Memory Liveness

src/PIM/Common/Support/ReportUtils.cpp

@@ -5,16 +5,18 @@
 
 namespace onnx_mlir {
 
-std::fstream openReportFile(const std::string& name) {
+std::fstream openReportFileWithExtension(const std::string& name, llvm::StringRef extension) {
   std::string outputDir = getOutputDir();
   if (outputDir.empty())
     return {};
 
   std::string reportsDir = outputDir + "/reports";
   createDirectory(reportsDir);
-  return std::fstream(reportsDir + "/" + name + ".txt", std::ios::out);
+  return std::fstream(reportsDir + "/" + name + "." + extension.str(), std::ios::out);
 }
 
+std::fstream openReportFile(const std::string& name) { return openReportFileWithExtension(name, "txt"); }
+
 std::string formatReportMemory(uint64_t bytes) {
   const char* units[] = {"B", "KB", "MB", "GB", "TB", "PB", "EB"};
   int i = 0;

src/PIM/Common/Support/ReportUtils.hpp

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 namespace onnx_mlir {
 
 std::fstream openReportFile(const std::string& name);
+std::fstream openReportFileWithExtension(const std::string& name, llvm::StringRef extension);
 std::string formatReportMemory(uint64_t bytes);
 
 struct ReportField {

src/PIM/Compiler/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@ add_pim_library(OMPimCompilerUtils
   PimCompilerUtils.cpp
   PimArtifactWriter.cpp
   PimCodeGen.cpp
+  PimMemoryLiveness.cpp
   PimWeightEmitter.cpp
 
   EXCLUDE_FROM_OM_LIBS

src/PIM/Compiler/PimCodeGen.cpp

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@
 #include "mlir/Dialect/Func/IR/FuncOps.h"
 #include "mlir/Dialect/MemRef/IR/MemRef.h"
 #include "mlir/Dialect/SCF/IR/SCF.h"
-#include "mlir/IR/AsmState.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/Attributes.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/BuiltinAttributes.h"
 #include "mlir/IR/BuiltinTypes.h"
@@ -23,11 +22,11 @@
 #include <absl/types/compare.h>
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <cassert>
-#include <climits>
 #include <cstdint>
 #include <fstream>
 #include <limits>
 #include <memory>
+#include <numeric>
 #include <string>
 #include <utility>
 
@@ -38,10 +37,12 @@
 #include "Conversion/ONNXToSpatial/Common/Common.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/IR/BatchCoreUtils.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/IR/WeightUtils.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/Support/FileSystemUtils.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimArtifactWriter.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimBinaryFormat.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimCodeGen.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimCompilerOptions.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimMemoryLiveness.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimWeightEmitter.hpp"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Pim/PimOps.hpp"
 
@@ -97,6 +98,51 @@ static int32_t getVectorByteSizeOrCrash(ShapedType type) {
   return pim::checkedI32OrCrash(*byteSize, "vector byte size");
 }
 
+static Operation *getDiagnosticAnchor(mlir::Value value) {
+  if (Operation *definingOp = value.getDefiningOp())
+    return definingOp;
+  if (auto blockArg = dyn_cast<BlockArgument>(value))
+    return blockArg.getOwner()->getParentOp();
+  return nullptr;
+}
+
+// PIM instruction immediates are serialized as signed int32_t fields today
+// (`sldi` goes through checkedI32OrCrash), so local addresses must stay within
+// the non-negative int32_t range.
+static constexpr size_t kPimAddressLimit = static_cast<size_t>(std::numeric_limits<int32_t>::max());
+
+static FailureOr<size_t> checkedAlignTo(size_t value, size_t alignment, Operation *anchor, StringRef fieldName) {
+  if (alignment == 0)
+    return value;
+  size_t remainder = value % alignment;
+  if (remainder == 0)
+    return value;
+  return pim::checkedAdd(value, alignment - remainder, anchor, fieldName);
+}
+
+static void printMemoryOverflowDiagnostic(mlir::Value value,
+                                          const MemoryValueKey &key,
+                                          size_t requestedSize,
+                                          size_t currentFirstAvailableAddress,
+                                          size_t alignedEndAddress) {
+  llvm::errs() << "PIM local memory allocation overflow\n";
+  llvm::errs() << "Requested allocation size: " << requestedSize << " bytes\n";
+  llvm::errs() << "Current firstAvailableAddress: " << currentFirstAvailableAddress << "\n";
+  llvm::errs() << "Aligned end address: " << alignedEndAddress << "\n";
+  llvm::errs() << "Address limit: " << kPimAddressLimit << " (signed int32_t immediate range)\n";
+  if (key.lane)
+    llvm::errs() << "Lane: " << *key.lane << "\n";
+  llvm::errs() << "Value: ";
+  value.print(llvm::errs());
+  llvm::errs() << "\n";
+  llvm::errs() << "Value type: " << value.getType() << "\n";
+  if (Operation *definingOp = value.getDefiningOp()) {
+    llvm::errs() << "Defining op:\n";
+    definingOp->print(llvm::errs());
+    llvm::errs() << "\n";
+  }
+}
+
 } // namespace
 
 MemEntry* PimMemory::gatherMemEntry(mlir::Value value, std::optional<unsigned> lane) {
@@ -124,20 +170,30 @@ void PimMemory::allocateGatheredMemory() {
 
 void PimMemory::allocateMemoryForValue(const MemoryValueKey& key, MemEntry& memEntry, MemoryReportKind reportKind) {
   memEntry.address = firstAvailableAddress;
-  assert(memEntry.address < (size_t) INT_MAX && "Address allocated bigger than 32bit");
-  firstAvailableAddress += memEntry.size;
-  // Alignment
-  if (size_t remainder = firstAvailableAddress % minAlignment)
-    firstAvailableAddress += minAlignment - remainder;
+  Operation *anchor = getDiagnosticAnchor(key.value);
+  auto checkedEnd = pim::checkedAdd(memEntry.address, memEntry.size, anchor, "local memory end");
+  FailureOr<size_t> checkedAlignedEnd = failure();
+  if (succeeded(checkedEnd))
+    checkedAlignedEnd = checkedAlignTo(*checkedEnd, minAlignment, anchor, "local memory alignment");
+  bool startFits = memEntry.address <= kPimAddressLimit;
+  bool endFits = succeeded(checkedEnd) && *checkedEnd <= kPimAddressLimit;
+  bool alignedEndFits = succeeded(checkedAlignedEnd) && *checkedAlignedEnd <= kPimAddressLimit;
+  if (!startFits || !endFits || !alignedEndFits) {
+    printMemoryOverflowDiagnostic(
+      key.value,
+      key,
+      memEntry.size,
+      firstAvailableAddress,
+      succeeded(checkedAlignedEnd) ? *checkedAlignedEnd : kPimAddressLimit);
+    llvm_unreachable("PIM local memory allocation overflow");
+  }
+  firstAvailableAddress = *checkedAlignedEnd;
 
