Raptor/src/PIM/Compiler/PimCodeGen.cpp

#include "mlir/Dialect/Bufferization/IR/BufferizableOpInterface.h"
#include "mlir/Dialect/Bufferization/Transforms/BufferViewFlowAnalysis.h"
#include "mlir/Dialect/MemRef/IR/MemRef.h"
#include "mlir/IR/Attributes.h"
#include "mlir/IR/BuiltinTypes.h"

#include "llvm/ADT/SmallSet.h"
#include "llvm/Support/FileSystem.h"
#include "llvm/Support/JSON.h"
#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"

#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <cmath>

#include "Common/PimCommon.hpp"
#include "Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Common.hpp"
#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimCodeGen.hpp"
#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimCompilerOptions.hpp"
#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Pim/PimOps.hpp"
#include "src/Compiler/CompilerPasses.hpp"

using namespace llvm;
using namespace mlir;
using namespace onnx_mlir;

MemEntry* PimMemory::gatherMemEntry(mlir::Value value) {
  auto type = cast<ShapedType>(value.getType());
  assert("Only static shape is supported" && type.hasStaticShape());
  size_t allocSize = type.getNumElements() * type.getElementType().getIntOrFloatBitWidth() / 8;
  MemEntry memEntry = {0, allocSize};
  return &memEntries.emplace_back(memEntry, value).first;
}

void PimMemory::allocateMemoryForValue(mlir::Value value, MemEntry& memEntry) {
  memEntry.address = firstAvailableAddress;
  firstAvailableAddress += memEntry.size;
  // Alignment
  if (size_t remainder = firstAvailableAddress % minAlignment)
    firstAvailableAddress += minAlignment - remainder;

  globalMemEntriesMap[value] = memEntry;
}

void PimMemory::allocateHost(ModuleOp moduleOp, func::FuncOp funcOp) {
  // More than one SSA value per single global constant:
  // Cannot call gatherMemEntry for each of them, otherwise memory will be allocated multiple times
  // Thus, call gatherMemEntry only for the first SSA value and assign the same memEntry to all others
  SmallDenseMap<memref::GlobalOp, MemEntry*, 8> globalConstants;
  funcOp.walk([&](memref::GetGlobalOp getGlobalOp) {
    if (!hasWeightAlways(getGlobalOp)) {
      auto globalMemrefOp = lookupGlobalForGetGlobal(moduleOp, getGlobalOp);
      auto iter = globalConstants.find(globalMemrefOp);
      if (iter == globalConstants.end())
        globalConstants[globalMemrefOp] = gatherMemEntry(getGlobalOp);
      else {
        MemEntry memEntry = *iter->second;
        globalMemEntriesMap[getGlobalOp] = memEntry;
      }
    }
  });

  for (mlir::Value arg : funcOp.getArguments())
    gatherMemEntry(arg);

  allocateCore(funcOp);
}

void PimMemory::allocateCore(Operation* op) {
  op->walk([&](memref::AllocOp allocOp) { gatherMemEntry(allocOp); });

  llvm::sort(memEntries, [](auto a, auto b) -> bool { return a.first.size > b.first.size; });
  for (auto& [memEntry, value] : memEntries)
    allocateMemoryForValue(value, memEntry);
}

MemEntry PimMemory::getMemEntry(mlir::Value value) const {
  auto iter = globalMemEntriesMap.find(value);
  assert("Missing memEntry for value" && iter != globalMemEntriesMap.end());
  return iter->second;
}

