inputCols)};
         SmallVector<OpFoldResult> extractStrides = {rewriter.getIndexAttr(1), rewriter.getIndexAttr(1)};
         auto extractedRow = tensor::ExtractSliceOp::create(rewriter,
-                                                           run.front().getLoc(),
+                                                           run.ops.front().getLoc(),
                                                            inputType,
                                                            extractRowsOp.getInput(),
                                                            extractOffsets,
                                                            extractSizes,
                                                            extractStrides);
         auto loopWvmm = spatial::SpatVMMOp::create(
-          rewriter, run.front().getLoc(), outputType, wvmmOp.getWeightIndex(), extractedRow.getResult());
+          rewriter, run.ops.front().getLoc(), outputType, wvmmOp.getWeightIndex(), extractedRow.getResult());
 
         SmallVector<OpFoldResult> insertOffsets = {iv, rewriter.getIndexAttr(0)};
         SmallVector<OpFoldResult> insertSizes = {rewriter.getIndexAttr(1), rewriter.getIndexAttr(outputCols)};
         SmallVector<OpFoldResult> insertStrides = {rewriter.getIndexAttr(1), rewriter.getIndexAttr(1)};
         auto inserted = tensor::InsertSliceOp::create(
-          rewriter, run.front().getLoc(), loopWvmm.getResult(), acc, insertOffsets, insertSizes, insertStrides);
-        scf::YieldOp::create(rewriter, run.front().getLoc(), inserted.getResult());
+          rewriter, run.ops.front().getLoc(), loopWvmm.getResult(), acc, insertOffsets, insertSizes, insertStrides);
+        scf::YieldOp::create(rewriter, run.ops.front().getLoc(), inserted.getResult());
       }
 
       SmallVector<Value> newConcatInputs;
-      newConcatInputs.reserve(concatOp.getInputs().size() - run.size() + 1);
+      newConcatInputs.reserve(concatOp.getInputs().size() - run.ops.size() + 1);
       for (auto [operandIndex, operand] : llvm::enumerate(concatOp.getInputs())) {
         if (operandIndex == concatStartIndex)
           newConcatInputs.push_back(loop.getResult(0));
-        if (operandIndex < concatStartIndex || operandIndex >= concatStartIndex + run.size())
+        if (operandIndex < concatStartIndex || operandIndex >= concatStartIndex + run.ops.size())
           newConcatInputs.push_back(operand);
       }
       rewriter.modifyOpInPlace(concatOp, [&] { concatOp->setOperands(newConcatInputs); });
-      for (auto op : run)
+      for (auto op : run.ops)
         rewriter.eraseOp(op);
 
       it = loop->getIterator();

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/RegularOpCompaction.hpp

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 namespace onnx_mlir {
 
+void orderBilateralChannelOps(mlir::func::FuncOp funcOp);
 void compactScalarChannelRuns(mlir::func::FuncOp funcOp, int64_t& nextChannelId);
 void compactBatchChannelRuns(mlir::func::FuncOp funcOp);
 void compactRegularOpRuns(mlir::func::FuncOp funcOp);

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/ComputeGraph.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Tensor/IR/Tensor.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/BuiltinTypes.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/Operation.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/Value.h"
+
+#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/Casting.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <limits>
+#include <optional>
+#include <queue>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "ComputeGraph.hpp"
+#include "src/Support/TypeUtilities.hpp"
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace spatial {
+
+using namespace mlir;
+
+namespace {
+
+Weight getComputeBodyWeight(Region &body) {
+  constexpr Weight kOperationWeight = 100;
+  Weight numOperations = 0;
+  for (auto &block : body)
+    for ([[maybe_unused]] auto &op : block)
+      numOperations = checkedAdd(numOperations, static_cast<Weight>(1));
+  return checkedMultiply(numOperations, kOperationWeight);
+}
+
+CrossbarUsage getComputeBodyCrossbarUsage(Region &body) {
+  CrossbarUsage crossbarUsage = 0;
+  for (auto &block : body)
+    for (auto &op : block)
+      if (isa<SpatVMMOp>(op))
+        crossbarUsage = checkedAdd(crossbarUsage, static_cast<CrossbarUsage>(1));
+  return crossbarUsage;
+}
+
+bool isUsedAsWeightOnly(Operation *producerOp) {
+  if (producerOp->getNumResults() == 0)
+    return false;
+  for (Value result : producerOp->getResults()) {
+    if (result.use_empty())
+      return false;
+    for (Operation *user : result.getUsers()) {
+      if (auto compute = dyn_cast<SpatCompute>(user)) {
+        if (!llvm::is_contained(compute.getWeights(), result))
+          return false;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (auto batch = dyn_cast<SpatComputeBatch>(user)) {
+        if (!llvm::is_contained(batch.getWeights(), result))
+          return false;
+        continue;
+      }
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return true;
+}
+
+std::vector<ComputeGraphEdge> aggregateEdges(llvm::ArrayRef<ComputeGraphEdge> edges) {
+  llvm::DenseMap<std::pair<size_t, size_t>, Weight> edgeWeights;
+  for (const ComputeGraphEdge &edge : edges) {
+    if (edge.source == edge.target)
+      continue;
+    auto inserted = edgeWeights.try_emplace({edge.source, edge.target}, edge.transferCost);
+    if (!inserted.second)
+      inserted.first->second = std::max(inserted.first->second, edge.transferCost);
+  }
+
+  std::vector<ComputeGraphEdge> aggregatedEdges;
+  aggregatedEdges.reserve(edgeWeights.size());
+  for (const auto &[key, weight] : edgeWeights)
+    aggregatedEdges.push_back({key.first, key.second, weight});
+  llvm::sort(aggregatedEdges, [](const ComputeGraphEdge &lhs, const ComputeGraphEdge &rhs) {
+    if (lhs.source != rhs.source)
+      return lhs.source < rhs.source;
+    return lhs.target < rhs.target;
+  });
+  return aggregatedEdges;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+Weight getComputeInstanceWeight(const ComputeInstance &instance) {
+  if (auto spatCompute = dyn_cast<SpatCompute>(instance.op))
+    return getSpatComputeWeight(spatCompute);
+  auto batch = cast<SpatComputeBatch>(instance.op);
+  return checkedMultiply(getComputeBodyWeight(batch.getBody()), static_cast<Weight>(instance.laneCount));
+}
+
+CrossbarUsage getComputeInstanceCrossbarUsage(const ComputeInstance &instance) {
+  if (auto spatCompute = dyn_cast<SpatCompute>(instance.op))
+    return getSpatComputeCrossbarUsage(spatCompute);
+  auto batch = cast<SpatComputeBatch>(instance.op);
+  return checkedMultiply(getComputeBodyCrossbarUsage(batch.getBody()),
+                         static_cast<CrossbarUsage>(instance.laneCount));
+}
+
+ComputeGraph buildComputeGraph(Operation *entryOp) {
+  ComputeGraph graph;
+
+  for (Region &region : entryOp->getRegions()) {
+    for (Block &block : region) {
+      for (Operation &op : block) {
+        if (auto spatCompute = dyn_cast<SpatCompute>(&op)) {
+          if (isUsedAsWeightOnly(spatCompute.getOperation()))
+            continue;
+          ComputeInstance instance {spatCompute.getOperation(), 0, 1};
+          size_t index = graph.nodes.size();
+          graph.nodes.push_back({instance, getComputeInstanceWeight(instance), getComputeInstanceCrossbarUsage(instance), index});
+          graph.instanceToIndex[instance] = index;
+          continue;
+        }
+        if (auto batch = dyn_cast<SpatComputeBatch>(&op)) {
+          if (isUsedAsWeightOnly(batch.getOperation()))
+            continue;
+          size_t chunkCount = getBatchChunkTargetCount(batch.getLaneCount());
+          for (size_t chunkIndex = 0; chunkIndex < chunkCount; ++chunkIndex) {
+            ComputeInstance instance = getBatchChunkForIndex(batch, chunkIndex);
+            size_t index = graph.nodes.size();
+            graph.nodes.push_back(
+              {instance, getComputeInstanceWeight(instance), getComputeInstanceCrossbarUsage(instance), index});
+            graph.instanceToIndex[instance] = index;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  llvm::SmallVector<ComputeGraphEdge, 16> rawEdges;
+  for (const auto &[targetIndex, node] : llvm::enumerate(graph.nodes)) {
+    for (Value input : getComputeInstanceInputs(node.instance)) {
+      auto producerInstance = getComputeProducerInstance(input);
+      if (!producerInstance)
+        continue;
+      auto producerIt = graph.instanceToIndex.find(*producerInstance);
+      if (producerIt == graph.instanceToIndex.end())
+        continue;
+      rawEdges.push_back(
+        {producerIt->second, targetIndex, static_cast<Weight>(getSizeInBytes(cast<ShapedType>(input.getType())))});
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::vector<ComputeGraphEdge> aggregatedEdges = aggregateEdges(rawEdges);
+  graph.edges.append(aggregatedEdges.begin(), aggregatedEdges.end());
+  graph.successors.assign(graph.nodes.size(), {});
+  graph.predecessors.assign(graph.nodes.size(), {});
+  for (const ComputeGraphEdge &edge : graph.edges) {
+    graph.successors[edge.source].push_back({edge.target, edge.transferCost});
+    graph.predecessors[edge.target].push_back({edge.source, edge.transferCost});
+  }
+
+  return graph;
+}
+
+bool verifyAcyclic(const ComputeGraph &graph) {
+  std::vector<size_t> remainingParents(graph.nodes.size(), 0);
+  std::queue<size_t> readyNodes;
+  for (size_t node = 0; node < graph.nodes.size(); ++node) {
+    remainingParents[node] = graph.predecessors[node].size();
+    if (remainingParents[node] == 0)
+      readyNodes.push(node);
+  }
+
+  size_t visited = 0;
+  while (!readyNodes.empty()) {
+    size_t node = readyNodes.front();
+    readyNodes.pop();
+    ++visited;
+    for (const auto &[child, weight] : graph.successors[node]) {
+      (void) weight;
+      assert(remainingParents[child] > 0 && "remaining parent count underflow");
+      if (--remainingParents[child] == 0)
+        readyNodes.push(child);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return visited == graph.nodes.size();
+}
+
+} // namespace spatial
+} // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/ComputeGraph.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "mlir/IR/Operation.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/Value.h"
+
+#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <optional>
+#include <utility>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "../DCPGraph/Utils.hpp"
+#include "ComputeInstance.hpp"
+#include "ComputeInstanceUtils.hpp"
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace spatial {
+
+struct ComputeGraphNode {
+  ComputeInstance instance;
+  Weight weight = 0;
+  CrossbarUsage crossbarUsage = 0;
+  size_t originalOrder = 0;
+};
+
+struct ComputeGraphEdge {
+  size_t source = 0;
+  size_t target = 0;
+  Weight transferCost = 0;
+};
+
+struct ComputeGraph {
+  llvm::SmallVector<ComputeGraphNode> nodes;
+  llvm::SmallVector<ComputeGraphEdge> edges;
+  std::vector<std::vector<std::pair<size_t, Weight>>> successors;
+  std::vector<std::vector<std::pair<size_t, Weight>>> predecessors;
+  llvm::DenseMap<ComputeInstance, size_t> instanceToIndex;
+};
+
+ComputeGraph buildComputeGraph(mlir::Operation *entryOp);
+bool verifyAcyclic(const ComputeGraph &graph);
+
+Weight getComputeInstanceWeight(const ComputeInstance &instance);
+CrossbarUsage getComputeInstanceCrossbarUsage(const ComputeInstance &instance);
+
+} // namespace spatial
+} // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/ComputeInstance.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "mlir/IR/Operation.h"
+
+#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMapInfo.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/Hashing.h"
+
+#include <cstdint>
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace spatial {
+
+struct ComputeInstance {
+  mlir::Operation *op = nullptr;
+  uint32_t laneStart = 0;
+  uint32_t laneCount = 1;
+
+  bool operator==(const ComputeInstance &other) const {
+    return op == other.op && laneStart == other.laneStart && laneCount == other.laneCount;
+  }
+};
+
+} // namespace spatial
+} // namespace onnx_mlir
+
+using ComputeInstance = onnx_mlir::spatial::ComputeInstance;
+
+namespace llvm {
+template <>
+struct DenseMapInfo<onnx_mlir::spatial::ComputeInstance> {
+  static onnx_mlir::spatial::ComputeInstance getEmptyKey() {
+    return {DenseMapInfo<mlir::Operation *>::getEmptyKey(), UINT32_MAX, UINT32_MAX};
+  }
+  static onnx_mlir::spatial::ComputeInstance getTombstoneKey() {
+    return {DenseMapInfo<mlir::Operation *>::getTombstoneKey(), UINT32_MAX, UINT32_MAX};
+  }
+  static unsigned getHashValue(const onnx_mlir::spatial::ComputeInstance &value) {
+    return llvm::hash_combine(value.op, value.laneStart, value.laneCount);
+  }
+  static bool isEqual(const onnx_mlir::spatial::ComputeInstance &lhs,
+                      const onnx_mlir::spatial::ComputeInstance &rhs) {
+    return lhs == rhs;
+  }
+};
+} // namespace llvm