   ownedMemEntriesMap[key] = memEntry;
   globalMemEntriesMap[key] = memEntry;
 
   switch (reportKind) {
-  case MemoryReportKind::Alloca:
-    ++reportRow.numAlloca;
-    reportRow.sizeAlloca += memEntry.size;
-    break;
+  case MemoryReportKind::Alloca: break;
   case MemoryReportKind::Global:
     ++reportRow.numGlobal;
     reportRow.sizeGlobal += memEntry.size;
@@ -147,6 +203,31 @@ void PimMemory::allocateMemoryForValue(const MemoryValueKey& key, MemEntry& memE
   }
 }
 
+PhysicalSlotInfo PimMemory::allocatePhysicalSlot(size_t slotSize, const MemoryValueKey& key) {
+  PhysicalSlotInfo slot;
+  slot.id = nextPhysicalSlotId++;
+  slot.address = firstAvailableAddress;
+  slot.size = slotSize;
+
+  Operation *anchor = getDiagnosticAnchor(key.value);
+  auto checkedEnd = pim::checkedAdd(slot.address, slot.size, anchor, "local memory end");
+  FailureOr<size_t> checkedAlignedEnd = failure();
+  if (succeeded(checkedEnd))
+    checkedAlignedEnd = checkedAlignTo(*checkedEnd, minAlignment, anchor, "local memory alignment");
+  bool startFits = slot.address <= kPimAddressLimit;
+  bool endFits = succeeded(checkedEnd) && *checkedEnd <= kPimAddressLimit;
+  bool alignedEndFits = succeeded(checkedAlignedEnd) && *checkedAlignedEnd <= kPimAddressLimit;
+  if (!startFits || !endFits || !alignedEndFits) {
+    printMemoryOverflowDiagnostic(
+      key.value, key, slot.size, firstAvailableAddress, succeeded(checkedAlignedEnd) ? *checkedAlignedEnd : kPimAddressLimit);
+    llvm_unreachable("PIM local memory allocation overflow");
+  }
+
+  firstAvailableAddress = *checkedAlignedEnd;
+  localPhysicalSlots.push_back(slot);
+  return slot;
+}
+
 void PimMemory::allocateHost(ModuleOp moduleOp, func::FuncOp funcOp) {
   SmallDenseMap<memref::GlobalOp, mlir::Value, 8> globalConstants;
   SmallVector<std::pair<mlir::Value, mlir::Value>, 16> globalAliases;
@@ -186,9 +267,71 @@ void PimMemory::allocateHost(ModuleOp moduleOp, func::FuncOp funcOp) {
 }
 
 void PimMemory::allocateCore(Operation* op, std::optional<unsigned> lane) {
-  op->walk([&](memref::AllocOp allocOp) { gatherMemEntry(allocOp, lane); });
+  auto intervals = buildLocalAllocIntervals(op, lane);
+  SmallVector<PlannedPhysicalSlot> plannedSlots = planPhysicalSlots(intervals);
 
-  allocateGatheredMemory();
+  SmallVector<size_t> slotOrder(plannedSlots.size());
+  std::iota(slotOrder.begin(), slotOrder.end(), 0);
+  llvm::stable_sort(slotOrder, [&](size_t lhsIndex, size_t rhsIndex) {
+    const PlannedPhysicalSlot &lhs = plannedSlots[lhsIndex];
+    const PlannedPhysicalSlot &rhs = plannedSlots[rhsIndex];
+    if (lhs.requiredSize != rhs.requiredSize)
+      return lhs.requiredSize > rhs.requiredSize;
+    return lhs.id < rhs.id;
+  });
+
+  SmallVector<bool, 16> usedExistingSlots(localPhysicalSlots.size(), false);
+  for (size_t slotIndex : slotOrder) {
+    PlannedPhysicalSlot &slot = plannedSlots[slotIndex];
+    size_t bestExistingIndex = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
+    auto bestKey = std::tuple<size_t, size_t, size_t>(
+      std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(), std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(), std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max());
+
+    for (size_t existingIndex = 0; existingIndex < localPhysicalSlots.size(); ++existingIndex) {
+      if (usedExistingSlots[existingIndex])
+        continue;
+      const PhysicalSlotInfo &existingSlot = localPhysicalSlots[existingIndex];
+      if (existingSlot.size < slot.requiredSize)
+        continue;
+      auto candidateKey = std::tuple<size_t, size_t, size_t>(
+        existingSlot.size - slot.requiredSize, existingSlot.size, existingSlot.id);
+      if (candidateKey < bestKey) {
+        bestKey = candidateKey;
+        bestExistingIndex = existingIndex;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (bestExistingIndex != std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max()) {
+      const PhysicalSlotInfo &existingSlot = localPhysicalSlots[bestExistingIndex];
+      slot.id = existingSlot.id;
+      slot.address = existingSlot.address;
+      slot.size = existingSlot.size;
+      usedExistingSlots[bestExistingIndex] = true;
+    }
+    else {
+      PhysicalSlotInfo newSlot = allocatePhysicalSlot(slot.requiredSize, intervals[slot.intervalIndices.front()].key);
+      slot.id = newSlot.id;
+      slot.address = newSlot.address;
+      slot.size = newSlot.size;
+      usedExistingSlots.push_back(true);
+    }
+
+    for (size_t intervalIndex : slot.intervalIndices) {
+      LocalAllocInterval &interval = intervals[intervalIndex];
+      interval.physicalSlotId = slot.id;
+      interval.assignedAddress = slot.address;
+      interval.physicalSlotSize = slot.size;
+      MemEntry memEntry {slot.address, interval.size};
+      ownedMemEntriesMap[interval.key] = memEntry;
+      globalMemEntriesMap[interval.key] = memEntry;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (pimMemoryReport != PimMemoryReportNone) {
+    MemoryPlanArtifacts artifacts =
+      buildMemoryPlanArtifacts(op, lane, intervals, plannedSlots, kPimAddressLimit, pimMemoryReport);
+    livenessArtifacts.textReport += artifacts.textReport;
+  }
 }
 
 static void printHostMemoryReportRow(raw_ostream& os, const MemoryReportRow& row) {
@@ -228,7 +371,14 @@ static MemoryReportRow addMemoryReportRows(const MemoryReportRow& lhs, const Mem
   return result;
 }
 