PimMemory& PimAcceleratorMemory::getOrCreateDeviceMem(size_t id) {
  return deviceMem.try_emplace(id, memEntriesMap).first->second;
}

size_t PimAcceleratorMemory::getValueAddress(mlir::Value value) const {
  auto resolvedAddress = resolveContiguousAddress(value);
  if (failed(resolvedAddress)) {
    errs() << "Failed to resolve contiguous address for value: ";
    value.print(errs());
    errs() << "\n";
    if (auto* definingOp = value.getDefiningOp()) {
      errs() << "Defining op:\n";
      definingOp->print(errs());
      errs() << "\n";
    }
    llvm_unreachable("Failed to resolve contiguous address");
  }

  auto iter = memEntriesMap.find(resolvedAddress->base);
  if (iter == memEntriesMap.end()) {
    errs() << "Missing mem entry for value: ";
    resolvedAddress->base.print(errs());
    errs() << "\n";
    if (auto* definingOp = resolvedAddress->base.getDefiningOp()) {
      errs() << "Defining op:\n";
      definingOp->print(errs());
      errs() << "\n";
    }
    llvm_unreachable("Missing mem entry");
  }

  return iter->second.address + resolvedAddress->byteOffset;
}

json::Object PimCodeGen::createEmptyOffset() {
  json::Object offset;
  offset["offset_select"] = 0;
  offset["offset_value"] = 0;
  return offset;
}

void PimCodeGen::emitInstruction(json::Object instruction) const {
  coreFileStream << json::Value(std::move(instruction)) << ',';
}

void PimCodeGen::genSetRegisterImmediateUnsigned(size_t registerNumber, size_t immediate) const {
  json::Object json;
  json["op"] = "sldi";
  json["rd"] = registerNumber;
  json["imm"] = immediate;
  emitInstruction(std::move(json));
}

void PimCodeGen::setupRd(size_t rdAddress, size_t rdOffset) const {
  genSetRegisterImmediateUnsigned(0, rdAddress + rdOffset);
}

void PimCodeGen::setupRdRs1(size_t rdAddress, size_t rdOffset, size_t rs1Address, size_t rs1Offset) const {
  genSetRegisterImmediateUnsigned(0, rdAddress + rdOffset);
  genSetRegisterImmediateUnsigned(1, rs1Address + rs1Offset);
}

void PimCodeGen::setupRdRs1Rs2(
  size_t rdAddress, size_t rdOffset, size_t rs1Address, size_t rs1Offset, size_t rs2Address, size_t rs2Offset) const {
  genSetRegisterImmediateUnsigned(0, rdAddress + rdOffset);
  genSetRegisterImmediateUnsigned(1, rs1Address + rs1Offset);
  genSetRegisterImmediateUnsigned(2, rs2Address + rs2Offset);
}

void PimCodeGen::emitMemCopyOp(StringRef opName,
                               size_t rdAddr,
                               size_t rdOffset,
                               size_t rs1Addr,
                               size_t rs1Offset,
                               size_t size,
                               StringRef sizeFieldName) const {
  setupRdRs1(rdAddr, rdOffset, rs1Addr, rs1Offset);

  json::Object json;
  json["op"] = opName;
  json["rd"] = 0;
  json["rs1"] = 1;
  json[sizeFieldName] = size;
  json["offset"] = createEmptyOffset();
  emitInstruction(std::move(json));
}

void PimCodeGen::emitCommunicationOp(StringRef opName, size_t bufferAddr, size_t coreId, size_t size) const {
  setupRd(bufferAddr, 0);

  json::Object json;
  json["op"] = opName;
  json["rd"] = 0;
  json["core"] = coreId;
  json["size"] = size;
  json["offset"] = createEmptyOffset();
  emitInstruction(std::move(json));
}

void PimCodeGen::emitMvmOp(size_t groupId, size_t rdAddr, size_t rdOffset, size_t rs1Addr, size_t rs1Offset) const {
  setupRdRs1(rdAddr, rdOffset, rs1Addr, rs1Offset);

  json::Object json;
  json["op"] = "mvmul";
  json["rd"] = 0;
  json["rs1"] = 1;
  json["group"] = groupId;
  json["relu"] = 0;
  json["mbiw"] = 8;
  emitInstruction(std::move(json));
}

void PimCodeGen::codeGenLoadOp(pim::PimMemCopyHostToDevOp loadOp) const {
  emitMemCopyOp("ld",
                memory.getValueAddress(loadOp.getDeviceTarget()),
                loadOp.getDeviceTargetOffset(),
                memory.getValueAddress(loadOp.getHostSource()),
                loadOp.getHostSourceOffset(),
                loadOp.getSize());
}