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/ComputeInstanceUtils.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Tensor/IR/Tensor.h"
+
+#include <limits>
+
+#include "ComputeInstanceUtils.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimCompilerOptions.hpp"
+
+using namespace mlir;
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace spatial {
+
+size_t getSchedulingCpuBudget() {
+  if (coresCount.getValue() > 0)
+    return static_cast<size_t>(coresCount.getValue());
+  return std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
+}
+
+size_t getBatchChunkTargetCount(int32_t laneCount) {
+  assert(laneCount > 0 && "laneCount must be positive");
+  return std::min(static_cast<size_t>(laneCount), std::max<size_t>(1, getSchedulingCpuBudget()));
+}
+
+ComputeInstance getBatchChunkForIndex(SpatComputeBatch batch, size_t chunkIndex) {
+  size_t totalLanes = static_cast<size_t>(batch.getLaneCount());
+  size_t chunkCount = getBatchChunkTargetCount(batch.getLaneCount());
+  size_t baseChunkSize = totalLanes / chunkCount;
+  size_t largeChunkCount = totalLanes % chunkCount;
+
+  size_t laneStart = chunkIndex * baseChunkSize + std::min(chunkIndex, largeChunkCount);
+  size_t laneCount = baseChunkSize + (chunkIndex < largeChunkCount ? 1 : 0);
+  return {batch.getOperation(), static_cast<uint32_t>(laneStart), static_cast<uint32_t>(laneCount)};
+}
+
+ComputeInstance getBatchChunkForLane(SpatComputeBatch batch, uint32_t lane) {
+  size_t totalLanes = static_cast<size_t>(batch.getLaneCount());
+  size_t chunkCount = getBatchChunkTargetCount(batch.getLaneCount());
+  size_t baseChunkSize = totalLanes / chunkCount;
+  size_t largeChunkCount = totalLanes % chunkCount;
+  size_t largeChunkSpan = largeChunkCount * (baseChunkSize + 1);
+
+  size_t chunkIndex = 0;
+  if (static_cast<size_t>(lane) < largeChunkSpan)
+    chunkIndex = static_cast<size_t>(lane) / (baseChunkSize + 1);
+  else
+    chunkIndex = largeChunkCount + (static_cast<size_t>(lane) - largeChunkSpan) / baseChunkSize;
+  return getBatchChunkForIndex(batch, chunkIndex);
+}
+
+SpatCompute getOriginalSpatCompute(Operation *op) {
+  if (!op)
+    return {};
+
+  while (auto extract = dyn_cast<tensor::ExtractSliceOp>(op)) {
+    op = extract.getSource().getDefiningOp();
+    if (!op)
+      return {};
+  }
+
+  return dyn_cast<SpatCompute>(op);
+}
+
+std::optional<ProducerValueRef> getProducerValueRef(Value value) {
+  Operation *op = value.getDefiningOp();
+  if (!op)
+    return std::nullopt;
+
+  //TODO Extract Slice is not the only global non compute operation. There are other legal op
+  while (auto extract = dyn_cast<tensor::ExtractSliceOp>(op)) {
+    value = extract.getSource();
+    op = value.getDefiningOp();
+    if (!op)
+      return std::nullopt;
+  }
+
+  if (auto compute = dyn_cast<SpatCompute>(op)) {
+    return ProducerValueRef {
+      ComputeInstance {compute.getOperation(), 0, 1},
+      static_cast<size_t>(cast<OpResult>(value).getResultNumber())
+    };
+  }
+
+  if (auto batch = dyn_cast<SpatComputeBatch>(op)) {
+    uint32_t lane = static_cast<uint32_t>(cast<OpResult>(value).getResultNumber());
+    ComputeInstance instance = getBatchChunkForLane(batch, lane);
+    size_t resultIndex = static_cast<size_t>(lane - instance.laneStart);
+    return ProducerValueRef {instance, resultIndex};
+  }
+
+  return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+std::optional<ComputeInstance> getComputeProducerInstance(Value value) {
+  if (std::optional<ProducerValueRef> producer = getProducerValueRef(value))
+    return producer->instance;
+  return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+llvm::SmallVector<Value, 4> getComputeInstanceInputs(const ComputeInstance &instance) {
+  if (auto compute = dyn_cast<SpatCompute>(instance.op))
+    return llvm::SmallVector<Value, 4>(compute.getInputs().begin(), compute.getInputs().end());
+
+  auto batch = cast<SpatComputeBatch>(instance.op);
+  llvm::SmallVector<Value, 4> inputs;
+  inputs.reserve(instance.laneCount);
+  for (uint32_t lane = instance.laneStart; lane < instance.laneStart + instance.laneCount; ++lane)
+    if (!batch.getInputs().empty())
+      inputs.push_back(batch.getInputs()[lane]);
+  return inputs;
+}
+
+llvm::SmallVector<Value, 4> getComputeInstanceWeights(const ComputeInstance &instance) {
+  if (auto compute = dyn_cast<SpatCompute>(instance.op))
+    return llvm::SmallVector<Value, 4>(compute.getWeights().begin(), compute.getWeights().end());
+
+  auto batch = cast<SpatComputeBatch>(instance.op);
+  llvm::SmallVector<Value, 4> weights;
+  weights.reserve(instance.laneCount);
+  for (uint32_t lane = instance.laneStart; lane < instance.laneStart + instance.laneCount; ++lane)
+    weights.push_back(batch.getWeights()[lane]);
+  return weights;
+}
+
+llvm::SmallVector<Value, 4> getComputeInstanceOutputValues(const ComputeInstance &instance) {
+  if (auto compute = dyn_cast<SpatCompute>(instance.op))
+    return llvm::SmallVector<Value, 4>(compute.getResults().begin(), compute.getResults().end());
+
+  auto batch = cast<SpatComputeBatch>(instance.op);
+  llvm::SmallVector<Value, 4> outputs;
+  outputs.reserve(instance.laneCount);
+  for (uint32_t lane = instance.laneStart; lane < instance.laneStart + instance.laneCount; ++lane)
+    if (!batch.getOutputs().empty())
+      outputs.push_back(batch.getOutputs()[lane]);
+  return outputs;
+}
+
+llvm::SmallVector<Type, 4> getComputeInstanceOutputTypes(const ComputeInstance &instance) {
+  llvm::SmallVector<Type, 4> outputTypes;
+  for (Value output : getComputeInstanceOutputValues(instance))
+    outputTypes.push_back(output.getType());
+  return outputTypes;
+}
+
+Block &getComputeInstanceTemplateBlock(const ComputeInstance &instance) {
+  if (auto compute = dyn_cast<SpatCompute>(instance.op))
+    return compute.getBody().front();
+  return cast<SpatComputeBatch>(instance.op).getBody().front();
+}
+
+} // namespace spatial
+} // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/ComputeInstanceUtils.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "mlir/IR/Block.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/BuiltinTypes.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/Operation.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/Value.h"
+
+#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <optional>
+
+#include "ComputeInstance.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace spatial {
+
+struct ProducerValueRef {
+  ComputeInstance instance;
+  size_t resultIndex = 0;
+};
+
+size_t getSchedulingCpuBudget();
+size_t getBatchChunkTargetCount(int32_t laneCount);
+ComputeInstance getBatchChunkForIndex(SpatComputeBatch batch, size_t chunkIndex);
+ComputeInstance getBatchChunkForLane(SpatComputeBatch batch, uint32_t lane);
+
+SpatCompute getOriginalSpatCompute(mlir::Operation *op);
+std::optional<ProducerValueRef> getProducerValueRef(mlir::Value value);
+std::optional<ComputeInstance> getComputeProducerInstance(mlir::Value value);
+
+llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value, 4> getComputeInstanceInputs(const ComputeInstance &instance);
+llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value, 4> getComputeInstanceWeights(const ComputeInstance &instance);
+llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Value, 4> getComputeInstanceOutputValues(const ComputeInstance &instance);
+llvm::SmallVector<mlir::Type, 4> getComputeInstanceOutputTypes(const ComputeInstance &instance);
+mlir::Block &getComputeInstanceTemplateBlock(const ComputeInstance &instance);
+
+} // namespace spatial
+} // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/DcpScheduler.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,720 @@
+#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/FormatVariadic.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <limits>
+#include <numeric>
+#include <optional>
+#include <queue>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "DcpScheduler.hpp"
+#include "../DCPGraph/Graph.hpp"
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace spatial {
+
+using namespace mlir;
+
+namespace {
+
+bool isDcpCoarsenDebugEnabled() { return std::getenv("DCP_COARSEN_DEBUG") != nullptr; }
+
+struct VirtualNode {
+  llvm::SmallVector<size_t, 4> originalNodeIndices;
+  Weight weight = 0;
+  CrossbarUsage crossbarUsage = 0;
+};
+
+struct VirtualGraph {
+  std::vector<VirtualNode> nodes;
+  std::vector<IndexedEdge> edges;
+};
+
+struct TimingInfo {
+  std::vector<Time> aest;
+  std::vector<Time> alst;
+  std::vector<size_t> topologicalOrder;
+  bool valid = false;
+};
+
+struct WindowScheduleResult {
+  std::vector<std::vector<size_t>> mergeGroups;
+  CPU cpuCount = 0;
+  size_t mergedNodeCount = 0;
+  size_t maxMergeGroupSize = 0;
+};
+
+size_t getSchedulingCpuBudget(const DcpScheduleOptions &options) {
+  if (options.processorCount > 0)
+    return options.processorCount;
+  return std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
+}
+
+std::vector<IndexedEdge> aggregateEdges(llvm::ArrayRef<IndexedEdge> edges) {
+  llvm::DenseMap<std::pair<size_t, size_t>, Weight> edgeWeights;
+  for (auto [start, end, weight] : edges) {
+    size_t startIndex = static_cast<size_t>(start);
+    size_t endIndex = static_cast<size_t>(end);
+    if (startIndex == endIndex)
+      continue;
+    auto key = std::make_pair(startIndex, endIndex);
+    Weight edgeWeight = static_cast<Weight>(weight);
+    auto inserted = edgeWeights.try_emplace(key, edgeWeight);
+    if (!inserted.second)
+      inserted.first->second = std::max(inserted.first->second, edgeWeight);
+  }
+
+  std::vector<IndexedEdge> aggregatedEdges;
+  aggregatedEdges.reserve(edgeWeights.size());
+  for (auto [key, weight] : edgeWeights)
+    aggregatedEdges.push_back(
+      {static_cast<int64_t>(key.first), static_cast<int64_t>(key.second), static_cast<int64_t>(weight)});
+  llvm::sort(aggregatedEdges, [](const IndexedEdge &lhs, const IndexedEdge &rhs) {
+    if (std::get<0>(lhs) != std::get<0>(rhs))
+      return std::get<0>(lhs) < std::get<0>(rhs);
+    return std::get<1>(lhs) < std::get<1>(rhs);
+  });
+  return aggregatedEdges;
+}
+
+VirtualGraph buildInitialVirtualGraph(const ComputeGraph &graph) {
+  VirtualGraph virtualGraph;
+  virtualGraph.nodes.reserve(graph.nodes.size());
+  for (auto [index, node] : llvm::enumerate(graph.nodes)) {
+    VirtualNode virtualNode;
+    virtualNode.originalNodeIndices.push_back(index);
+    virtualNode.weight = node.weight;
+    virtualNode.crossbarUsage = node.crossbarUsage;
+    virtualGraph.nodes.push_back(std::move(virtualNode));
+  }
+
+  std::vector<IndexedEdge> edges;
+  edges.reserve(graph.edges.size());
+  for (const ComputeGraphEdge &edge : graph.edges)
+    edges.push_back(
+      {static_cast<int64_t>(edge.source), static_cast<int64_t>(edge.target), static_cast<int64_t>(edge.transferCost)});
+  virtualGraph.edges = aggregateEdges(edges);
+  return virtualGraph;
+}
+
+TimingInfo computeTiming(const VirtualGraph &graph) {
+  TimingInfo timing;
+  size_t nodeCount = graph.nodes.size();
+  timing.aest.assign(nodeCount, 0);
+  timing.alst.assign(nodeCount, 0);
+  timing.topologicalOrder.reserve(nodeCount);
+
+  std::vector<std::vector<std::pair<size_t, Weight>>> parents(nodeCount);
+  std::vector<std::vector<std::pair<size_t, Weight>>> children(nodeCount);
+  std::vector<size_t> incomingEdgeCount(nodeCount, 0);
+
+  for (auto [start, end, weight] : graph.edges) {