-MemoryReportRow PimMemory::getReportRow() const { return reportRow; }
+MemoryReportRow PimMemory::getReportRow() const {
+  MemoryReportRow row = reportRow;
+  row.numAlloca = localPhysicalSlots.size();
+  row.sizeAlloca = 0;
+  for (const PhysicalSlotInfo &slot : localPhysicalSlots)
+    row.sizeAlloca += slot.size;
+  return row;
+}
 
 void PimMemory::remove(mlir::Value val) {
   for (auto it = ownedMemEntriesMap.begin(); it != ownedMemEntriesMap.end();)
@@ -847,6 +997,7 @@ struct CoreEmissionResult {
   OnnxMlirCompilerErrorCodes status = CompilerSuccess;
   MemoryReportRow reportRow;
   llvm::SmallVector<ResolvedWeightView, 8> usedWeights;
+  MemoryPlanArtifacts livenessArtifacts;
 };
 
 template <typename MapTy>
@@ -1319,6 +1470,7 @@ OnnxMlirCompilerErrorCodes onnx_mlir::compileToPimCode(ModuleOp& moduleOp, std::
       assert(processedOperations > 0);
       result.reportRow = deviceMemory.getReportRow();
       result.usedWeights = std::move(usedWeights);
+      result.livenessArtifacts = deviceMemory.getLivenessArtifacts();
     }
     else {
       auto coreBatchOp = cast<pim::PimCoreBatchOp>(job.coreLikeOp);
@@ -1349,6 +1501,7 @@ OnnxMlirCompilerErrorCodes onnx_mlir::compileToPimCode(ModuleOp& moduleOp, std::
 
       result.reportRow = deviceMemory.getReportRow();
       result.usedWeights = std::move(usedWeights);
+      result.livenessArtifacts = deviceMemory.getLivenessArtifacts();
     }
 
     pim_binary::patchInstructionCount(coreBinaryStream, coreCodeGen.getEmittedInstructionCount());
@@ -1382,6 +1535,18 @@ OnnxMlirCompilerErrorCodes onnx_mlir::compileToPimCode(ModuleOp& moduleOp, std::
   auto weightEmission = createAndPopulateWeightFolder(weightRequests, outputDirPath);
   memory.setTotalWeightBytes(weightEmission.totalWeightBytes);
   auto& mapCoreWeightToFileName = weightEmission.mapCoreWeightToFileName;
+  if (std::string reportsRoot = getOutputDir(); !reportsRoot.empty()) {
+    std::string reportsDir = reportsRoot + "/reports";
+    sys::fs::remove(reportsDir + "/pim_memory_liveness_report.txt");
+    sys::fs::remove(reportsDir + "/pim_memory_liveness_report.json");
+    sys::fs::remove(reportsDir + "/pim_memory_liveness_timeline.dot");
+  }
+  std::fstream livenessReportFile;
+  std::unique_ptr<llvm::raw_os_ostream> livenessReportOs;
+  if (pimMemoryReport != PimMemoryReportNone) {
+    livenessReportFile = openReportFileWithExtension("pim_memory_liveness_report", "txt");
+    livenessReportOs = std::make_unique<llvm::raw_os_ostream>(livenessReportFile);
+  }
 
   for (size_t jobIndex = 0; jobIndex < jobs.size(); ++jobIndex) {
     const CoreEmissionJob& job = jobs[jobIndex];
@@ -1393,6 +1558,8 @@ OnnxMlirCompilerErrorCodes onnx_mlir::compileToPimCode(ModuleOp& moduleOp, std::
         return err;
       xbarsPerArrayGroup["core" + std::to_string(job.emittedCoreId)] = std::move(xbarsPerGroup);
       memory.recordCoreReport(job.emittedCoreId, result.reportRow);
+      if (livenessReportFile.is_open())
+        *livenessReportOs << "Core " << job.emittedCoreId << ":\n" << result.livenessArtifacts.textReport;
       continue;
     }
   }
@@ -1421,10 +1588,18 @@ OnnxMlirCompilerErrorCodes onnx_mlir::compileToPimCode(ModuleOp& moduleOp, std::
                              batchPerCoreRow.value_or(MemoryReportRow {}),
                              batchRow.numAlloca,
                              batchRow.sizeAlloca);
+    if (livenessReportFile.is_open())
+      for (size_t jobIndex : group)
+        *livenessReportOs << "Batch " << batchReportId << " core " << jobs[jobIndex].emittedCoreId << ":\n"
+                          << jobResults[jobIndex].livenessArtifacts.textReport;
   }
 
   maxCoreId = nextEmittedCoreId == 0 ? 0 : nextEmittedCoreId - 1;
 
+  if (livenessReportFile.is_open()) {
+    livenessReportOs->flush();
+    livenessReportFile.close();
+  }
   memory.flushReport();
   return writeConfigJson(funcOp, memory, maxCoreId, std::move(xbarsPerArrayGroup), outputDirPath);
 }

src/PIM/Compiler/PimCodeGen.hpp

@@ -5,12 +5,14 @@
 #include "llvm-project/clang/include/clang/Basic/LLVM.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
 #include "llvm/ADT/Hashing.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/JSON.h"
 #include "llvm/Support/raw_os_ostream.h"
 
 #include <fstream>
 #include <limits>
 #include <optional>
+#include <string>
 
 #include "onnx-mlir/Compiler/OMCompilerTypes.h"
 #include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/IR/AddressAnalysis.hpp"
@@ -26,6 +28,16 @@ struct MemEntry {
   size_t size;
 };
 
+struct PhysicalSlotInfo {
+  size_t id = 0;
+  size_t address = 0;
+  size_t size = 0;
+};
+
+struct MemoryPlanArtifacts {
+  std::string textReport;
+};
+
 struct MemoryValueKey {
   mlir::Value value;
   std::optional<unsigned> lane;
@@ -74,16 +86,20 @@ struct MemoryReportEntry {
 
 class PimMemory {
   llvm::SmallVector<PendingMemEntry, 32> memEntries;
+  llvm::SmallVector<PhysicalSlotInfo, 32> localPhysicalSlots;
   llvm::SmallDenseMap<MemoryValueKey, MemEntry, 32>& globalMemEntriesMap;
   llvm::SmallDenseMap<MemoryValueKey, MemEntry, 32> ownedMemEntriesMap;
   MemoryReportRow reportRow;
+  MemoryPlanArtifacts livenessArtifacts;
 
   size_t minAlignment = 4;
   size_t firstAvailableAddress = 0;
+  size_t nextPhysicalSlotId = 0;
 