void PimCodeGen::codeGenStoreOp(pim::PimMemCopyDevToHostOp storeOp) const {
  emitMemCopyOp("st",
                memory.getValueAddress(storeOp.getHostTarget()),
                storeOp.getHostTargetOffset(),
                memory.getValueAddress(storeOp.getDeviceSource()),
                storeOp.getDeviceSourceOffset(),
                storeOp.getSize());
}

void PimCodeGen::codeGenLmvOp(pim::PimMemCopyOp lmvOp) const {
  emitMemCopyOp("lmv",
                memory.getValueAddress(lmvOp.getTarget()),
                lmvOp.getTargetOffset(),
                memory.getValueAddress(lmvOp.getSource()),
                lmvOp.getSourceOffset(),
                lmvOp.getSize(),
                "len");
}

void PimCodeGen::codeGenReceiveOp(pim::PimReceiveOp receiveOp) const {
  emitCommunicationOp(
    "recv", memory.getValueAddress(receiveOp.getOutputBuffer()), receiveOp.getSourceCoreId(), receiveOp.getSize());
}

void PimCodeGen::codeGenSendOp(pim::PimSendOp sendOp) const {
  emitCommunicationOp("send", memory.getValueAddress(sendOp.getInput()), sendOp.getTargetCoreId(), sendOp.getSize());
}

template <typename MVMTy>
void PimCodeGen::codeGenMVMLikeOp(size_t mvmId, MVMTy mvmLikeOp, bool transposeMatrix) {
  emitMvmOp(
    mvmId, memory.getValueAddress(mvmLikeOp.getOutputBuffer()), 0, memory.getValueAddress(mvmLikeOp.getInput()), 0);

  // TODO: save weights somewhere (if transposeMatrix=true, transpose the weight matrix)
}

static size_t getValueSizeInBytes(mlir::Value value) {
  auto type = cast<ShapedType>(value.getType());
  return type.getNumElements() * type.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8;
}

void PimCodeGen::codeGenVVAddOp(pim::PimVVAddOp vvaddOp) const {
  auto outputBufferAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vvaddOp.getOutputBuffer());
  auto lhsAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vvaddOp.getLhs());
  auto rhsAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vvaddOp.getRhs());
  setupRdRs1Rs2(outputBufferAddr, 0, lhsAddr, 0, rhsAddr, 0);

  json::Object json;
  json["op"] = "vvadd";
  json["rd"] = 0;
  json["rs1"] = 1;
  json["rs2"] = 2;
  json["offset"] = createEmptyOffset();
  json["len"] = getValueSizeInBytes(vvaddOp.getLhs());
  emitInstruction(std::move(json));
}

void PimCodeGen::codeGenVVSubOp(pim::PimVVSubOp vvsubOp) const {
  auto outputBufferAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vvsubOp.getOutputBuffer());
  auto lhsAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vvsubOp.getLhs());
  auto rhsAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vvsubOp.getRhs());
  setupRdRs1Rs2(outputBufferAddr, 0, lhsAddr, 0, rhsAddr, 0);

  json::Object json;
  json["op"] = "vvsub";
  json["rd"] = 0;
  json["rs1"] = 1;
  json["rs2"] = 2;
  json["offset"] = createEmptyOffset();
  json["len"] = getValueSizeInBytes(vvsubOp.getLhs());
  emitInstruction(std::move(json));
}

void PimCodeGen::codeGenVVMulOp(pim::PimVVMulOp vvmulOp) const {
  auto outputBufferAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vvmulOp.getOutputBuffer());
  auto lhsAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vvmulOp.getLhs());
  auto rhsAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vvmulOp.getRhs());
  setupRdRs1Rs2(outputBufferAddr, 0, lhsAddr, 0, rhsAddr, 0);

  json::Object json;
  json["op"] = "vvmul";
  json["rd"] = 0;
  json["rs1"] = 1;
  json["rs2"] = 2;
  json["offset"] = createEmptyOffset();
  json["len"] = getValueSizeInBytes(vvmulOp.getLhs());
  emitInstruction(std::move(json));
}