+    size_t startIndex = static_cast<size_t>(start);
+    size_t endIndex = static_cast<size_t>(end);
+    Weight edgeWeight = static_cast<Weight>(weight);
+    assert(startIndex < nodeCount && endIndex < nodeCount && "virtual edge endpoint out of range");
+    children[startIndex].push_back({endIndex, edgeWeight});
+    parents[endIndex].push_back({startIndex, edgeWeight});
+    incomingEdgeCount[endIndex]++;
+  }
+
+  auto getVirtualNodeOrderKey = [&](size_t nodeIndex) {
+    const VirtualNode &node = graph.nodes[nodeIndex];
+    if (!node.originalNodeIndices.empty())
+      return node.originalNodeIndices.front();
+    return nodeIndex;
+  };
+  auto readyNodeGreater = [&](size_t lhs, size_t rhs) {
+    size_t lhsKey = getVirtualNodeOrderKey(lhs);
+    size_t rhsKey = getVirtualNodeOrderKey(rhs);
+    if (lhsKey != rhsKey)
+      return lhsKey > rhsKey;
+    return lhs > rhs;
+  };
+  std::priority_queue<size_t, std::vector<size_t>, decltype(readyNodeGreater)> readyNodes(readyNodeGreater);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < nodeCount; ++i)
+    if (incomingEdgeCount[i] == 0)
+      readyNodes.push(i);
+
+  while (!readyNodes.empty()) {
+    size_t current = readyNodes.top();
+    readyNodes.pop();
+    timing.topologicalOrder.push_back(current);
+    for (auto [child, weight] : children[current]) {
+      (void) weight;
+      assert(incomingEdgeCount[child] > 0 && "incoming edge count underflow");
+      incomingEdgeCount[child]--;
+      if (incomingEdgeCount[child] == 0)
+        readyNodes.push(child);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (timing.topologicalOrder.size() != nodeCount)
+    return timing;
+
+  Time dcpl = 0;
+  for (size_t nodeIndex : timing.topologicalOrder) {
+    Time maxParentAest = 0;
+    for (auto [parent, transferCost] : parents[nodeIndex]) {
+      maxParentAest =
+        std::max(maxParentAest, addOrMax(addOrMax(timing.aest[parent], graph.nodes[parent].weight), transferCost));
+    }
+    timing.aest[nodeIndex] = maxParentAest;
+    dcpl = std::max(dcpl, addOrMax(maxParentAest, graph.nodes[nodeIndex].weight));
+  }
+
+  for (size_t nodeIndex : llvm::reverse(timing.topologicalOrder)) {
+    Time minAlst = std::numeric_limits<Time>::max();
+    if (children[nodeIndex].empty())
+      minAlst = subtractOrZero(dcpl, graph.nodes[nodeIndex].weight);
+    for (auto [child, transferCost] : children[nodeIndex]) {
+      minAlst =
+        std::min(minAlst, subtractOrZero(timing.alst[child], addOrMax(graph.nodes[nodeIndex].weight, transferCost)));
+    }
+    timing.alst[nodeIndex] = minAlst;
+  }
+
+  timing.valid = true;
+  return timing;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::vector<size_t>> buildUndirectedAdjacency(const VirtualGraph &graph) {
+  std::vector<std::vector<size_t>> adjacency(graph.nodes.size());
+  for (auto [start, end, weight] : graph.edges) {
+    (void) weight;
+    size_t startIndex = static_cast<size_t>(start);
+    size_t endIndex = static_cast<size_t>(end);
+    assert(startIndex < graph.nodes.size() && endIndex < graph.nodes.size() && "virtual edge endpoint out of range");
+    adjacency[startIndex].push_back(endIndex);
+    adjacency[endIndex].push_back(startIndex);
+  }
+  for (auto &neighbours : adjacency) {
+    llvm::sort(neighbours);
+    neighbours.erase(std::unique(neighbours.begin(), neighbours.end()), neighbours.end());
+  }
+  return adjacency;
+}
+
+std::vector<size_t> selectCriticalWindow(const VirtualGraph &graph, const TimingInfo &timing, size_t windowSize) {
+  std::vector<size_t> ranked(timing.aest.size());
+  std::iota(ranked.begin(), ranked.end(), 0);
+  auto isHigherPriority = [&](size_t lhs, size_t rhs) {
+    Time lhsSlack = slackOrZero(timing.aest[lhs], timing.alst[lhs]);
+    Time rhsSlack = slackOrZero(timing.aest[rhs], timing.alst[rhs]);
+    if (lhsSlack != rhsSlack)
+      return lhsSlack < rhsSlack;
+    if (timing.aest[lhs] != timing.aest[rhs])
+      return timing.aest[lhs] < timing.aest[rhs];
+    return lhs < rhs;
+  };
+
+  windowSize = std::min(windowSize, ranked.size());
+  if (windowSize == 0)
+    return {};
+  if (windowSize == ranked.size()) {
+    llvm::sort(ranked, isHigherPriority);
+    return ranked;
+  }
+
+  size_t criticalPoolSize = std::min(ranked.size(), std::max(windowSize, windowSize * 2));
+  if (criticalPoolSize < ranked.size())
+    std::nth_element(
+      ranked.begin(), ranked.begin() + static_cast<std::ptrdiff_t>(criticalPoolSize), ranked.end(), isHigherPriority);
+
+  std::vector<char> inCriticalPool(ranked.size(), false);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < criticalPoolSize; ++i)
+    inCriticalPool[ranked[i]] = true;
+
+  size_t seed = *std::min_element(ranked.begin(), ranked.end(), isHigherPriority);
+  std::vector<std::vector<size_t>> adjacency = buildUndirectedAdjacency(graph);
+  std::vector<size_t> selected;
+  std::vector<char> inWindow(ranked.size(), false);
+  selected.reserve(windowSize);
+
+  struct FrontierEntry {
+    size_t node;
+  };
+  auto frontierCompare = [&](FrontierEntry lhs, FrontierEntry rhs) { return isHigherPriority(rhs.node, lhs.node); };
+  std::priority_queue<FrontierEntry, std::vector<FrontierEntry>, decltype(frontierCompare)> frontier(frontierCompare);
+
+  auto addToWindow = [&](size_t node, const std::vector<char> &eligible) {
+    if (inWindow[node])
+      return;
+    inWindow[node] = true;
+    selected.push_back(node);
+    for (size_t neighbour : adjacency[node])
+      if (!inWindow[neighbour] && eligible[neighbour])
+        frontier.push({neighbour});
+  };
+
+  addToWindow(seed, inCriticalPool);
+  while (!frontier.empty() && selected.size() < windowSize) {
+    size_t node = frontier.top().node;
+    frontier.pop();
+    if (!inWindow[node])
+      addToWindow(node, inCriticalPool);
+  }
+
+  if (selected.size() < windowSize) {
+    std::vector<char> anyNode(ranked.size(), true);
+    for (size_t node : selected)
+      for (size_t neighbour : adjacency[node])
+        if (!inWindow[neighbour])
+          frontier.push({neighbour});
+    while (!frontier.empty() && selected.size() < windowSize) {
+      size_t node = frontier.top().node;
+      frontier.pop();
+      if (!inWindow[node])
+        addToWindow(node, anyNode);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (selected.size() < windowSize) {
+    llvm::sort(ranked, isHigherPriority);
+    for (size_t node : ranked) {
+      if (selected.size() == windowSize)
+        break;
+      if (!inWindow[node]) {
+        inWindow[node] = true;
+        selected.push_back(node);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  llvm::sort(selected, isHigherPriority);
+  return selected;
+}
+
+std::vector<IndexedEdge> buildWindowEdges(const VirtualGraph &graph, const std::vector<int64_t> &nodeToWindowIndex) {
+  std::vector<IndexedEdge> windowEdges;
+  windowEdges.reserve(graph.edges.size());
+  for (auto [start, end, weight] : graph.edges) {
+    int64_t mappedStart = nodeToWindowIndex[static_cast<size_t>(start)];
+    int64_t mappedEnd = nodeToWindowIndex[static_cast<size_t>(end)];
+    if (mappedStart == -1 || mappedEnd == -1)
+      continue;
+    windowEdges.push_back({mappedStart, mappedEnd, weight});
+  }
+  return aggregateEdges(windowEdges);
+}
+
+WindowScheduleResult scheduleWindow(const VirtualGraph &graph,
+                                    llvm::ArrayRef<size_t> selectedNodes,
+                                    const DcpScheduleOptions &options,
+                                    mlir::MLIRContext *context) {
+  std::vector<Weight> windowWeights;
+  std::vector<CrossbarUsage> windowCrossbarUsage;
+  std::vector<int64_t> windowNodeOrderKeys;
+  std::vector<int64_t> nodeToWindowIndex(graph.nodes.size(), -1);
+  windowWeights.reserve(selectedNodes.size());
+  windowCrossbarUsage.reserve(selectedNodes.size());
+  windowNodeOrderKeys.reserve(selectedNodes.size());
+
+  for (auto [windowIndex, nodeIndex] : llvm::enumerate(selectedNodes)) {
+    nodeToWindowIndex[nodeIndex] = static_cast<int64_t>(windowIndex);
+    windowWeights.push_back(graph.nodes[nodeIndex].weight);
+    windowCrossbarUsage.push_back(graph.nodes[nodeIndex].crossbarUsage);
+    windowNodeOrderKeys.push_back(static_cast<int64_t>(nodeIndex));
+  }
+
+  GraphDCP windowGraph(
+    windowWeights, buildWindowEdges(graph, nodeToWindowIndex), windowNodeOrderKeys, windowCrossbarUsage);
+  if (options.processorCount > 0)
+    windowGraph.setMaxCpuCount(static_cast<int>(options.processorCount));
+  windowGraph.setContext(context);
+  windowGraph.runDcp();
+
+  WindowScheduleResult result;
+  result.cpuCount = windowGraph.cpuCount();
+  for (CPU cpu = 0; cpu < windowGraph.cpuCount(); ++cpu) {
+    auto scheduledTasks = windowGraph.getScheduledTasks(cpu);
+    if (scheduledTasks.size() < 2)
+      continue;
+
+    result.mergedNodeCount += scheduledTasks.size();
+    result.maxMergeGroupSize = std::max(result.maxMergeGroupSize, scheduledTasks.size());
+    std::vector<size_t> mergeGroup;
+    mergeGroup.reserve(scheduledTasks.size());
+    for (const auto &task : scheduledTasks)
+      mergeGroup.push_back(selectedNodes[task.nodeIndex]);
+    result.mergeGroups.push_back(std::move(mergeGroup));
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+bool coarsenGraph(const VirtualGraph &graph,
+                  llvm::ArrayRef<std::vector<size_t>> mergeGroups,
+                  VirtualGraph &coarsenedGraph,
+                  std::vector<size_t> &oldToNewNode) {
+  TimingInfo timing = computeTiming(graph);
+  std::vector<size_t> topologicalRank(graph.nodes.size());
+  std::iota(topologicalRank.begin(), topologicalRank.end(), 0);
+  if (timing.valid)
+    for (auto [rank, nodeIndex] : llvm::enumerate(timing.topologicalOrder))
+      topologicalRank[nodeIndex] = rank;
+
+  std::vector<std::vector<size_t>> orderedMergeGroups;
+  orderedMergeGroups.reserve(mergeGroups.size());
+  for (const auto &mergeGroup : mergeGroups) {
+    orderedMergeGroups.emplace_back(mergeGroup.begin(), mergeGroup.end());
+    std::stable_sort(orderedMergeGroups.back().begin(), orderedMergeGroups.back().end(), [&](size_t lhs, size_t rhs) {
+      if (topologicalRank[lhs] != topologicalRank[rhs])
+        return topologicalRank[lhs] < topologicalRank[rhs];
+      return lhs < rhs;
+    });
+  }
+
+  std::vector<int64_t> nodeToMergeGroup(graph.nodes.size(), -1);
+  for (auto [groupIndex, mergeGroup] : llvm::enumerate(orderedMergeGroups)) {
+    if (mergeGroup.size() < 2)
+      continue;
+    for (size_t nodeIndex : mergeGroup) {
+      assert(nodeIndex < graph.nodes.size() && "merge group node out of range");
+      nodeToMergeGroup[nodeIndex] = static_cast<int64_t>(groupIndex);
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::vector<std::optional<size_t>> mergeGroupToNewNode(orderedMergeGroups.size());
+  std::vector<size_t> newNodeRank;
+  oldToNewNode.assign(graph.nodes.size(), 0);
+  bool mergedAny = false;
+  coarsenedGraph.nodes.clear();
+  coarsenedGraph.edges.clear();
+  coarsenedGraph.nodes.reserve(graph.nodes.size());
+  newNodeRank.reserve(graph.nodes.size());
+
+  for (size_t nodeIndex = 0; nodeIndex < graph.nodes.size(); ++nodeIndex) {
+    int64_t mergeGroupIndex = nodeToMergeGroup[nodeIndex];
+    if (mergeGroupIndex == -1) {
+      oldToNewNode[nodeIndex] = coarsenedGraph.nodes.size();
+      coarsenedGraph.nodes.push_back(graph.nodes[nodeIndex]);
+      newNodeRank.push_back(topologicalRank[nodeIndex]);