   MemEntry* gatherMemEntry(mlir::Value value, std::optional<unsigned> lane = std::nullopt);
   void allocateGatheredMemory();
   void allocateMemoryForValue(const MemoryValueKey& key, MemEntry& memEntry, MemoryReportKind reportKind);
+  PhysicalSlotInfo allocatePhysicalSlot(size_t slotSize, const MemoryValueKey& key);
 
 public:
   PimMemory(llvm::SmallDenseMap<MemoryValueKey, MemEntry, 32>& globalMemEntriesMap)
@@ -92,6 +108,7 @@ public:
   void allocateHost(mlir::ModuleOp moduleOp, mlir::func::FuncOp funcOp);
   void allocateCore(mlir::Operation* op, std::optional<unsigned> lane = std::nullopt);
   MemoryReportRow getReportRow() const;
+  const MemoryPlanArtifacts& getLivenessArtifacts() const { return livenessArtifacts; }
   void remove(mlir::Value val);
 
   size_t getFirstAvailableAddress() const { return firstAvailableAddress; }

src/PIM/Compiler/PimCompilerOptions.cpp

@@ -22,6 +22,15 @@ llvm::cl::opt<PimMergeSchedulerType>
                     llvm::cl::init(MergeSchedulerPeft),
                     llvm::cl::cat(OnnxMlirOptions));
 
+llvm::cl::opt<PimMemoryReportLevel> pimMemoryReport(
+  "pim-memory-report",
+  llvm::cl::desc("Emit a human-readable PIM memory planning report"),
+  llvm::cl::values(clEnumValN(PimMemoryReportNone, "none", "Do not emit any PIM memory planning report")),
+  llvm::cl::values(clEnumValN(PimMemoryReportSummary, "summary", "Emit a concise slot reuse report with key offenders")),
+  llvm::cl::values(clEnumValN(PimMemoryReportFull, "full", "Emit the full detailed PIM memory planning report")),
+  llvm::cl::init(PimMemoryReportNone),
+  llvm::cl::cat(OnnxMlirOptions));
+
 llvm::cl::opt<bool>
   pimOnlyCodegen("pim-only-codegen",
                  llvm::cl::desc("Only generate code for PIM (assume input is already in bufferized PIM IR)"),

src/PIM/Compiler/PimCompilerOptions.hpp

@@ -24,9 +24,16 @@ typedef enum {
   MergeSchedulerPeft = 0,
 } PimMergeSchedulerType;
 
+typedef enum {
+  PimMemoryReportNone = 0,
+  PimMemoryReportSummary = 1,
+  PimMemoryReportFull = 2,
+} PimMemoryReportLevel;
+
 extern llvm::cl::OptionCategory OnnxMlirOptions;
 extern llvm::cl::opt<PimEmissionTargetType> pimEmissionTarget;
 extern llvm::cl::opt<PimMergeSchedulerType> pimMergeScheduler;
+extern llvm::cl::opt<PimMemoryReportLevel> pimMemoryReport;
 
 extern llvm::cl::opt<bool> pimOnlyCodegen;
 extern llvm::cl::opt<bool> useExperimentalConvImpl;