void PimCodeGen::codeGenVVMaxOp(pim::PimVVMaxOp vvmaxOp) const {
  auto outputBufferAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vvmaxOp.getOutputBuffer());
  auto lhsAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vvmaxOp.getLhs());
  auto rhsAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vvmaxOp.getRhs());
  setupRdRs1Rs2(outputBufferAddr, 0, lhsAddr, 0, rhsAddr, 0);

  json::Object json;
  json["op"] = "vvmax";
  json["rd"] = 0;
  json["rs1"] = 1;
  json["rs2"] = 2;
  json["offset"] = createEmptyOffset();
  json["len"] = getValueSizeInBytes(vvmaxOp.getLhs());
  emitInstruction(std::move(json));
}

void PimCodeGen::codeGenVVDMulOp(pim::PimVVDMulOp vvdmulOp) const {
  auto outputBufferAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vvdmulOp.getOutputBuffer());
  auto lhsAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vvdmulOp.getLhs());
  auto rhsAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vvdmulOp.getRhs());
  setupRdRs1Rs2(outputBufferAddr, 0, lhsAddr, 0, rhsAddr, 0);

  json::Object json;
  json["op"] = "vvdmul";
  json["rd"] = 0;
  json["rs1"] = 1;
  json["rs2"] = 2;
  json["offset"] = createEmptyOffset();
  json["len"] = getValueSizeInBytes(vvdmulOp.getLhs());
  emitInstruction(std::move(json));
}

void PimCodeGen::codeGenVAvgOp(pim::PimVAvgOp vavgOp) const {
  auto outputBufferAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vavgOp.getOutputBuffer());
  auto inputAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vavgOp.getInput());
  setupRdRs1(outputBufferAddr, 0, inputAddr, 0);

  json::Object json;
  json["op"] = "vavg";
  json["rd"] = 0;
  json["rs1"] = 1;
  json["offset"] = createEmptyOffset();
  json["len"] = getValueSizeInBytes(vavgOp.getInput());
  emitInstruction(std::move(json));
}

void PimCodeGen::codeGenVReluOp(pim::PimVReluOp vreluOp) const {
  auto outputBufferAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vreluOp.getOutputBuffer());
  auto inputAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vreluOp.getInput());
  setupRdRs1(outputBufferAddr, 0, inputAddr, 0);

  json::Object json;
  json["op"] = "vrelu";
  json["rd"] = 0;
  json["rs1"] = 1;
  json["offset"] = createEmptyOffset();
  json["len"] = getValueSizeInBytes(vreluOp.getInput());
  emitInstruction(std::move(json));
}

void PimCodeGen::codeGenVTanhOp(pim::PimVTanhOp vtanhOp) const {
  auto outputBufferAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vtanhOp.getOutputBuffer());
  auto inputAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vtanhOp.getInput());
  setupRdRs1(outputBufferAddr, 0, inputAddr, 0);

  json::Object json;
  json["op"] = "vtanh";
  json["rd"] = 0;
  json["rs1"] = 1;
  json["offset"] = createEmptyOffset();
  json["len"] = getValueSizeInBytes(vtanhOp.getInput());
  emitInstruction(std::move(json));
}

void PimCodeGen::codeGenVSigmOp(pim::PimVSigmOp vsigmOp) const {
  auto outputBufferAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vsigmOp.getOutputBuffer());
  auto inputAddr = memory.getValueAddress(vsigmOp.getInput());
  setupRdRs1(outputBufferAddr, 0, inputAddr, 0);

  json::Object json;
  json["op"] = "vsigm";
  json["rd"] = 0;
  json["rs1"] = 1;
  json["offset"] = createEmptyOffset();
  json["len"] = getValueSizeInBytes(vsigmOp.getInput());
  emitInstruction(std::move(json));
}

void PimCodeGen::codeGenTransposeOp(pim::PimTransposeOp transposeOp) const {
  auto srcAddr = memory.getValueAddress(transposeOp.getInput());
  auto dstAddr = memory.getValueAddress(transposeOp.getOutputBuffer());

  auto srcType = cast<ShapedType>(transposeOp.getInput().getType());
  auto srcShape = srcType.getShape();
  size_t rank = srcShape.size();
  size_t elementSize = srcType.getElementTypeBitWidth() / 8;
  size_t totalElements = srcType.getNumElements();