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    auto &newNodeIndex = mergeGroupToNewNode[static_cast<size_t>(mergeGroupIndex)];
+    if (newNodeIndex.has_value()) {
+      oldToNewNode[nodeIndex] = *newNodeIndex;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    VirtualNode mergedNode;
+    for (size_t memberIndex : orderedMergeGroups[static_cast<size_t>(mergeGroupIndex)]) {
+      const VirtualNode &memberNode = graph.nodes[memberIndex];
+      mergedNode.originalNodeIndices.append(memberNode.originalNodeIndices.begin(), memberNode.originalNodeIndices.end());
+      mergedNode.weight = addOrMax(mergedNode.weight, memberNode.weight);
+      mergedNode.crossbarUsage = addOrMax(mergedNode.crossbarUsage, memberNode.crossbarUsage);
+    }
+    std::sort(mergedNode.originalNodeIndices.begin(), mergedNode.originalNodeIndices.end());
+
+    mergedAny = true;
+    newNodeIndex = coarsenedGraph.nodes.size();
+    for (size_t memberIndex : orderedMergeGroups[static_cast<size_t>(mergeGroupIndex)])
+      oldToNewNode[memberIndex] = *newNodeIndex;
+    newNodeRank.push_back(topologicalRank[orderedMergeGroups[static_cast<size_t>(mergeGroupIndex)].front()]);
+    coarsenedGraph.nodes.push_back(std::move(mergedNode));
+  }
+
+  if (!mergedAny)
+    return false;
+
+  std::vector<IndexedEdge> remappedEdges;
+  remappedEdges.reserve(graph.edges.size());
+  for (auto [start, end, weight] : graph.edges) {
+    size_t newStart = oldToNewNode[static_cast<size_t>(start)];
+    size_t newEnd = oldToNewNode[static_cast<size_t>(end)];
+    if (newStart == newEnd)
+      continue;
+    if (newNodeRank[newStart] >= newNodeRank[newEnd])
+      continue;
+    remappedEdges.push_back({static_cast<int64_t>(newStart), static_cast<int64_t>(newEnd), weight});
+  }
+  coarsenedGraph.edges = aggregateEdges(remappedEdges);
+
+  return true;
+}
+
+size_t getDcpCoarseningWindowSize(size_t nodeCount, const DcpScheduleOptions &options) {
+  size_t windowSize = std::min(options.criticalWindowSize, nodeCount);
+  CPU maxCpuCount = std::max<CPU>(1, static_cast<CPU>(getSchedulingCpuBudget(options)));
+  if (nodeCount > static_cast<size_t>(maxCpuCount))
+    windowSize = std::max(windowSize, std::min(nodeCount, static_cast<size_t>(maxCpuCount) + 1));
+  return windowSize;
+}
+
+void assignFeasibleAest(const ComputeGraph &graph, MergeScheduleResult &result) {
+  llvm::DenseMap<ComputeInstance, size_t> nodeIndexByInstance;
+  nodeIndexByInstance.reserve(graph.nodes.size());
+  for (auto [nodeIndex, node] : llvm::enumerate(graph.nodes))
+    nodeIndexByInstance[node.instance] = nodeIndex;
+
+  struct ScheduledEdge {
+    size_t target = 0;
+    Time delay = 0;
+  };
+
+  std::vector<std::vector<ScheduledEdge>> scheduledChildren(graph.nodes.size());
+  std::vector<size_t> incomingEdgeCount(graph.nodes.size(), 0);
+  for (const ComputeGraphEdge &edge : graph.edges) {
+    const ComputeInstance sourceInstance = graph.nodes[edge.source].instance;
+    const ComputeInstance targetInstance = graph.nodes[edge.target].instance;
+    const size_t sourceCpu = result.computeToCpuMap.lookup(sourceInstance);
+    const size_t targetCpu = result.computeToCpuMap.lookup(targetInstance);
+
+    Time delay = graph.nodes[edge.source].weight;
+    if (sourceCpu != targetCpu)
+      delay = addOrMax(delay, edge.transferCost);
+
+    scheduledChildren[edge.source].push_back({edge.target, delay});
+    incomingEdgeCount[edge.target]++;
+  }
+
+  llvm::DenseMap<size_t, std::vector<std::pair<size_t, size_t>>> tasksByCpu;
+  for (const ComputeGraphNode &node : graph.nodes) {
+    size_t cpu = result.computeToCpuMap.lookup(node.instance);
+    size_t slot = result.computeToCpuSlotMap.lookup(node.instance);
+    tasksByCpu[cpu].push_back({slot, nodeIndexByInstance.lookup(node.instance)});
+  }
+
+  for (auto &entry : tasksByCpu) {
+    auto &scheduledTasks = entry.second;
+    llvm::sort(scheduledTasks, [](const auto &lhs, const auto &rhs) {
+      if (lhs.first != rhs.first)
+        return lhs.first < rhs.first;
+      return lhs.second < rhs.second;
+    });
+
+    for (size_t i = 1; i < scheduledTasks.size(); ++i) {
+      size_t sourceIndex = scheduledTasks[i - 1].second;
+      size_t targetIndex = scheduledTasks[i].second;
+      scheduledChildren[sourceIndex].push_back({targetIndex, graph.nodes[sourceIndex].weight});
+      incomingEdgeCount[targetIndex]++;
+    }
+  }
+
+  auto readyNodeGreater = [&](size_t lhs, size_t rhs) {
+    if (graph.nodes[lhs].originalOrder != graph.nodes[rhs].originalOrder)
+      return graph.nodes[lhs].originalOrder > graph.nodes[rhs].originalOrder;
+    return lhs > rhs;
+  };
+  std::priority_queue<size_t, std::vector<size_t>, decltype(readyNodeGreater)> readyNodes(readyNodeGreater);
+  for (size_t nodeIndex = 0; nodeIndex < graph.nodes.size(); ++nodeIndex)
+    if (incomingEdgeCount[nodeIndex] == 0)
+      readyNodes.push(nodeIndex);
+
+  std::vector<Time> startTimes(graph.nodes.size(), 0);
+  size_t processedNodeCount = 0;
+  while (!readyNodes.empty()) {
+    size_t sourceIndex = readyNodes.top();
+    readyNodes.pop();
+    processedNodeCount++;
+
+    for (const ScheduledEdge &edge : scheduledChildren[sourceIndex]) {
+      startTimes[edge.target] = std::max(startTimes[edge.target], addOrMax(startTimes[sourceIndex], edge.delay));
+      assert(incomingEdgeCount[edge.target] > 0 && "scheduled incoming edge count underflow");
+      incomingEdgeCount[edge.target]--;
+      if (incomingEdgeCount[edge.target] == 0)
+        readyNodes.push(edge.target);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (processedNodeCount != graph.nodes.size())
+    llvm::report_fatal_error("merge scheduling: coarsened DCP schedule is cyclic");
+
+  for (auto [nodeIndex, node] : llvm::enumerate(graph.nodes))
+    result.computeToAestMap[node.instance] = startTimes[nodeIndex];
+}
+
+MergeScheduleResult buildResultFromVirtualGraph(const VirtualGraph &graph, const ComputeGraph &originalGraph) {
+  MergeScheduleResult result;
+
+  TimingInfo timing = computeTiming(graph);
+  std::vector<size_t> virtualNodeOrder;
+  if (timing.valid)
+    virtualNodeOrder = std::move(timing.topologicalOrder);
+  else {
+    virtualNodeOrder.resize(graph.nodes.size());
+    std::iota(virtualNodeOrder.begin(), virtualNodeOrder.end(), 0);
+  }
+
+  std::vector<size_t> originalNodeToCpu(originalGraph.nodes.size(), 0);
+  for (auto [cpu, virtualNodeIndex] : llvm::enumerate(virtualNodeOrder)) {
+    const VirtualNode &virtualNode = graph.nodes[virtualNodeIndex];
+    for (size_t originalIndex : virtualNode.originalNodeIndices)
+      originalNodeToCpu[originalIndex] = cpu;
+  }
+
+  result.dominanceOrderCompute.reserve(originalGraph.nodes.size());
+  llvm::DenseMap<size_t, size_t> nextCpuSlot;
+  for (auto [originalIndex, node] : llvm::enumerate(originalGraph.nodes)) {
+    size_t cpu = originalNodeToCpu[originalIndex];
+    result.dominanceOrderCompute.push_back(node.instance);
+    result.computeToCpuMap[node.instance] = cpu;
+    result.computeToCpuSlotMap[node.instance] = nextCpuSlot[cpu]++;
+    result.cpuToLastComputeMap[cpu] = node.instance;
+  }
+  for (const auto &[cpu, lastCompute] : result.cpuToLastComputeMap)
+    result.isLastComputeOfCpu.insert(lastCompute);
+  assignFeasibleAest(originalGraph, result);
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+MergeScheduleResult buildResultFromScheduledGraph(GraphDCP &graphDCP, const ComputeGraph &graph) {
+  MergeScheduleResult result;
+  result.dominanceOrderCompute.reserve(graph.nodes.size());
+  for (const ComputeGraphNode &node : graph.nodes)
+    result.dominanceOrderCompute.push_back(node.instance);
+
+  for (CPU cpu = 0; cpu < graphDCP.cpuCount(); ++cpu) {
+    auto scheduledTasks = graphDCP.getScheduledTasks(cpu);
+    if (scheduledTasks.empty())
+      continue;
+
+    for (auto [slot, task] : llvm::enumerate(scheduledTasks)) {
+      const ComputeInstance instance = graph.nodes[task.nodeIndex].instance;
+      result.computeToCpuMap[instance] = cpu;
+      result.computeToCpuSlotMap[instance] = slot;
+      result.computeToAestMap[instance] = static_cast<uint64_t>(task.aest);
+    }
+
+    const ComputeInstance lastInstance = graph.nodes[scheduledTasks.back().nodeIndex].instance;
+    result.cpuToLastComputeMap[cpu] = lastInstance;
+    result.isLastComputeOfCpu.insert(lastInstance);
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+
+MergeScheduleResult runLegacyDcp(const ComputeGraph &graph, const DcpScheduleOptions &options, mlir::MLIRContext *context) {
+  llvm::SmallVector<Weight> nodeWeights;
+  llvm::SmallVector<CrossbarUsage> nodeCrossbarUsage;
+  llvm::SmallVector<int64_t> nodeOrderKeys;
+  llvm::SmallVector<IndexedEdge> edges;
+  nodeWeights.reserve(graph.nodes.size());
+  nodeCrossbarUsage.reserve(graph.nodes.size());
+  nodeOrderKeys.reserve(graph.nodes.size());
+  edges.reserve(graph.edges.size());
+
+  for (const ComputeGraphNode &node : graph.nodes) {
+    nodeWeights.push_back(node.weight);
+    nodeCrossbarUsage.push_back(node.crossbarUsage);
+    nodeOrderKeys.push_back(static_cast<int64_t>(node.originalOrder));
+  }
+  for (const ComputeGraphEdge &edge : graph.edges) {
+    edges.push_back(
+      {static_cast<int64_t>(edge.source), static_cast<int64_t>(edge.target), static_cast<int64_t>(edge.transferCost)});
+  }
+
+  GraphDCP graphDCP(nodeWeights, edges, nodeOrderKeys, nodeCrossbarUsage);
+  if (options.processorCount > 0)
+    graphDCP.setMaxCpuCount(static_cast<int>(options.processorCount));
+  graphDCP.setContext(context);
+  graphDCP.runDcp();
+  return buildResultFromScheduledGraph(graphDCP, graph);
+}
+
+bool needsExactScheduledBatches(const ComputeGraph &graph, const DcpScheduleOptions &options) {
+  if (options.processorCount == 0 || !options.allowFallbackForAutoCoreCount)
+    return false;
+  size_t schedulingCpuBudget = getSchedulingCpuBudget(options);
+  return llvm::any_of(graph.nodes, [&](const ComputeGraphNode &node) {
+    auto batch = dyn_cast<SpatComputeBatch>(node.instance.op);
+    return batch && static_cast<size_t>(batch.getLaneCount()) > schedulingCpuBudget;
+  });
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+MergeScheduleResult
+runDcpScheduler(const ComputeGraph &graph, const DcpScheduleOptions &options, mlir::MLIRContext *context) {
+  if (needsExactScheduledBatches(graph, options))
+    return runLegacyDcp(graph, options, context);
+
+  if (options.criticalWindowSize == 0)
+    return runLegacyDcp(graph, options, context);
+
+  VirtualGraph virtualGraph = buildInitialVirtualGraph(graph);
+  size_t iteration = 0;
+  bool debugCoarsening = isDcpCoarsenDebugEnabled();
+  auto tryCoarsenSelectedNodes = [&](llvm::ArrayRef<size_t> selectedNodes) {
+    size_t oldNodeCount = virtualGraph.nodes.size();
+    WindowScheduleResult windowSchedule = scheduleWindow(virtualGraph, selectedNodes, options, context);
+    if (windowSchedule.mergeGroups.empty()) {
+      if (debugCoarsening && oldNodeCount >= 200)
+        llvm::errs() << llvm::formatv("[DCP-COARSEN] iter={0} old={1} selected={2} windowCpus={3} "
+                                      "groups=0 mergedNodes=0 maxGroup=0 new={1} changed=0\n",
+                                      iteration,
+                                      oldNodeCount,
+                                      selectedNodes.size(),
+                                      windowSchedule.cpuCount);
+      return false;
+    }
+
+    VirtualGraph coarsenedGraph;