src/PIM/Compiler/PimMemoryLiveness.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,742 @@
+#include "mlir/Dialect/Bufferization/IR/BufferizableOpInterface.h"
+#include "mlir/Dialect/MemRef/IR/MemRef.h"
+#include "mlir/Dialect/SCF/IR/SCF.h"
+#include "mlir/IR/Value.h"
+#include "mlir/Interfaces/DestinationStyleOpInterface.h"
+
+#include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/SmallPtrSet.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/STLExtras.h"
+#include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
+
+#include <numeric>
+#include <string>
+#include <tuple>
+#include <utility>
+
+#include "Common/Support/CheckedArithmetic.hpp"
+#include "Common/Support/ReportUtils.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Common/PimCommon.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimMemoryLiveness.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Dialect/Pim/PimOps.hpp"
+
+using namespace llvm;
+using namespace mlir;
+using namespace onnx_mlir;
+
+namespace {
+
+static std::optional<unsigned> getLaneForMemoryValue(mlir::Value value, std::optional<unsigned> lane) {
+  if (!lane)
+    return std::nullopt;
+  auto allocOp = value.getDefiningOp<memref::AllocOp>();
+  if (!allocOp || !allocOp->getParentOfType<pim::PimCoreBatchOp>())
+    return std::nullopt;
+  return lane;
+}
+
+static MemoryValueKey getMemoryValueKey(mlir::Value value, std::optional<unsigned> lane = std::nullopt) {
+  return {value, getLaneForMemoryValue(value, lane)};
+}
+
+struct MemoryTouchInterval {
+  uint64_t start = 0;
+  uint64_t end = 0;
+  Operation *startOp = nullptr;
+  Operation *endOp = nullptr;
+  Operation *firstTouchOp = nullptr;
+  Operation *lastTouchOp = nullptr;
+  uint64_t firstTouchPosition = 0;
+  uint64_t lastTouchPosition = 0;
+  bool hasRuntimeUse = false;
+  bool startUsedAllocFallback = false;
+  bool endUsedFallback = false;
+  bool escapesLoop = false;
+  std::string fallbackReason;
+  llvm::SmallVector<std::string, 8> aliasesFollowed;
+};
+
+struct OperationOrdering {
+  llvm::DenseMap<Operation *, uint64_t> position;
+  llvm::DenseMap<Operation *, uint64_t> subtreeEnd;
+  uint64_t nextPosition = 0;
+};
+
+static std::string printValueToString(mlir::Value value) {
+  std::string text;
+  llvm::raw_string_ostream os(text);
+  value.print(os);
+  os.flush();
+  return text;
+}
+
+static std::string printOperationToString(Operation *op) {
+  if (!op)
+    return "<none>";
+  std::string text;
+  llvm::raw_string_ostream os(text);
+  op->print(os);
+  os.flush();
+  return text;
+}
+
+static std::string printLocationToString(Location loc) {
+  std::string text;
+  llvm::raw_string_ostream os(text);
+  loc.print(os);
+  os.flush();
+  return text;
+}
+
+static std::string collapseWhitespace(StringRef text) {
+  std::string out;
+  out.reserve(text.size());
+  bool lastWasSpace = false;
+  for (char c : text) {
+    bool isSpace = c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\t' || c == '\r';
+    if (isSpace) {
+      if (!lastWasSpace && !out.empty())
+        out.push_back(' ');
+      lastWasSpace = true;
+      continue;
+    }
+    out.push_back(c);
+    lastWasSpace = false;
+  }
+  return out;
+}
+
+static std::string abbreviate(StringRef text, size_t maxLen) {
+  if (text.size() <= maxLen)
+    return text.str();
+  return (text.take_front(maxLen - 3) + "...").str();
+}
+
+static std::string summarizeValue(mlir::Value value, size_t maxLen = 72) {
+  return abbreviate(collapseWhitespace(printValueToString(value)), maxLen);
+}
+
+static std::string summarizeOperation(Operation *op, size_t maxLen = 96) {
+  if (!op)
+    return "<none>";
+  std::string prefix = op->getName().getStringRef().str();
+  std::string full = collapseWhitespace(printOperationToString(op));
+  if (full == prefix)
+    return prefix;
+  return abbreviate(prefix + " :: " + full, maxLen);
+}
+
+static std::string summarizeLocation(Location loc, size_t maxLen = 88) {
+  return abbreviate(collapseWhitespace(printLocationToString(loc)), maxLen);
+}
+
+static void assignOperationOrdering(Operation *op, OperationOrdering &ordering) {
+  uint64_t position = ordering.nextPosition++;
+  ordering.position[op] = position;
+  uint64_t end = position;
+  for (Region &region : op->getRegions())
+    for (Block &block : region)
+      for (Operation &nestedOp : block) {
+        assignOperationOrdering(&nestedOp, ordering);
+        end = std::max(end, ordering.subtreeEnd.lookup(&nestedOp));
+      }
+  ordering.subtreeEnd[op] = end;
+}
+
+static OperationOrdering buildOperationOrdering(Operation *coreLikeOp) {
+  OperationOrdering ordering;
+  if (!coreLikeOp || coreLikeOp->getNumRegions() != 1 || coreLikeOp->getRegion(0).empty())
+    return ordering;
+
+  for (Operation &op : coreLikeOp->getRegion(0).front())
+    assignOperationOrdering(&op, ordering);
+  return ordering;
+}
+
+static bool isSupportedAliasOp(Operation *op) {
+  return isa<memref::SubViewOp, memref::CastOp, memref::CollapseShapeOp, memref::ExpandShapeOp>(op);
+}
+
+static bool isRuntimeMemoryTouchOp(Operation *op) {
+  return isa<pim::PimMemCopyHostToDevOp,
+             pim::PimMemCopyDevToHostOp,
+             pim::PimMemCopyOp,
+             pim::PimReceiveOp,
+             pim::PimSendOp,
+             pim::PimConcatOp,
+             pim::PimVMMOp,
+             pim::PimTransposeOp,
+             pim::PimVVAddOp,
+             pim::PimVVSubOp,
+             pim::PimVVMulOp,
+             pim::PimVVMaxOp,
+             pim::PimVVDMulOp,
+             pim::PimVAvgOp,
+             pim::PimVReluOp,
+             pim::PimVTanhOp,
+             pim::PimVSigmOp,
+             pim::PimVSoftmaxOp>(op);
+}
+
+static bool isIgnoredLivenessUser(Operation *op) {
+  return isSupportedAliasOp(op) || isa<scf::ForOp, scf::YieldOp, memref::DeallocOp>(op) || isCoreStaticAddressOp(op);
+}
+
+static bool isWithin(mlir::Value value, Region *region) {
+  if (!region)
+    return false;
+  if (auto blockArg = dyn_cast<BlockArgument>(value))
+    return blockArg.getOwner()->getParent() == region;
+  if (Operation *definingOp = value.getDefiningOp())
+    return definingOp->getParentRegion() == region || region->isAncestor(definingOp->getParentRegion());
+  return false;
+}
+
+static bool isNestedAllocation(Operation *coreLikeOp, memref::AllocOp allocOp) {
+  if (!coreLikeOp || coreLikeOp->getNumRegions() != 1 || coreLikeOp->getRegion(0).empty())
+    return false;
+  return allocOp->getBlock() != &coreLikeOp->getRegion(0).front();
+}
+
+static void addFallbackReason(std::string &reason, StringRef newReason) {