  // Read permutation. Destination dim i corresponds to source dim perm[i].
  SmallVector<int64_t> perm = map_to_vector(transposeOp.getPermutation().getAsRange<IntegerAttr>(),
                                            [](auto attr) -> int64_t { return attr.getInt(); });

  // Destination shape: dstShape[i] = srcShape[perm[i]]
  SmallVector<int64_t> dstShape(rank);
  for (size_t i = 0; i < rank; i++)
    dstShape[i] = srcShape[perm[i]];

  // Row-major strides for source and destination
  SmallVector<size_t> srcStrides(rank, 1);
  SmallVector<size_t> dstStrides(rank, 1);
  for (int64_t i = rank - 2; i >= 0; i--) {
    srcStrides[i] = srcStrides[i + 1] * srcShape[i + 1];
    dstStrides[i] = dstStrides[i + 1] * dstShape[i + 1];
  }

  // Emit element-by-element copy with transposed addressing
  for (size_t srcFlat = 0; srcFlat < totalElements; srcFlat++) {
    // Decompose flat source index into multi-dimensional index
    SmallVector<size_t> srcIdx(rank);
    size_t remaining = srcFlat;
    for (size_t d = 0; d < rank; d++) {
      srcIdx[d] = remaining / srcStrides[d];
      remaining %= srcStrides[d];
    }

    // Compute flat destination index: dstIdx[d] = srcIdx[perm[d]]
    size_t dstFlat = 0;
    for (size_t d = 0; d < rank; d++)
      dstFlat += srcIdx[perm[d]] * dstStrides[d];

    emitMemCopyOp("lmv", dstAddr, dstFlat * elementSize, srcAddr, srcFlat * elementSize, elementSize, "len");
  }
}

size_t getMatrixSize(ShapedType matrixShape) {
  if (matrixShape.getRank() != 2 && matrixShape.getRank() != 4)
    assert(false && "Unsupported matrix shape");
  return std::max(matrixShape.getDimSize(0), matrixShape.getDimSize(1));
}

std::string getMemorySizeAsString(size_t size) {
  if (size > 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
    return std::to_string(size / 1024 / 1024 / 1024) + " GB";
  if (size > 1024 * 1024)
    return std::to_string(size / 1024 / 1024) + " MB";
  if (size > 1024)
    return std::to_string(size / 1024) + " KB";
  return std::to_string(size) + " Bytes";
}

/// Write global constant data into a binary memory image at their allocated addresses.
static OnnxMlirCompilerErrorCodes
writeMemoryBinary(ModuleOp moduleOp, func::FuncOp funcOp, PimAcceleratorMemory& memory, StringRef outputDirPath) {
  auto memoryFilePath = (outputDirPath + "/memory.bin").str();
  std::error_code errorCode;
  raw_fd_ostream memoryFileStream(memoryFilePath, errorCode, sys::fs::OF_None);
  if (errorCode) {
    errs() << "Error while opening memory file " << memoryFilePath << ": " << errorCode.message() << '\n';
    return InvalidOutputFileAccess;
  }

  std::vector<char> memoryBuffer(memory.hostMem.getFirstAvailableAddress(), 0);

  funcOp.walk([&](memref::GetGlobalOp getGlobalOp) {
    if (hasWeightAlways(getGlobalOp))
      return;
    auto globalOp = lookupGlobalForGetGlobal(moduleOp, getGlobalOp);
    if (!globalOp)
      return;
    auto initialValue = globalOp.getInitialValue();
    if (!initialValue)
      return;
    auto denseAttr = dyn_cast<DenseElementsAttr>(*initialValue);
    if (!denseAttr)
      return;