+    std::vector<size_t> oldToNewNode;
+    if (!coarsenGraph(virtualGraph, windowSchedule.mergeGroups, coarsenedGraph, oldToNewNode))
+      return false;
+    if (debugCoarsening && (oldNodeCount >= 200 || coarsenedGraph.nodes.size() >= 200))
+      llvm::errs() << llvm::formatv("[DCP-COARSEN] iter={0} old={1} selected={2} windowCpus={3} "
+                                    "groups={4} mergedNodes={5} maxGroup={6} new={7} changed={8}\n",
+                                    iteration,
+                                    oldNodeCount,
+                                    selectedNodes.size(),
+                                    windowSchedule.cpuCount,
+                                    windowSchedule.mergeGroups.size(),
+                                    windowSchedule.mergedNodeCount,
+                                    windowSchedule.maxMergeGroupSize,
+                                    coarsenedGraph.nodes.size(),
+                                    oldNodeCount - coarsenedGraph.nodes.size());
+    virtualGraph = std::move(coarsenedGraph);
+    return true;
+  };
+
+  while (virtualGraph.nodes.size() > 1) {
+    if (virtualGraph.nodes.size() <= getSchedulingCpuBudget(options)) {
+      if (debugCoarsening && virtualGraph.nodes.size() >= 200)
+        llvm::errs() << llvm::formatv(
+          "[DCP-COARSEN] iter={0} old={1} stop=cpu-budget\n", iteration, virtualGraph.nodes.size());
+      break;
+    }
+
+    iteration++;
+    TimingInfo timing = computeTiming(virtualGraph);
+    if (!timing.valid) {
+      if (debugCoarsening && virtualGraph.nodes.size() >= 200)
+        llvm::errs() << llvm::formatv(
+          "[DCP-COARSEN] iter={0} old={1} invalid-timing\n", iteration, virtualGraph.nodes.size());
+      break;
+    }
+
+    llvm::SmallVector<size_t> selectedNodes;
+    auto criticalWindow =
+      selectCriticalWindow(virtualGraph, timing, getDcpCoarseningWindowSize(virtualGraph.nodes.size(), options));
+    selectedNodes.append(criticalWindow.begin(), criticalWindow.end());
+
+    if (selectedNodes.size() < 2) {
+      if (debugCoarsening && virtualGraph.nodes.size() >= 200)
+        llvm::errs() << llvm::formatv("[DCP-COARSEN] iter={0} old={1} selected={2} stop=small-window\n",
+                                      iteration,
+                                      virtualGraph.nodes.size(),
+                                      selectedNodes.size());
+      break;
+    }
+
+    if (tryCoarsenSelectedNodes(selectedNodes))
+      continue;
+    if (debugCoarsening && virtualGraph.nodes.size() >= 200)
+      llvm::errs() << llvm::formatv(
+        "[DCP-COARSEN] iter={0} old={1} stop=no-merge\n", iteration, virtualGraph.nodes.size());
+    break;
+  }
+
+  return buildResultFromVirtualGraph(virtualGraph, graph);
+}
+
+} // namespace spatial
+} // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/DcpScheduler.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "mlir/IR/MLIRContext.h"
+
+#include "ComputeGraph.hpp"
+#include "MergeSchedule.hpp"
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace spatial {
+
+struct DcpScheduleOptions {
+  size_t processorCount = 0;
+  size_t criticalWindowSize = 0;
+  bool allowFallbackForAutoCoreCount = true;
+};
+
+MergeScheduleResult
+runDcpScheduler(const ComputeGraph &graph, const DcpScheduleOptions &options, mlir::MLIRContext *context);
+
+} // namespace spatial
+} // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/MergeSchedule.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/DenseSet.h"
+
+#include <cstddef>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "ComputeInstance.hpp"
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace spatial {
+
+struct MergeScheduleResult {
+  std::vector<ComputeInstance> dominanceOrderCompute;
+  llvm::DenseMap<ComputeInstance, size_t> computeToCpuMap;
+  llvm::DenseMap<ComputeInstance, size_t> computeToCpuSlotMap;
+  llvm::DenseMap<ComputeInstance, uint64_t> computeToAestMap;
+  llvm::DenseSet<ComputeInstance> isLastComputeOfCpu;
+  llvm::DenseMap<size_t, ComputeInstance> cpuToLastComputeMap;
+};
+
+} // namespace spatial
+} // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/MergeSchedulingAnalysis.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/FormatVariadic.h"
+
+#include <limits>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "ComputeGraph.hpp"
+#include "../DCPGraph/DCPAnalysis.hpp"
+#include "DcpScheduler.hpp"
+#include "MergeSchedulingAnalysis.hpp"
+#include "PeftScheduler.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimCompilerOptions.hpp"
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace spatial {
+
+namespace {
+
+MergeSchedulerKind getSchedulerKind() {
+  switch (pimMergeScheduler.getValue()) {
+  case MergeSchedulerPeft:
+    return MergeSchedulerKind::Peft;
+  case MergeSchedulerDcp:
+    return MergeSchedulerKind::Dcp;
+  }
+  llvm_unreachable("unknown merge scheduler kind");
+}
+
+void verifySchedule(const ComputeGraph &graph, const MergeScheduleResult &result, CrossbarUsage crossbarCapacity) {
+  llvm::DenseMap<size_t, std::vector<std::pair<size_t, size_t>>> tasksByCpu;
+  tasksByCpu.reserve(result.cpuToLastComputeMap.size());
+
+  for (size_t nodeIndex = 0; nodeIndex < graph.nodes.size(); ++nodeIndex) {
+    const ComputeInstance instance = graph.nodes[nodeIndex].instance;
+    if (!result.computeToCpuMap.count(instance))
+      llvm::report_fatal_error("merge scheduling: missing CPU assignment");
+    if (!result.computeToCpuSlotMap.count(instance))
+      llvm::report_fatal_error("merge scheduling: missing CPU slot assignment");
+    if (!result.computeToAestMap.count(instance))
+      llvm::report_fatal_error("merge scheduling: missing start time");
+
+    tasksByCpu[result.computeToCpuMap.lookup(instance)].push_back(
+      {result.computeToCpuSlotMap.lookup(instance), nodeIndex});
+  }
+
+  for (auto &entry : tasksByCpu) {
+    auto &scheduledTasks = entry.second;
+    llvm::sort(scheduledTasks, [](const auto &lhs, const auto &rhs) {
+      if (lhs.first != rhs.first)
+        return lhs.first < rhs.first;
+      return lhs.second < rhs.second;
+    });
+
+    CrossbarUsage usedCrossbars = 0;
+    for (size_t slot = 0; slot < scheduledTasks.size(); ++slot) {
+      if (scheduledTasks[slot].first != slot)
+        llvm::report_fatal_error("merge scheduling: CPU slots are not contiguous");
+      usedCrossbars = addOrMax(usedCrossbars, graph.nodes[scheduledTasks[slot].second].crossbarUsage);
+      if (usedCrossbars > crossbarCapacity)
+        llvm::report_fatal_error("merge scheduling: CPU crossbar capacity exceeded");
+    }
+
+    const ComputeInstance expectedLast = graph.nodes[scheduledTasks.back().second].instance;
+    auto lastIt = result.cpuToLastComputeMap.find(entry.first);
+    if (lastIt == result.cpuToLastComputeMap.end() || !(lastIt->second == expectedLast))
+      llvm::report_fatal_error("merge scheduling: cpuToLastComputeMap does not match slot order");
+    if (!result.isLastComputeOfCpu.count(expectedLast))
+      llvm::report_fatal_error("merge scheduling: missing last-compute marker");
+  }
+
+  for (const ComputeGraphEdge &edge : graph.edges) {
+    const ComputeInstance source = graph.nodes[edge.source].instance;
+    const ComputeInstance target = graph.nodes[edge.target].instance;
+    const size_t sourceCpu = result.computeToCpuMap.lookup(source);
+    const size_t targetCpu = result.computeToCpuMap.lookup(target);
+    const size_t sourceSlot = result.computeToCpuSlotMap.lookup(source);
+    const size_t targetSlot = result.computeToCpuSlotMap.lookup(target);
+    const Time sourceStart = static_cast<Time>(result.computeToAestMap.lookup(source));
+    const Time targetStart = static_cast<Time>(result.computeToAestMap.lookup(target));
+    if (sourceCpu == targetCpu && sourceSlot >= targetSlot)
+      llvm::report_fatal_error("merge scheduling: same-CPU dependency order is invalid");
+
+    Time earliestTargetStart = addOrMax(sourceStart, graph.nodes[edge.source].weight);
+    if (sourceCpu != targetCpu)
+      earliestTargetStart = addOrMax(earliestTargetStart, edge.transferCost);
+    if (targetStart < earliestTargetStart) {
+      std::string message = llvm::formatv("merge scheduling: dependency legality failed between tasks {0} and {1}",
+                                          graph.nodes[edge.source].originalOrder,
+                                          graph.nodes[edge.target].originalOrder)
+                              .str();
+      llvm::report_fatal_error(llvm::StringRef(message));
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+MergeSchedulingAnalysis::MergeSchedulingAnalysis(mlir::Operation *op)
+  : entryOp(op) {
+  result = run();
+}
+
+MergeScheduleResult MergeSchedulingAnalysis::run() {
+  verifyExplicitPimCoreCount();
+  ComputeGraph graph = buildComputeGraph(entryOp);
+  if (!verifyAcyclic(graph))
+    llvm::report_fatal_error("merge scheduling: compute graph is cyclic");
+
+  MergeSchedulingOptions options;
+  options.kind = getSchedulerKind();
+  if (coresCount.getValue() > 0)
+    options.processorCount = static_cast<size_t>(coresCount.getValue());
+
+  MergeScheduleResult schedule;
+  if (options.kind == MergeSchedulerKind::Peft) {
+    schedule = runPeftScheduler(
+      graph,
+      PeftScheduleOptions {options.processorCount, static_cast<CrossbarUsage>(crossbarCountInCore.getValue()),
+                           entryOp->getContext()});
+  }
+  else {
+    schedule = runDcpScheduler(
+      graph,
+      DcpScheduleOptions {
+        options.processorCount,
+        dcpCriticalWindowSize.getValue(),
+        options.allowDcpFallbackForAutoCoreCount
+      },
+      entryOp->getContext());
+  }
+
+  verifySchedule(graph, schedule, static_cast<CrossbarUsage>(crossbarCountInCore.getValue()));
+  return schedule;
+}
+
+} // namespace spatial
+} // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/MergeSchedulingAnalysis.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "mlir/IR/Operation.h"
+
+#include <cstddef>
+
+#include "MergeSchedule.hpp"
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace spatial {
+
+enum class MergeSchedulerKind {
+  Dcp,
+  Peft,
+};
+
+struct MergeSchedulingOptions {
+  MergeSchedulerKind kind = MergeSchedulerKind::Peft;
+  size_t processorCount = 0;
+  bool allowDcpFallbackForAutoCoreCount = true;
+};
+
+class MergeSchedulingAnalysis {
+public:
+  explicit MergeSchedulingAnalysis(mlir::Operation *op);
+  MergeScheduleResult &getResult() { return result; }
+
+private:
+  mlir::Operation *entryOp = nullptr;
+  MergeScheduleResult result;
+
+  MergeScheduleResult run();
+};
+
+} // namespace spatial
+} // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/PeftScheduler.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+#include "mlir/IR/Threading.h"
+
+#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/ErrorHandling.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/FormatVariadic.h"
+
+#include <limits>
+#include <queue>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include "PeftScheduler.hpp"
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace spatial {
+
+namespace {
+
+struct ScheduledTask {
+  size_t processor = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
+  Time startTime = 0;
+  Time endTime = 0;
+  size_t slot = 0;
+};
+
+std::vector<std::vector<size_t>> buildReverseLevels(const ComputeGraph& graph) {
+  std::vector<size_t> remainingSuccessors(graph.nodes.size(), 0);