+  if (newReason.empty())
+    return;
+  if (!reason.empty())
+    reason += "; ";
+  reason += newReason.str();
+}
+
+static void appendAliasDescription(llvm::SmallVectorImpl<std::string> &aliases, mlir::Value value) {
+  std::string text = printValueToString(value);
+  if (!llvm::is_contained(aliases, text))
+    aliases.push_back(std::move(text));
+}
+
+struct OrderedTouchRange {
+  uint64_t start = 0;
+  uint64_t end = 0;
+  Operation *startOp = nullptr;
+  Operation *endOp = nullptr;
+  bool escapedLoop = false;
+};
+
+static OrderedTouchRange
+getEffectiveTouchRange(mlir::Value definingValue, Operation *user, const OperationOrdering &ordering) {
+  OrderedTouchRange range {
+    ordering.position.lookup(user), ordering.position.lookup(user), user, user, false};
+  for (Operation *current = user; current; current = current->getParentOp()) {
+    auto forOp = dyn_cast<scf::ForOp>(current);
+    if (!forOp || isWithin(definingValue, &forOp.getRegion()))
+      continue;
+    range.start = std::min(range.start, ordering.position.lookup(forOp));
+    range.end = std::max(range.end, ordering.subtreeEnd.lookup(forOp));
+    range.startOp = forOp;
+    range.endOp = forOp;
+    range.escapedLoop = true;
+  }
+  return range;
+}
+
+static MemoryTouchInterval
+computeMemoryTouchInterval(memref::AllocOp allocOp, const OperationOrdering &ordering, uint64_t fallbackEnd) {
+  MemoryTouchInterval interval;
+  interval.start = ordering.position.lookup(allocOp);
+  interval.end = interval.start;
+  interval.startOp = allocOp;
+  interval.endOp = allocOp;
+
+  SmallPtrSet<mlir::Value, 16> visitedValues;
+  SmallPtrSet<Operation *, 32> visitedUsers;
+  SmallVector<mlir::Value> pendingValues;
+  pendingValues.push_back(allocOp.getResult());
+  auto parentLoop = allocOp->getParentOfType<scf::ForOp>();
+
+  while (!pendingValues.empty()) {
+    mlir::Value value = pendingValues.pop_back_val();
+    if (!visitedValues.insert(value).second)
+      continue;
+
+    for (Operation *user : value.getUsers()) {
+      if (!visitedUsers.insert(user).second)
+        continue;
+
+      if (isSupportedAliasOp(user)) {
+        for (mlir::Value result : user->getResults()) {
+          pendingValues.push_back(result);
+          appendAliasDescription(interval.aliasesFollowed, result);
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (auto dpsOp = dyn_cast<DestinationStyleOpInterface>(user)) {
+        for (OpResult result : user->getResults()) {
+          OpOperand *tiedOperand = dpsOp.getTiedOpOperand(result);
+          if (!tiedOperand || tiedOperand->get() != value)
+            continue;
+          pendingValues.push_back(result);
+          appendAliasDescription(interval.aliasesFollowed, result);
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (auto forOp = dyn_cast<scf::ForOp>(user)) {
+        for (auto [index, initArg] : llvm::enumerate(forOp.getInitArgs())) {
+          if (initArg != value)
+            continue;
+          pendingValues.push_back(forOp.getRegionIterArgs()[index]);
+          pendingValues.push_back(forOp.getResult(index));
+          appendAliasDescription(interval.aliasesFollowed, forOp.getRegionIterArgs()[index]);
+          appendAliasDescription(interval.aliasesFollowed, forOp.getResult(index));
+          if (parentLoop && forOp != parentLoop)
+            interval.escapesLoop = true;
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (auto yieldOp = dyn_cast<scf::YieldOp>(user)) {
+        auto forOp = dyn_cast<scf::ForOp>(yieldOp->getParentOp());
+        if (!forOp) {
+          addFallbackReason(interval.fallbackReason, "yield without scf.for parent");
+        }
+        else {
+          for (auto [index, operand] : llvm::enumerate(yieldOp.getOperands())) {
+            if (operand != value)
+              continue;
+            pendingValues.push_back(forOp.getResult(index));
+            appendAliasDescription(interval.aliasesFollowed, forOp.getResult(index));
+            if (parentLoop && forOp == parentLoop)
+              interval.escapesLoop = true;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (isRuntimeMemoryTouchOp(user)) {
+        uint64_t touchPosition = ordering.position.lookup(user);
+        if (!interval.hasRuntimeUse || touchPosition < interval.firstTouchPosition) {
+          interval.firstTouchPosition = touchPosition;
+          interval.firstTouchOp = user;
+        }
+        if (!interval.hasRuntimeUse || touchPosition > interval.lastTouchPosition) {
+          interval.lastTouchPosition = touchPosition;
+          interval.lastTouchOp = user;
+        }
+
+        OrderedTouchRange range = getEffectiveTouchRange(allocOp.getResult(), user, ordering);
+        interval.escapesLoop |= range.escapedLoop;
+        if (!interval.hasRuntimeUse) {
+          interval.start = range.start;
+          interval.end = range.end;
+          interval.startOp = range.startOp;
+          interval.endOp = range.endOp;
+          interval.hasRuntimeUse = true;
+        }
+        else {
+          if (range.start < interval.start) {
+            interval.start = range.start;
+            interval.startOp = range.startOp;
+          }
+          if (range.end > interval.end) {
+            interval.end = range.end;
+            interval.endOp = range.endOp;
+          }
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (isIgnoredLivenessUser(user))
+        continue;
+
+      addFallbackReason(interval.fallbackReason, "unhandled user op");
+      interval.endUsedFallback = true;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (!interval.hasRuntimeUse) {
+    interval.startUsedAllocFallback = true;
+    interval.endUsedFallback = true;
+    interval.start = ordering.position.lookup(allocOp);
+    interval.end = fallbackEnd;
+    interval.startOp = allocOp;
+    interval.endOp = allocOp->getParentOp();
+    interval.firstTouchPosition = interval.start;
+    interval.lastTouchPosition = interval.end;
+    addFallbackReason(interval.fallbackReason, "no runtime memory touch");
+    return interval;
+  }
+
+  if (interval.endUsedFallback) {
+    interval.end = std::max(interval.end, fallbackEnd);
+    interval.endOp = allocOp->getParentOp();
+  }
+
+  return interval;
+}
+
+static FailureOr<size_t> getAllocSizeBytes(memref::AllocOp allocOp) {
+  auto type = dyn_cast<ShapedType>(allocOp.getType());
+  if (!type)
+    return failure();
+  auto checkedBytes = pim::getCheckedShapedTypeSizeInBytes(type, allocOp, "memory allocation byte size");
+  if (failed(checkedBytes))
+    return failure();