    MemEntry memEntry = memory.hostMem.getMemEntry(getGlobalOp.getResult());
    ArrayRef<char> rawData = denseAttr.getRawData();
    char* dst = memoryBuffer.data() + memEntry.address;

    if (denseAttr.isSplat()) {
      size_t elementSize = rawData.size();
      assert(elementSize * getGlobalOp.getType().getNumElements() == memEntry.size && "Data size mismatch");
      for (size_t offset = 0; offset < memEntry.size; offset += elementSize)
        std::memcpy(dst + offset, rawData.data(), std::min(elementSize, memEntry.size - offset));
    }
    else {
      assert(rawData.size() == memEntry.size && "Data size mismatch");
      std::memcpy(dst, rawData.data(), rawData.size());
    }
  });

  memoryFileStream.write(memoryBuffer.data(), memoryBuffer.size());
  memoryFileStream.close();
  return CompilerSuccess;
}

/// Dispatch all operations in a core region to the appropriate code generator.
/// Returns the number of emitted instructions, or -1 on failure.
static int64_t codeGenCoreOps(pim::PimCoreOp coreOp, PimCodeGen& coreCodeGen) {
  size_t processedOperations = 0;
  for (auto& op : coreOp.getBody().front()) {
    if (isa<memref::AllocOp, pim::PimHaltOp, memref::SubViewOp, memref::ExpandShapeOp, memref::CollapseShapeOp>(op))
      continue;

    if (auto loadOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimMemCopyHostToDevOp>(op))
      coreCodeGen.codeGenLoadOp(loadOp);
    else if (auto storeOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimMemCopyDevToHostOp>(op))
      coreCodeGen.codeGenStoreOp(storeOp);
    else if (auto lmvOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimMemCopyOp>(op))
      coreCodeGen.codeGenLmvOp(lmvOp);
    else if (auto receiveOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimReceiveOp>(op))
      coreCodeGen.codeGenReceiveOp(receiveOp);
    else if (auto sendOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimSendOp>(op))
      coreCodeGen.codeGenSendOp(sendOp);
    else if (auto vmmOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimVMMOp>(op))
      coreCodeGen.codeGenMVMLikeOp<pim::PimVMMOp>(vmmOp.getWeightIndex(), vmmOp, true);
    else if (auto mvmOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimMVMOp>(op))
      coreCodeGen.codeGenMVMLikeOp<pim::PimMVMOp>(mvmOp.getWeightIndex(), mvmOp, false);
    else if (auto transposeOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimTransposeOp>(op))
      coreCodeGen.codeGenTransposeOp(transposeOp);
    else if (auto vvaddOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimVVAddOp>(op))
      coreCodeGen.codeGenVVAddOp(vvaddOp);
    else if (auto vvsubOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimVVSubOp>(op))
      coreCodeGen.codeGenVVSubOp(vvsubOp);
    else if (auto vvmulOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimVVMulOp>(op))
      coreCodeGen.codeGenVVMulOp(vvmulOp);
    else if (auto vvmaxOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimVVMaxOp>(op))
      coreCodeGen.codeGenVVMaxOp(vvmaxOp);
    else if (auto vvdmulOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimVVDMulOp>(op))
      coreCodeGen.codeGenVVDMulOp(vvdmulOp);
    else if (auto vavgOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimVAvgOp>(op))
      coreCodeGen.codeGenVAvgOp(vavgOp);
    else if (auto vreluOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimVReluOp>(op))
      coreCodeGen.codeGenVReluOp(vreluOp);
    else if (auto vtanhOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimVTanhOp>(op))
      coreCodeGen.codeGenVTanhOp(vtanhOp);
    else if (auto vsigmOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimVSigmOp>(op))
      coreCodeGen.codeGenVSigmOp(vsigmOp);
    else {
      op.emitError("Unsupported codegen for this operation");
      op.dump();
      return -1;
    }
    processedOperations++;
  }
  return processedOperations;
}