+  std::queue<size_t> readySinks;
+  std::vector<std::vector<size_t>> reverseLevels;
+
+  for (size_t node = 0; node < graph.nodes.size(); ++node) {
+    remainingSuccessors[node] = graph.successors[node].size();
+    if (remainingSuccessors[node] == 0)
+      readySinks.push(node);
+  }
+
+  size_t levelizedCount = 0;
+  while (!readySinks.empty()) {
+    size_t levelSize = readySinks.size();
+    std::vector<size_t> levelNodes;
+    levelNodes.reserve(levelSize);
+    for (size_t i = 0; i < levelSize; ++i) {
+      size_t node = readySinks.front();
+      readySinks.pop();
+      levelNodes.push_back(node);
+      ++levelizedCount;
+      for (const auto& [pred, weight] : graph.predecessors[node]) {
+        assert(remainingSuccessors[pred] > 0 && "remaining successor count underflow");
+        if (--remainingSuccessors[pred] == 0)
+          readySinks.push(pred);
+      }
+    }
+    reverseLevels.push_back(std::move(levelNodes));
+  }
+
+  if (levelizedCount != graph.nodes.size())
+    llvm::report_fatal_error("PEFT scheduler: compute graph is cyclic or malformed");
+
+  return reverseLevels;
+}
+
+void verifyOctTableSize(size_t nodeCount, size_t processorCount) {
+  constexpr size_t kMaxOctTableBytes = 1ull << 30;
+  if (nodeCount == 0 || processorCount == 0)
+    return;
+  if (processorCount > std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / sizeof(Time))
+    llvm::report_fatal_error("PEFT scheduler: OCT table size overflow");
+  size_t rowBytes = processorCount * sizeof(Time);
+  if (nodeCount > std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max() / rowBytes)
+    llvm::report_fatal_error("PEFT scheduler: OCT table size overflow");
+  size_t totalBytes = nodeCount * rowBytes;
+  if (totalBytes > kMaxOctTableBytes) {
+    std::string message = llvm::formatv("PEFT scheduler: OCT table would require {0} MiB, exceeding the 1024 MiB guard",
+                                        totalBytes / (1024 * 1024))
+                            .str();
+    llvm::report_fatal_error(llvm::StringRef(message));
+  }
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+MergeScheduleResult runPeftScheduler(const ComputeGraph& graph, const PeftScheduleOptions& options) {
+  const size_t nodeCount = graph.nodes.size();
+  const size_t processorCount = options.processorCount;
+  if (processorCount == 0)
+    llvm::report_fatal_error("PEFT scheduler: processor count must be positive");
+
+  verifyOctTableSize(nodeCount, processorCount);
+  std::vector<std::vector<size_t>> reverseLevels = buildReverseLevels(graph);
+
+  // MOCK: Replace this with your actual heterogeneous cost lookup.
+  // If graph.nodes[task] is modified to hold a vector of weights per processor, access it here.
+  auto getComputeCost = [&](size_t task, size_t processor) -> Time { return graph.nodes[task].weight; };
+
+  std::vector<Time> oct(nodeCount * processorCount, 0);
+  std::vector<Time> minOctPlusComp(nodeCount, 0);
+
+  // 1. O(P(E+V)) Heterogeneous OCT Calculation
+  for (const std::vector<size_t>& levelNodes : reverseLevels) {
+    auto computeNodeOct = [&](size_t levelIndex) {
+      size_t task = levelNodes[levelIndex];
+      std::vector<Time> maxVals(processorCount, 0);
+
+      for (const auto& [succ, comm] : graph.successors[task]) {
+        Time valDifferentCpu = addOrMax(minOctPlusComp[succ], comm);
+        for (size_t processor = 0; processor < processorCount; ++processor) {
+          Time valSameCpu = addOrMax(oct[succ * processorCount + processor], getComputeCost(succ, processor));
+          Time bestSucc = std::min(valSameCpu, valDifferentCpu);
+          maxVals[processor] = std::max(maxVals[processor], bestSucc);
+        }
+      }
+
+      Time minForPreds = std::numeric_limits<Time>::max();
+      for (size_t processor = 0; processor < processorCount; ++processor) {
+        oct[task * processorCount + processor] = maxVals[processor];
+        minForPreds = std::min(minForPreds, addOrMax(maxVals[processor], getComputeCost(task, processor)));
+      }
+      minOctPlusComp[task] = minForPreds == std::numeric_limits<Time>::max() ? 0 : minForPreds;
+    };
+
+    if (options.context != nullptr)
+      mlir::parallelFor(options.context, 0, levelNodes.size(), computeNodeOct);
+    else
+      for (size_t i = 0; i < levelNodes.size(); ++i)
+        computeNodeOct(i);
+  }
+
+  struct RankEntry {
+    long double rank = 0.0L;
+    size_t node = 0;
+    size_t originalOrder = 0;
+  };
+  std::vector<RankEntry> ranks(nodeCount);
+  auto computeRank = [&](size_t node) {
+    long double rank = 0.0L;
+    for (size_t processor = 0; processor < processorCount; ++processor)
+      rank += static_cast<long double>(oct[node * processorCount + processor]);
+    ranks[node] = {rank, node, graph.nodes[node].originalOrder};
+  };
+
+  if (options.context != nullptr)
+    mlir::parallelFor(options.context, 0, nodeCount, computeRank);
+  else
+    for (size_t node = 0; node < nodeCount; ++node)
+      computeRank(node);
+
+  auto readyCompare = [&](size_t lhs, size_t rhs) {
+    const RankEntry& lhsRank = ranks[lhs];
+    const RankEntry& rhsRank = ranks[rhs];
+    if (lhsRank.rank != rhsRank.rank)
+      return lhsRank.rank < rhsRank.rank;
+    if (lhsRank.originalOrder != rhsRank.originalOrder)
+      return lhsRank.originalOrder > rhsRank.originalOrder;
+    return lhs > rhs;
+  };
+
+  std::vector<int> remainingParents(nodeCount, 0);
+  std::priority_queue<size_t, std::vector<size_t>, decltype(readyCompare)> readyQueue(readyCompare);
+  for (size_t node = 0; node < nodeCount; ++node) {
+    remainingParents[node] = graph.predecessors[node].size();
+    if (remainingParents[node] == 0)
+      readyQueue.push(node);
+  }
+
+  std::vector<char> scheduled(nodeCount, false);
+  std::vector<CrossbarUsage> processorCrossbars(processorCount, 0);
+  std::vector<ScheduledTask> schedules(nodeCount);
+  std::vector<std::vector<size_t>> tasksByProcessor(processorCount);
+
+  size_t scheduledCount = 0;
+  while (!readyQueue.empty()) {
+    size_t task = readyQueue.top();
+    readyQueue.pop();
+    if (scheduled[task])
+      continue;
+
+    size_t bestProcessor = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
+    Time bestEst = 0;
+    Time bestEft = 0;
+    Time bestOeft = std::numeric_limits<Time>::max();
+    bool crossbarRejected = false;
+
+    for (size_t processor = 0; processor < processorCount; ++processor) {
+      if (graph.nodes[task].crossbarUsage != 0
+          && addOrMax(processorCrossbars[processor], graph.nodes[task].crossbarUsage) > options.crossbarCapacity) {
+        crossbarRejected = true;
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      Time dataReady = 0;
+      for (const auto& [pred, comm] : graph.predecessors[task]) {
+        const ScheduledTask& predSchedule = schedules[pred];
+        Time commPenalty = predSchedule.processor == processor ? 0 : comm;
+        dataReady = std::max(dataReady, addOrMax(predSchedule.endTime, commPenalty));
+      }
+
+      // 2. PEFT Gap-Filling EST Calculation (Maintains optimal scheduling math)
+      Time compWeight = getComputeCost(task, processor);
+      Time est = dataReady;
+      Time currentEnd = 0;
+      bool foundGap = false;
+
+      for (size_t schedTaskIndex : tasksByProcessor[processor]) {
+        const ScheduledTask& schedTask = schedules[schedTaskIndex];
+        Time gapStart = std::max(currentEnd, dataReady);
+
+        if (addOrMax(gapStart, compWeight) <= schedTask.startTime) {
+          est = gapStart;
+          foundGap = true;
+          break;
+        }
+        currentEnd = schedTask.endTime;
+      }
+
+      if (!foundGap)
+        est = std::max(currentEnd, dataReady);
+
+      Time eft = addOrMax(est, compWeight);
+      Time oeft = addOrMax(eft, oct[task * processorCount + processor]);
+
+      if (oeft < bestOeft || (oeft == bestOeft && eft < bestEft)
+          || (oeft == bestOeft && eft == bestEft && est < bestEst)
+          || (oeft == bestOeft && eft == bestEft && est == bestEst && processor < bestProcessor)) {
+        bestProcessor = processor;
+        bestEst = est;
+        bestEft = eft;
+        bestOeft = oeft;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (bestProcessor == std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max()) {
+      if (crossbarRejected) {
+        std::string message =
+          llvm::formatv("PEFT scheduler: no valid processor for task {0}; crossbar capacity {1} is exhausted",
+                        graph.nodes[task].originalOrder,
+                        options.crossbarCapacity)
+            .str();
+        llvm::report_fatal_error(llvm::StringRef(message));
+      }
+      std::string message = llvm::formatv("PEFT scheduler: no valid processor for task {0} with {1} processors",
+                                          graph.nodes[task].originalOrder,
+                                          processorCount)
+                              .str();
+      llvm::report_fatal_error(llvm::StringRef(message));
+    }
+
+    schedules[task] = {bestProcessor, bestEst, bestEft, 0};
+    scheduled[task] = true;
+    ++scheduledCount;
+    processorCrossbars[bestProcessor] = addOrMax(processorCrossbars[bestProcessor], graph.nodes[task].crossbarUsage);
+
+    // 3. CRITICAL FIX: Topological Append
+    // Because the readyQueue pops in strict topological order, simply pushing to the
+    // back guarantees the Monoliths will be physically generated cycle-free.
+    // The hardware will still benefit from the processor assignment chosen by PEFT.
+    tasksByProcessor[bestProcessor].push_back(task);
+
+    for (const auto& [child, weight] : graph.successors[task]) {
+      (void) weight;
+      assert(remainingParents[child] > 0 && "remaining parent count underflow");
+      if (--remainingParents[child] == 0)
+        readyQueue.push(child);
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (scheduledCount != nodeCount)
+    llvm::report_fatal_error("PEFT scheduler: failed to schedule every compute node");
+
+  // 4. Build Strict Topological Dominance Order
+  std::vector<size_t> scheduledOrder(nodeCount);
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < nodeCount; ++i)
+    scheduledOrder[i] = i;
+
+  std::sort(scheduledOrder.begin(), scheduledOrder.end(), [&](size_t a, size_t b) {
+    return graph.nodes[a].originalOrder < graph.nodes[b].originalOrder;
+  });
+
+  // 5. Populate Final Result
+  MergeScheduleResult result;
+  result.dominanceOrderCompute.reserve(nodeCount);
+
+  for (size_t task : scheduledOrder)
+    result.dominanceOrderCompute.push_back(graph.nodes[task].instance);
+
+  for (size_t processor = 0; processor < processorCount; ++processor) {
+    size_t currentSlot = 0;
+    for (size_t task : tasksByProcessor[processor]) {
+      const ComputeInstance instance = graph.nodes[task].instance;
+      result.computeToCpuMap[instance] = processor;
+      result.computeToCpuSlotMap[instance] = currentSlot++;
+      result.computeToAestMap[instance] = schedules[task].startTime;
+    }
+    if (!tasksByProcessor[processor].empty()) {
+      const ComputeInstance lastInstance = graph.nodes[tasksByProcessor[processor].back()].instance;
+      result.cpuToLastComputeMap[processor] = lastInstance;
+      result.isLastComputeOfCpu.insert(lastInstance);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return result;
+}
+} // namespace spatial
+} // namespace onnx_mlir
+