+  return pim::checkedSize(*checkedBytes, allocOp, "memory allocation byte size");
+}
+
+static bool intervalsOverlap(const LocalAllocInterval &lhs, const LocalAllocInterval &rhs) {
+  return !(lhs.end < rhs.start || rhs.end < lhs.start);
+}
+
+static uint64_t getSlotLogicalBytes(const PlannedPhysicalSlot &slot, ArrayRef<LocalAllocInterval> intervals) {
+  uint64_t slotLogicalBytes = 0;
+  for (size_t intervalIndex : slot.intervalIndices)
+    slotLogicalBytes += intervals[intervalIndex].size;
+  return slotLogicalBytes;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+SmallVector<LocalAllocInterval, 0> onnx_mlir::buildLocalAllocIntervals(Operation *coreLikeOp,
+                                                                       std::optional<unsigned> lane) {
+  SmallVector<LocalAllocInterval, 0> intervals;
+  OperationOrdering ordering = buildOperationOrdering(coreLikeOp);
+  if (ordering.position.empty())
+    return intervals;
+
+  uint64_t fallbackEnd = ordering.nextPosition == 0 ? 0 : ordering.nextPosition - 1;
+  size_t nextIntervalId = 0;
+  coreLikeOp->walk([&](memref::AllocOp allocOp) {
+    auto checkedSize = getAllocSizeBytes(allocOp);
+    if (failed(checkedSize)) {
+      llvm::errs() << "Failed to compute local allocation size for value: ";
+      allocOp.getResult().print(llvm::errs());
+      llvm::errs() << "\n";
+      llvm_unreachable("Failed to compute local allocation size");
+    }
+
+    MemoryTouchInterval touchInterval = computeMemoryTouchInterval(allocOp, ordering, fallbackEnd);
+    LocalAllocInterval interval;
+    interval.id = nextIntervalId++;
+    interval.alloc = allocOp;
+    interval.key = getMemoryValueKey(allocOp.getResult(), lane);
+    interval.start = touchInterval.start;
+    interval.end = touchInterval.end;
+    interval.size = *checkedSize;
+    interval.startOp = touchInterval.startOp;
+    interval.endOp = touchInterval.endOp;
+    interval.firstTouchOp = touchInterval.firstTouchOp;
+    interval.lastTouchOp = touchInterval.lastTouchOp;
+    interval.firstTouchPosition = touchInterval.firstTouchPosition;
+    interval.lastTouchPosition = touchInterval.lastTouchPosition;
+    interval.startUsedAllocFallback = touchInterval.startUsedAllocFallback;
+    interval.endUsedFallback = touchInterval.endUsedFallback;
+    interval.hasRuntimeUse = touchInterval.hasRuntimeUse;
+    interval.insideNestedRegion = isNestedAllocation(coreLikeOp, allocOp);
+    interval.escapesLoop = touchInterval.escapesLoop;
+    interval.fallbackReason = std::move(touchInterval.fallbackReason);
+    interval.aliasesFollowed = std::move(touchInterval.aliasesFollowed);
+    intervals.push_back(std::move(interval));
+  });
+
+  return intervals;
+}
+
+SmallVector<PlannedPhysicalSlot, 0> onnx_mlir::planPhysicalSlots(MutableArrayRef<LocalAllocInterval> intervals) {
+  SmallVector<PlannedPhysicalSlot, 0> slots;
+  SmallVector<size_t> intervalOrder(intervals.size());
+  std::iota(intervalOrder.begin(), intervalOrder.end(), 0);
+  llvm::stable_sort(intervalOrder, [&](size_t lhsIndex, size_t rhsIndex) {
+    const LocalAllocInterval &lhs = intervals[lhsIndex];
+    const LocalAllocInterval &rhs = intervals[rhsIndex];
+    if (lhs.size != rhs.size)
+      return lhs.size > rhs.size;
+    if (lhs.start != rhs.start)
+      return lhs.start < rhs.start;
+    if (lhs.end != rhs.end)
+      return lhs.end < rhs.end;
+    return lhs.id < rhs.id;
+  });
+
+  for (size_t intervalIndex : intervalOrder) {
+    LocalAllocInterval &interval = intervals[intervalIndex];
+    PlannedPhysicalSlot *bestSlot = nullptr;
+    auto bestKey = std::tuple<size_t, size_t, size_t, size_t>(
+      std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(),
+      std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(),
+      std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max(),
+      std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max());
+
+    for (size_t slotIndex = 0; slotIndex < slots.size(); ++slotIndex) {
+      PlannedPhysicalSlot &slot = slots[slotIndex];
+      bool compatible = true;
+      for (size_t otherIndex : slot.intervalIndices) {
+        if (intervalsOverlap(interval, intervals[otherIndex])) {
+          compatible = false;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+      if (!compatible)
+        continue;
+
+      size_t resultingSize = std::max(slot.requiredSize, interval.size);
+      size_t growth = resultingSize - slot.requiredSize;
+      auto candidateKey = std::tuple<size_t, size_t, size_t, size_t>(
+        growth, resultingSize, slot.intervalIndices.size(), slot.id);
+      if (candidateKey < bestKey) {
+        bestKey = candidateKey;
+        bestSlot = &slot;
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (!bestSlot) {
+      slots.push_back({slots.size(), interval.size, interval.size, 0, {intervalIndex}});
+      interval.slotPlanIndex = slots.size() - 1;
+      interval.physicalSlotId = slots.back().id;
+      interval.physicalSlotSize = slots.back().requiredSize;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    bestSlot->requiredSize = std::max(bestSlot->requiredSize, interval.size);
+    bestSlot->size = bestSlot->requiredSize;
+    bestSlot->intervalIndices.push_back(intervalIndex);
+    interval.slotPlanIndex = static_cast<size_t>(bestSlot - slots.data());
+    interval.physicalSlotId = bestSlot->id;
+    interval.physicalSlotSize = bestSlot->requiredSize;
+  }
+
+  return slots;
+}
+
+MemoryPlanArtifacts onnx_mlir::buildMemoryPlanArtifacts(Operation *coreLikeOp,
+                                                        std::optional<unsigned> lane,
+                                                        ArrayRef<LocalAllocInterval> intervals,
+                                                        ArrayRef<PlannedPhysicalSlot> slots,
+                                                        size_t addressLimit,
+                                                        PimMemoryReportLevel reportLevel) {
+  MemoryPlanArtifacts artifacts;
+
+  uint64_t totalLogicalBytes = 0;
+  uint64_t totalPhysicalBytes = 0;
+  uint64_t fallbackIntervals = 0;
+  uint64_t noRuntimeTouchIntervals = 0;
+  uint64_t reusedAllocations = 0;
+  uint64_t nestedIntervals = 0;
+  uint64_t loopEscapingIntervals = 0;
+  size_t largestLogicalAllocation = 0;
+  size_t largestPhysicalSlot = 0;
+  size_t maximumAssignedAddress = 0;
+
+  for (const LocalAllocInterval &interval : intervals) {
+    totalLogicalBytes += interval.size;
+    largestLogicalAllocation = std::max(largestLogicalAllocation, interval.size);