/// Write crossbar weight matrices as padded binary files for a single core.
static OnnxMlirCompilerErrorCodes writeCrossbarWeights(ModuleOp moduleOp,
                                                       pim::PimCoreOp coreOp,
                                                       StringRef coreWeightsDirPath,
                                                       json::Array& xbarsPerGroup) {
  int64_t xbarSize = crossbarSize.getValue();
  std::error_code errorCode;
  size_t weightIndex = 0;

  for (auto weight : coreOp.getWeights()) {
    xbarsPerGroup.push_back(weightIndex);

    auto getGlobalOp = weight.getDefiningOp<memref::GetGlobalOp>();
    if (!getGlobalOp) {
      coreOp.emitWarning("Weight is not from a memref.get_global at index " + std::to_string(weightIndex));
      weightIndex++;
      continue;
    }

    auto globalOp = lookupGlobalForGetGlobal(moduleOp, getGlobalOp);
    if (!globalOp) {
      coreOp.emitWarning("Could not find memref.global for weight at index " + std::to_string(weightIndex));
      weightIndex++;
      continue;
    }

    auto initialValue = globalOp.getInitialValue();
    if (!initialValue) {
      coreOp.emitWarning("memref.global has no initial value at index " + std::to_string(weightIndex));
      weightIndex++;
      continue;
    }

    auto denseAttr = dyn_cast<DenseElementsAttr>(*initialValue);
    if (!denseAttr) {
      coreOp.emitWarning("memref.global initial value is not dense at index " + std::to_string(weightIndex));
      weightIndex++;
      continue;
    }

    auto type = denseAttr.getType();
    auto shape = type.getShape();
    assert(isMatrixShape(shape) && "Weight matrix must be 2-dimensional");
    int64_t numRows = shape[0];
    int64_t numCols = shape[1];
    assert(numRows <= xbarSize && numCols <= xbarSize && "Weight dimensions must not exceed crossbar size");

    size_t elementByteWidth = type.getElementType().getIntOrFloatBitWidth() / 8;

    auto weightFilePath = (coreWeightsDirPath + "/crossbar_" + std::to_string(weightIndex) + ".bin").str();
    raw_fd_ostream weightFileStream(weightFilePath, errorCode, sys::fs::OF_None);
    if (errorCode) {
      errs() << "Error while opening weight file `" << weightFilePath << "`: " << errorCode.message() << '\n';
      return InvalidOutputFileAccess;
    }

    uint64_t zero = 0;
    for (int64_t row = 0; row < xbarSize; row++) {
      for (int64_t col = 0; col < xbarSize; col++) {
        if (row < numRows && col < numCols) {
          int64_t index = row * numCols + col;
          APInt bits = denseAttr.getValues<APFloat>()[index].bitcastToAPInt();
          uint64_t word = bits.getZExtValue();
          weightFileStream.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&word), elementByteWidth);
        }
        else {
          weightFileStream.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(&zero), elementByteWidth);
        }
      }
    }

    weightFileStream.close();
    weightIndex++;
  }

  return CompilerSuccess;
}

/// Write the top-level PIM configuration JSON (core count, crossbar config, I/O addresses).
static OnnxMlirCompilerErrorCodes writeConfigJson(func::FuncOp funcOp,
                                                  PimAcceleratorMemory& memory,
                                                  size_t coreCount,
                                                  json::Object xbarsPerArrayGroup,
                                                  StringRef outputDirPath) {
  json::Object configJson;
  configJson["core_cnt"] = coreCount;

  // TODO: Should this be based on the floating point type used in the model?
  // The 2 following values determine the bitwidth of the vectors' elements: bitwidth = adc_count * cell_precision

  // Number of ADC for MVM units
  configJson["adc_count"] = 16;
  // The bit precision of each ADC
  configJson["cell_precision"] = 2;

  // Crossbar configuration
  configJson["xbar_array_count"] = crossbarCountInCore.getValue();
  configJson["xbar_size"] = {crossbarSize.getValue(), crossbarSize.getValue()};
  configJson["array_group_map"] = std::move(xbarsPerArrayGroup);