src/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/Transforms/MergeComputeNodes/Scheduling/PeftScheduler.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "mlir/IR/MLIRContext.h"
+
+#include "ComputeGraph.hpp"
+#include "MergeSchedule.hpp"
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+namespace spatial {
+
+struct PeftScheduleOptions {
+  size_t processorCount = 0;
+  CrossbarUsage crossbarCapacity = 0;
+  mlir::MLIRContext *context = nullptr;
+};
+
+MergeScheduleResult runPeftScheduler(const ComputeGraph &graph, const PeftScheduleOptions &options);
+
+} // namespace spatial
+} // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Pass/PimCodegen/EmitPimCodePass.cpp

@@ -24,8 +24,11 @@ struct EmitPimCodePass : PassWrapper<EmitPimCodePass, OperationPass<ModuleOp>> {
     createDirectory(pimDir);
 
     int compiler_error_code = compileToPimCode(moduleOp, pimDir);
-    if (compiler_error_code != CompilerSuccess)
+    if (compiler_error_code != CompilerSuccess) {
+      moduleOp.emitError() << "failed to emit PIM simulator code artifacts; compiler error code "
+                           << compiler_error_code;
       signalPassFailure();
+    }
   }
 };
 

src/PIM/Pass/PimCodegen/HostConstantFolding/HostConstantFoldingPass.cpp

@@ -32,14 +32,16 @@ struct HostConstantFoldingPass : PassWrapper<HostConstantFoldingPass, OperationP
   }
 
   void runOnOperation() override {
+    ModuleOp moduleOp = getOperation();
     GreedyRewriteConfig config;
     config.enableFolding();
-    if (failed(applyPatternsGreedily(getOperation(), *patterns, config))) {
+    if (failed(applyPatternsGreedily(moduleOp, *patterns, config))) {
+      moduleOp.emitError("PIM host constant folding failed in the greedy rewrite driver");
       signalPassFailure();
       return;
     }
 
-    dumpModule(getOperation(), "pim3_folded");
+    dumpModule(moduleOp, "pim3_folded");
   }
 
   std::shared_ptr<const FrozenRewritePatternSet> patterns;

src/PIM/Pass/PimCodegen/HostConstantFolding/Patterns/Subview.cpp

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Arith/IR/Arith.h"
+#include "mlir/Dialect/SCF/IR/SCF.h"
 
 #include "../Common.hpp"
-#include "../Patterns.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/PimCommon.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Pim/PimOps.hpp"
 
@@ -66,6 +66,83 @@ static Value buildSubviewChunk(const StaticSubviewInfo& info,
   return memref::SubViewOp::create(rewriter, loc, info.source, chunkOffsets, chunkSizes, chunkStrides);
 }
 
+static SmallVector<Value> delinearizeIndexValue(Value linearIndex,
+                                                ArrayRef<int64_t> shape,
+                                                ArrayRef<int64_t> strides,
+                                                PatternRewriter& rewriter) {
+  SmallVector<Value> indices;
+  indices.reserve(shape.size());
+
+  Value remaining = linearIndex;
+  for (auto [_dim, stride] : llvm::enumerate(strides)) {
+    auto cStride = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, linearIndex.getLoc(), stride);
+    Value index = arith::DivUIOp::create(rewriter, linearIndex.getLoc(), remaining, cStride);
+    indices.push_back(index);
+    remaining = arith::RemUIOp::create(rewriter, linearIndex.getLoc(), remaining, cStride);
+  }
+
+  return indices;
+}
+
+static OpFoldResult addDynamicOffset(OpFoldResult baseOffset, Value extraOffset, PatternRewriter& rewriter) {
+  if (auto attr = dyn_cast<Attribute>(baseOffset)) {
+    auto integerAttr = cast<IntegerAttr>(attr);
+    if (integerAttr.getInt() == 0)
+      return extraOffset;
+
+    auto cst = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, extraOffset.getLoc(), integerAttr.getInt());
+    return arith::AddIOp::create(rewriter, extraOffset.getLoc(), cst, extraOffset).getResult();
+  }
+
+  auto value = cast<Value>(baseOffset);
+  return arith::AddIOp::create(rewriter, value.getLoc(), value, extraOffset).getResult();
+}
+
+static Value buildDynamicSubviewChunk(const StaticSubviewInfo& info,
+                                      ArrayRef<Value> outerIndices,
+                                      Location loc,
+                                      PatternRewriter& rewriter) {
+  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> chunkOffsets;
+  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> chunkSizes;
+  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> chunkStrides;
+  chunkOffsets.reserve(info.offsets.size());
+  chunkSizes.reserve(info.sizes.size());
+  chunkStrides.reserve(info.strides.size());
+
+  for (size_t dim = 0; dim < info.sizes.size(); ++dim) {
+    if (dim + 1 < info.sizes.size()) {
+      assert(info.strides[dim] == 1 && "loop-based subview rewrite requires unit strides");
+      chunkOffsets.push_back(addDynamicOffset(info.offsets[dim], outerIndices[dim], rewriter));
+      chunkSizes.push_back(rewriter.getIndexAttr(1));
+    }
+    else {
+      chunkOffsets.push_back(info.offsets[dim]);
+      chunkSizes.push_back(rewriter.getIndexAttr(info.sizes.back()));
+    }
+    chunkStrides.push_back(rewriter.getIndexAttr(info.strides[dim]));
+  }
+
+  return memref::SubViewOp::create(rewriter, loc, info.source, chunkOffsets, chunkSizes, chunkStrides);
+}
+
+static Value buildContiguousChunk(
+  Value source, ArrayRef<int64_t> copyShape, ArrayRef<Value> outerIndices, Location loc, PatternRewriter& rewriter) {
+  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> chunkOffsets;
+  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> chunkSizes;
+  SmallVector<OpFoldResult> chunkStrides;
+  chunkOffsets.reserve(copyShape.size());
+  chunkSizes.reserve(copyShape.size());
+  chunkStrides.reserve(copyShape.size());
+
+  for (size_t dim = 0; dim < copyShape.size(); ++dim) {
+    chunkOffsets.push_back(dim + 1 < copyShape.size() ? OpFoldResult(outerIndices[dim]) : rewriter.getIndexAttr(0));
+    chunkSizes.push_back(rewriter.getIndexAttr(dim + 1 < copyShape.size() ? 1 : copyShape.back()));
+    chunkStrides.push_back(rewriter.getIndexAttr(1));
+  }
+
+  return memref::SubViewOp::create(rewriter, loc, source, chunkOffsets, chunkSizes, chunkStrides);
+}
+
 template <typename CopyOp, typename CreateCopyOp>
 static LogicalResult rewriteSubviewCopyLikeOp(CopyOp copyOp,
                                               Value dst,
@@ -73,6 +150,7 @@ static LogicalResult rewriteSubviewCopyLikeOp(CopyOp copyOp,
                                               int64_t dstOffset,
                                               int64_t srcOffset,
                                               int64_t size,
+                                              bool allowLoopRewrite,
                                               PatternRewriter& rewriter,
                                               CreateCopyOp createCopyOp) {
   auto srcSubview = getStaticSubviewInfo(src);
@@ -114,6 +192,27 @@ static LogicalResult rewriteSubviewCopyLikeOp(CopyOp copyOp,
   auto outerStrides = computeRowMajorStrides(outerShape);
   const int64_t numSlices = outerShape.empty() ? 1 : getNumElements(outerShape);
 
+  if (allowLoopRewrite && numSlices > 1 && srcOffset == 0 && dstOffset == 0
+      && sourceType.getRank() == static_cast<int64_t>(copyShape.size())
+      && dstType.getRank() == static_cast<int64_t>(copyShape.size())) {
+    auto c0 = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, copyOp.getLoc(), 0);
+    auto cUpper = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, copyOp.getLoc(), numSlices);
+    auto cStep = arith::ConstantIndexOp::create(rewriter, copyOp.getLoc(), 1);
+
+    auto loop = scf::ForOp::create(rewriter, copyOp.getLoc(), c0, cUpper, cStep, ValueRange {});
+    rewriter.setInsertionPointToStart(loop.getBody());
+
+    SmallVector<Value> outerIndices =
+      outerShape.empty() ? SmallVector<Value> {}
+                         : delinearizeIndexValue(loop.getInductionVar(), outerShape, outerStrides, rewriter);
+    Value chunkDst = splitDst ? buildDynamicSubviewChunk(*dstSubview, outerIndices, copyOp.getLoc(), rewriter)
+                              : buildContiguousChunk(dst, copyShape, outerIndices, copyOp.getLoc(), rewriter);
+    Value chunkSrc = splitSrc ? buildDynamicSubviewChunk(*srcSubview, outerIndices, copyOp.getLoc(), rewriter)
+                              : buildContiguousChunk(src, copyShape, outerIndices, copyOp.getLoc(), rewriter);
+    createCopyOp(cast<MemRefType>(chunkDst.getType()), chunkDst, chunkSrc, 0, 0, sliceBytes);
+    return success();
+  }
+
   rewriter.setInsertionPoint(copyOp);
   for (int64_t linearIndex = 0; linearIndex < numSlices; ++linearIndex) {
     SmallVector<int64_t> outerIndices =
@@ -143,6 +242,7 @@ struct RewriteCoreSubviewCopyPattern final : OpRewritePattern<pim::PimMemCopyOp>
       copyOp.getTargetOffset(),
       copyOp.getSourceOffset(),
       copyOp.getSize(),
+      /*allowLoopRewrite=*/true,
       rewriter,
       [&](
         MemRefType resultType, Value dst, Value src, int64_t dstByteOffset, int64_t srcByteOffset, int64_t sliceBytes) {
@@ -175,6 +275,7 @@ struct RewriteHostSubviewLoadPattern final : OpRewritePattern<pim::PimMemCopyHos
       copyOp.getDeviceTargetOffset(),
       copyOp.getHostSourceOffset(),
       copyOp.getSize(),
+      /*allowLoopRewrite=*/true,
       rewriter,
       [&](
         MemRefType resultType, Value dst, Value src, int64_t dstByteOffset, int64_t srcByteOffset, int64_t sliceBytes) {
@@ -207,6 +308,7 @@ struct RewriteHostSubviewStorePattern final : OpRewritePattern<pim::PimMemCopyDe
       copyOp.getHostTargetOffset(),
       copyOp.getDeviceSourceOffset(),
       copyOp.getSize(),
+      /*allowLoopRewrite=*/false,
       rewriter,
       [&](
         MemRefType resultType, Value dst, Value src, int64_t dstByteOffset, int64_t srcByteOffset, int64_t sliceBytes) {

src/PIM/Pass/PimCodegen/MaterializeHostConstantsPass.cpp

@@ -160,6 +160,7 @@ struct MaterializeHostConstantsPass : PassWrapper<MaterializeHostConstantsPass,
     }
 
     if (hasFailure) {
+      moduleOp.emitError("PIM host-constant materialization failed; see diagnostics above");
       signalPassFailure();
       return;
     }

src/PIM/Pass/PimCodegen/VerificationPass.cpp

@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@
 
 #include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
 
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/IR/SubviewUtils.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/PimCommon.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/Support/Diagnostics.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Pim/PimOps.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Spatial/SpatialOps.hpp"
-#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/IR/SubviewUtils.hpp"
 
 using namespace mlir;
 
@@ -67,6 +68,14 @@ static bool isCodegenAddressableValue(Value value) {
       || isa<memref::AllocOp, memref::GetGlobalOp>(resolvedAddress->base.getDefiningOp());
 }
 
+static bool isCodegenAddressableValue(Value value, const StaticValueKnowledge& knowledge) {
+  auto resolvedAddress = resolveContiguousAddress(value, knowledge);
+  if (failed(resolvedAddress))
+    return false;
+  return isa<BlockArgument>(resolvedAddress->base)
+      || isa<memref::AllocOp, memref::GetGlobalOp>(resolvedAddress->base.getDefiningOp());
+}
+
 static bool isConstantGlobalView(Value value) {
   while (true) {
     Operation* defOp = value.getDefiningOp();
@@ -88,6 +97,22 @@ static bool isConstantGlobalView(Value value) {
       value = cast.getSource();
       continue;
     }
+    if (auto collapse = dyn_cast<memref::CollapseShapeOp>(defOp)) {
+      auto srcType = dyn_cast<MemRefType>(collapse.getSrc().getType());
+      auto resultType = dyn_cast<MemRefType>(collapse.getResult().getType());
+      if (!srcType || !resultType || !srcType.hasStaticShape() || !resultType.hasStaticShape())
+        return false;
+      value = collapse.getSrc();
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (auto expand = dyn_cast<memref::ExpandShapeOp>(defOp)) {
+      auto srcType = dyn_cast<MemRefType>(expand.getSrc().getType());
+      auto resultType = dyn_cast<MemRefType>(expand.getResult().getType());
+      if (!srcType || !resultType || !srcType.hasStaticShape() || !resultType.hasStaticShape())
+        return false;
+      value = expand.getSrc();
+      continue;
+    }
     return false;
   }
 }
@@ -144,14 +169,15 @@ struct VerificationPass : PassWrapper<VerificationPass, OperationPass<ModuleOp>>
 
   void runOnOperation() override {
     ModuleOp moduleOp = getOperation();
-    bool hasFailure = false;
+    pim::CappedDiagnosticReporter diagnostics;
 
     moduleOp.walk([&](Operation* op) {
       if (op->getDialect()->getNamespace() != "spat")
         return;
 
-      op->emitError("illegal Spatial operation reached PIM codegen verification");
-      hasFailure = true;
+      diagnostics.report(op, [](Operation* illegalOp) {
+        illegalOp->emitError("illegal Spatial operation reached PIM codegen verification");
+      });
     });
 
     for (func::FuncOp funcOp : moduleOp.getOps<func::FuncOp>()) {
@@ -160,49 +186,56 @@ struct VerificationPass : PassWrapper<VerificationPass, OperationPass<ModuleOp>>
 
       for (Operation& op : funcOp.getBody().front().getOperations()) {
         if (auto coreOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimCoreOp>(&op)) {
-          if (failed(verifyCoreWeights(moduleOp, coreOp)) || failed(verifyCoreOperands(coreOp)))
-            hasFailure = true;
+          (void) verifyCoreWeights(moduleOp, coreOp, diagnostics);
+          (void) verifyCoreOperands(coreOp, diagnostics);
           continue;
         }
 
         if (auto coreBatchOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimCoreBatchOp>(&op)) {
-          if (failed(verifyCoreWeights(moduleOp, coreBatchOp)) || failed(verifyCoreOperands(coreBatchOp)))
-            hasFailure = true;
+          (void) verifyCoreWeights(moduleOp, coreBatchOp, diagnostics);
+          (void) verifyCoreOperands(coreBatchOp, diagnostics);
           continue;
         }
 
         if (auto returnOp = dyn_cast<func::ReturnOp>(&op)) {
-          if (failed(verifyReturnOp(returnOp)))
-            hasFailure = true;
+          (void) verifyReturnOp(returnOp, diagnostics);
           continue;
         }
 
         if (!isAddressOnlyHostOp(&op)) {
-          op.emitOpError("illegal host-side runtime op remains after PIM bufferization; "
-                         "fold it to constants or lower it into pim.core");
-          hasFailure = true;
+          diagnostics.report(&op, [](Operation* illegalOp) {
+            illegalOp->emitOpError("illegal host-side runtime op remains after PIM bufferization; "
+                                   "fold it to constants or lower it into pim.core");
+          });
           continue;
         }
 
-        if (failed(verifyAddressOnlyHostOp(&op)))
-          hasFailure = true;
+        (void) verifyAddressOnlyHostOp(&op, diagnostics);
       }
     }
 
-    if (hasFailure)
+    if (diagnostics.hasFailure()) {
+      diagnostics.emitSuppressedSummary(moduleOp, "verification failures");
+      moduleOp.emitError("PIM codegen verification failed; see diagnostics above");
       signalPassFailure();
+    }
   }
 
 private:
   template <typename CoreOpTy>
-  static LogicalResult verifyCoreWeights(ModuleOp moduleOp, CoreOpTy coreOp) {
+  static LogicalResult
+  verifyCoreWeights(ModuleOp moduleOp, CoreOpTy coreOp, pim::CappedDiagnosticReporter& diagnostics) {
     bool hasFailure = false;
-    for (auto [weightIndex, weight] : llvm::enumerate(coreOp.getWeights())) {
+    for (auto it : llvm::enumerate(coreOp.getWeights())) {
+      size_t weightIndex = it.index();
+      Value weight = it.value();
       auto getGlobalOp = weight.template getDefiningOp<memref::GetGlobalOp>();
       if (!getGlobalOp && !isConstantGlobalView(weight)) {
-        coreOp.emitOpError() << "weight #" << weightIndex
-                             << " must be materialized as a constant memref.global or a static view of one before JSON "
-                                "codegen";
+        diagnostics.report(coreOp.getOperation(), [&](Operation*) {
+          coreOp.emitOpError() << "weight #" << weightIndex
+                               << " must be materialized as a constant memref.global or a static view of one before "
+                                  "JSON codegen";
+        });
         hasFailure = true;
         continue;
       }
@@ -212,14 +245,18 @@ private:
 
       auto globalOp = lookupGlobalForGetGlobal(moduleOp, getGlobalOp);
       if (!globalOp) {
-        coreOp.emitOpError() << "weight #" << weightIndex << " references an unknown memref.global";
+        diagnostics.report(coreOp.getOperation(), [&](Operation*) {
+          coreOp.emitOpError() << "weight #" << weightIndex << " references an unknown memref.global";
+        });
         hasFailure = true;
         continue;
       }
 
       if (!globalOp.getConstant() || !globalOp.getInitialValue()) {
-        coreOp.emitOpError() << "weight #" << weightIndex
-                             << " must come from a constant memref.global with an initial value";
+        diagnostics.report(coreOp.getOperation(), [&](Operation*) {
+          coreOp.emitOpError() << "weight #" << weightIndex
+                               << " must come from a constant memref.global with an initial value";
+        });
         hasFailure = true;
       }
     }
@@ -227,11 +264,15 @@ private:
     return success(!hasFailure);
   }
 
-  static LogicalResult verifyReturnOp(func::ReturnOp returnOp) {
+  static LogicalResult verifyReturnOp(func::ReturnOp returnOp, pim::CappedDiagnosticReporter& diagnostics) {
     bool hasFailure = false;
-    for (auto [resultIndex, operand] : llvm::enumerate(returnOp.getOperands())) {
+    for (auto it : llvm::enumerate(returnOp.getOperands())) {
+      size_t resultIndex = it.index();
+      Value operand = it.value();
       if (!isCodegenAddressableValue(operand)) {
-        returnOp.emitOpError() << "result #" << resultIndex << " is not backed by contiguous addressable storage";
+        diagnostics.report(returnOp.getOperation(), [&](Operation*) {
+          returnOp.emitOpError() << "result #" << resultIndex << " is not backed by contiguous addressable storage";
+        });
         hasFailure = true;
       }
     }
@@ -239,38 +280,50 @@ private:
   }
 
   template <typename CoreOpTy>
-  static LogicalResult verifyCoreOperands(CoreOpTy coreOp) {
+  static LogicalResult verifyCoreOperands(CoreOpTy coreOp, pim::CappedDiagnosticReporter& diagnostics) {
     return walkPimCoreBlock(
-      coreOp.getBody().front(), StaticValueKnowledge {}, [](Operation& op, const StaticValueKnowledge& knowledge) {
+      coreOp.getBody().front(), StaticValueKnowledge {}, [&](Operation& op, const StaticValueKnowledge& knowledge) {
         bool hasFailure = false;
         if (!isSupportedCoreInstructionOp(&op)) {
-          op.emitOpError("unsupported executable op reached PIM codegen verification");
+          diagnostics.report(&op, [](Operation* illegalOp) {
+            illegalOp->emitOpError("unsupported executable op reached PIM codegen verification");
+          });
           hasFailure = true;
         }
 
-        for (auto [operandIndex, operand] : llvm::enumerate(op.getOperands())) {
+        for (auto it : llvm::enumerate(op.getOperands())) {
+          size_t operandIndex = it.index();
+          Value operand = it.value();
           if (!isa<BaseMemRefType>(operand.getType()))
             continue;
 
           auto resolvedAddress = resolveContiguousAddress(operand, knowledge);
           if (failed(resolvedAddress)) {
-            op.emitOpError() << "operand #" << operandIndex << " is not backed by contiguous addressable storage";
+            diagnostics.report(&op, [&](Operation* illegalOp) {
+              illegalOp->emitOpError() << "operand #" << operandIndex
+                                       << " is not backed by contiguous addressable storage";
+            });
             hasFailure = true;
             continue;
           }
 
           if (isExplicitHostOperand(&op, operandIndex)) {
-            if (!isCodegenAddressableValue(operand)) {
-              op.emitOpError() << "host operand #" << operandIndex
-                               << " is not backed by contiguous addressable storage";
+            if (!isCodegenAddressableValue(operand, knowledge)) {
+              diagnostics.report(&op, [&](Operation* illegalOp) {
+                illegalOp->emitOpError() << "host operand #" << operandIndex
+                                         << " is not backed by contiguous addressable storage";
+              });
               hasFailure = true;
             }
             continue;
           }
 
           if (!isa<memref::AllocOp>(resolvedAddress->base.getDefiningOp())) {
-            op.emitOpError() << "operand #" << operandIndex
-                             << " must be backed by device-local memory; materialize host values with pim.memcp_hd";
+            diagnostics.report(&op, [&](Operation* illegalOp) {
+              illegalOp->emitOpError() << "operand #" << operandIndex
+                                       << " must be backed by device-local memory; materialize host values with "
+                                          "pim.memcp_hd";
+            });
             hasFailure = true;
           }
         }
@@ -278,18 +331,20 @@ private:
       });
   }
 
-  static LogicalResult verifyAddressOnlyHostOp(Operation* op) {
+  static LogicalResult verifyAddressOnlyHostOp(Operation* op, pim::CappedDiagnosticReporter& diagnostics) {
     if (auto subviewOp = dyn_cast<memref::SubViewOp>(op))
-      return verifyAddressOnlyBase(op, subviewOp.getSource());
+      return verifyAddressOnlyBase(op, subviewOp.getSource(), diagnostics);
     if (auto castOp = dyn_cast<memref::CastOp>(op))
-      return verifyAddressOnlySource(op, castOp.getSource());
+      return verifyAddressOnlySource(op, castOp.getSource(), diagnostics);
     if (auto collapseOp = dyn_cast<memref::CollapseShapeOp>(op))
-      return verifyAddressOnlySource(op, collapseOp.getSrc());
+      return verifyAddressOnlySource(op, collapseOp.getSrc(), diagnostics);
     if (auto expandOp = dyn_cast<memref::ExpandShapeOp>(op))
-      return verifyAddressOnlySource(op, expandOp.getSrc());
+      return verifyAddressOnlySource(op, expandOp.getSrc(), diagnostics);
     if (auto copyOp = dyn_cast<memref::CopyOp>(op)) {
       if (!isBaseAddressableValue(copyOp.getSource()) || !isBaseAddressableValue(copyOp.getTarget())) {
-        op->emitOpError("depends on a value that is not backed by addressable storage");
+        diagnostics.report(op, [](Operation* illegalOp) {
+          illegalOp->emitOpError("depends on a value that is not backed by addressable storage");
+        });
         return failure();
       }
       return success();
@@ -297,19 +352,24 @@ private:
     return success();
   }
 
-  static LogicalResult verifyAddressOnlySource(Operation* op, Value source) {
+  static LogicalResult
+  verifyAddressOnlySource(Operation* op, Value source, pim::CappedDiagnosticReporter& diagnostics) {
     if (isCodegenAddressableValue(source))
       return success();
 
-    op->emitOpError("depends on a value that is not backed by contiguous addressable storage");
+    diagnostics.report(op, [](Operation* illegalOp) {
+      illegalOp->emitOpError("depends on a value that is not backed by contiguous addressable storage");
+    });
     return failure();
   }
 
-  static LogicalResult verifyAddressOnlyBase(Operation* op, Value source) {
+  static LogicalResult verifyAddressOnlyBase(Operation* op, Value source, pim::CappedDiagnosticReporter& diagnostics) {
     if (isBaseAddressableValue(source))
       return success();
 
-    op->emitOpError("depends on a value that is not backed by addressable storage");
+    diagnostics.report(op, [](Operation* illegalOp) {
+      illegalOp->emitOpError("depends on a value that is not backed by addressable storage");
+    });
     return failure();
   }
 };