  // Memory layout of inputs and outputs
  json::Array inputsAddresses;
  for (BlockArgument input : funcOp.getArguments())
    inputsAddresses.push_back(memory.getValueAddress(input));
  configJson["inputs_addresses"] = std::move(inputsAddresses);

  json::Array outputsAddresses;
  for (func::ReturnOp returnOp : funcOp.getOps<func::ReturnOp>())
    for (mlir::Value output : returnOp.getOperands())
      outputsAddresses.push_back(memory.getValueAddress(output));
  configJson["outputs_addresses"] = std::move(outputsAddresses);

  auto configPath = (outputDirPath + "/config.json").str();
  std::error_code errorCode;
  raw_fd_ostream jsonOS(configPath, errorCode);
  if (errorCode) {
    errs() << "Error while opening config file: " << errorCode.message() << '\n';
    return InvalidOutputFileAccess;
  }
  jsonOS << json::Value(std::move(configJson)) << '\n';
  jsonOS.close();

  return CompilerSuccess;
}

OnnxMlirCompilerErrorCodes onnx_mlir::compileToPimJson(ModuleOp& moduleOp, std::string& outputDirPath) {
  if (!outputDirPath.empty()) {
    if (auto error = sys::fs::create_directory(outputDirPath)) {
      errs() << "Error creating output directory: " << outputDirPath << ": " << error.message() << '\n';
      return InvalidOutputFileAccess;
    }
  }

  auto entryFunc = getPimEntryFunc(moduleOp);
  if (failed(entryFunc))
    return CompilerFailure;
  auto funcOp = *entryFunc;

  PimAcceleratorMemory memory;
  memory.hostMem.allocateHost(moduleOp, funcOp);

  if (auto err = writeMemoryBinary(moduleOp, funcOp, memory, outputDirPath))
    return err;

  // Write empty host core file
  std::error_code errorCode;
  auto outputHostCorePath = outputDirPath + "/core_0.json";
  raw_fd_ostream hostFileStream(outputHostCorePath, errorCode);
  if (errorCode) {
    errs() << "Error while opening host core file `" << outputHostCorePath << "`: " << errorCode.message() << '\n';
    return InvalidOutputFileAccess;
  }
  hostFileStream << "[]";
  hostFileStream.close();

  // For each core, specify the number of crossbar per array group.
  // This implementation always assigns one crossbar per group.
  json::Object xbarsPerArrayGroup;
  size_t coreCount = 0;

  for (auto coreOp : funcOp.getOps<pim::PimCoreOp>()) {
    auto coreId = coreOp.getCoreId();
    coreCount++;

    std::error_code errorCode;
    auto outputCorePath = outputDirPath + "/core_" + std::to_string(coreId) + ".json";
    raw_fd_ostream coreFileStream(outputCorePath, errorCode);
    if (errorCode) {
      errs() << "Error while opening core file `" << outputCorePath << "`: " << errorCode.message() << '\n';
      return InvalidOutputFileAccess;
    }
    coreFileStream << '[';

    PimCodeGen coreCodeGen(memory, coreFileStream);
    memory.getOrCreateDeviceMem(coreId).allocateCore(coreOp);

    int64_t processedOperations = codeGenCoreOps(coreOp, coreCodeGen);
    if (processedOperations < 0)
      return CompilerFailure;
    assert(processedOperations > 0);

    // Remove trailing comma, close JSON array
    coreFileStream.seek(coreFileStream.tell() - 1);
    coreFileStream << ']';
    coreFileStream.close();

    // Write crossbar weights for this core
    auto coreWeightsDirPath = outputDirPath + "/core_" + std::to_string(coreId);
    if (auto error = sys::fs::create_directory(coreWeightsDirPath)) {
      errs() << "Error creating core directory: " << coreWeightsDirPath << ": " << error.message() << '\n';
      return InvalidOutputFileAccess;
    }

    json::Array xbarsPerGroup;
    if (auto err = writeCrossbarWeights(moduleOp, coreOp, coreWeightsDirPath, xbarsPerGroup))
      return err;
    xbarsPerArrayGroup["core" + std::to_string(coreId)] = std::move(xbarsPerGroup);
  }

  return writeConfigJson(funcOp, memory, coreCount, std::move(xbarsPerArrayGroup), outputDirPath);
}