+    maximumAssignedAddress = std::max(maximumAssignedAddress, interval.assignedAddress + interval.physicalSlotSize);
+    if (interval.startUsedAllocFallback || interval.endUsedFallback)
+      ++fallbackIntervals;
+    if (!interval.hasRuntimeUse)
+      ++noRuntimeTouchIntervals;
+    if (interval.insideNestedRegion)
+      ++nestedIntervals;
+    if (interval.escapesLoop)
+      ++loopEscapingIntervals;
+  }
+  for (const PlannedPhysicalSlot &slot : slots) {
+    totalPhysicalBytes += slot.size;
+    largestPhysicalSlot = std::max(largestPhysicalSlot, slot.size);
+    if (slot.intervalIndices.size() > 1)
+      reusedAllocations += slot.intervalIndices.size() - 1;
+  }
+
+  uint64_t savedBytes = totalLogicalBytes >= totalPhysicalBytes ? totalLogicalBytes - totalPhysicalBytes : 0;
+  double savedPercent =
+    totalLogicalBytes == 0 ? 0.0 : 100.0 * static_cast<double>(savedBytes) / static_cast<double>(totalLogicalBytes);
+
+  raw_string_ostream os(artifacts.textReport);
+  os << "=== PIM Memory Liveness Report ===\n";
+  os << "Op: " << coreLikeOp->getName() << "\n";
+  if (lane)
+    os << "Lane: " << *lane << "\n";
+  os << "Summary:\n";
+  os << "  logical allocation bytes:  " << formatReportMemory(totalLogicalBytes) << " (" << totalLogicalBytes << ")\n";
+  os << "  physical allocation bytes: " << formatReportMemory(totalPhysicalBytes) << " (" << totalPhysicalBytes << ")\n";
+  os << "  saved bytes:               " << formatReportMemory(savedBytes) << " (" << savedBytes << ")\n";
+  os << "  saved percent: " << format("%.2f%%", savedPercent) << "\n";
+  os << "  intervals: " << intervals.size() << "\n";
+  os << "  physical slots: " << slots.size() << "\n";
+  os << "  reused allocations: " << reusedAllocations << "\n";
+  os << "  fallback intervals: " << fallbackIntervals << "\n";
+  os << "  intervals with no runtime memory touch: " << noRuntimeTouchIntervals << "\n";
+  os << "  nested allocations: " << nestedIntervals << "\n";
+  os << "  loop-escaping allocations: " << loopEscapingIntervals << "\n";
+  os << "  largest logical allocation: " << largestLogicalAllocation << "\n";
+  os << "  largest physical slot: " << largestPhysicalSlot << "\n";
+  os << "  address limit: " << addressLimit << "\n";
+  os << "  peak physical memory: " << formatReportMemory(maximumAssignedAddress) << " (" << maximumAssignedAddress << ")\n";
+  os << "  maximum assigned address: " << maximumAssignedAddress << "\n";
+
+  os << "\nHow To Read:\n";
+  os << "  `summary` only shows the strongest reuse cases and the worst offenders.\n";
+  os << "  Use `--pim-memory-report=full` when you need the complete slot-by-slot and interval-by-interval dump.\n";
+  os << "  Large single-use slots, fallback intervals, and nested single-use allocations are the best places\n";
+  os << "  to inspect if allocations should be moved, sunk, or made easier to coalesce earlier in the pipeline.\n";
+
+  SmallVector<const PlannedPhysicalSlot *> reusedSlots;
+  SmallVector<const PlannedPhysicalSlot *> singleUseSlots;
+  for (const PlannedPhysicalSlot &slot : slots) {
+    if (slot.intervalIndices.size() > 1)
+      reusedSlots.push_back(&slot);
+    else
+      singleUseSlots.push_back(&slot);
+  }
+
+  llvm::stable_sort(reusedSlots, [&](const PlannedPhysicalSlot *lhs, const PlannedPhysicalSlot *rhs) {
+    uint64_t lhsLogicalBytes = getSlotLogicalBytes(*lhs, intervals);
+    uint64_t rhsLogicalBytes = getSlotLogicalBytes(*rhs, intervals);
+    if (lhs->intervalIndices.size() != rhs->intervalIndices.size())
+      return lhs->intervalIndices.size() > rhs->intervalIndices.size();
+    if (lhsLogicalBytes != rhsLogicalBytes)
+      return lhsLogicalBytes > rhsLogicalBytes;
+    if (lhs->size != rhs->size)
+      return lhs->size > rhs->size;
+    return lhs->id < rhs->id;
+  });
+  llvm::stable_sort(singleUseSlots, [&](const PlannedPhysicalSlot *lhs, const PlannedPhysicalSlot *rhs) {
+    if (lhs->size != rhs->size)
+      return lhs->size > rhs->size;
+    return lhs->id < rhs->id;
+  });
+
+  constexpr size_t kSummaryReuseLimit = 6;
+  constexpr size_t kSummaryOffenderLimit = 10;
+
+  os << "\nBest Reuse:\n";
+  if (reusedSlots.empty()) {
+    os << "  no slots were shared by multiple intervals\n";
+  } else {
+    for (const PlannedPhysicalSlot *slot : ArrayRef(reusedSlots).take_front(kSummaryReuseLimit)) {
+      uint64_t slotLogicalBytes = getSlotLogicalBytes(*slot, intervals);
+      os << "  slot #" << slot->id
+         << "  addr=" << slot->address
+         << "  size=" << formatReportMemory(slot->size)
+         << "  intervals=" << slot->intervalIndices.size()
+         << "  logical_sum=" << formatReportMemory(slotLogicalBytes) << "\n";
+      for (size_t intervalIndex : slot->intervalIndices) {
+        const LocalAllocInterval &interval = intervals[intervalIndex];
+        os << "    #" << interval.id
+           << "  [" << interval.start << "," << interval.end << "]"
+           << "  logical=" << formatReportMemory(interval.size)
+           << "  first=" << summarizeOperation(interval.firstTouchOp, 40)
+           << "  last=" << summarizeOperation(interval.lastTouchOp, 40) << "\n";
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  os << "\nTop Offenders:\n";
+  bool printedAttention = false;
+  for (const PlannedPhysicalSlot *slot : ArrayRef(singleUseSlots).take_front(kSummaryOffenderLimit)) {
+    const LocalAllocInterval &interval = intervals[slot->intervalIndices.front()];
+    printedAttention = true;
+    os << "  slot #" << slot->id << " is single-use"
+       << "  size=" << formatReportMemory(slot->size)
+       << "  interval=#" << interval.id
+       << "  value=" << summarizeValue(interval.key.value, 56) << "\n";
+    os << "    first=" << summarizeOperation(interval.firstTouchOp, 40)
+       << "  last=" << summarizeOperation(interval.lastTouchOp, 40)
+       << "  nested=" << (interval.insideNestedRegion ? "yes" : "no")
+       << "  escapes_loop=" << (interval.escapesLoop ? "yes" : "no") << "\n";
+  }
+  size_t fallbackPrinted = 0;
+  for (const LocalAllocInterval &interval : intervals) {
+    if (!(interval.startUsedAllocFallback || interval.endUsedFallback) || fallbackPrinted >= kSummaryOffenderLimit)
+      continue;
+    printedAttention = true;
+    ++fallbackPrinted;
+    os << "  fallback interval #" << interval.id
+       << "  size=" << formatReportMemory(interval.size)
+       << "  value=" << summarizeValue(interval.key.value, 56) << "\n";
+    os << "    reason: " << (interval.fallbackReason.empty() ? "<none>" : interval.fallbackReason) << "\n";
+  }
+  size_t nestedPrinted = 0;
+  for (const LocalAllocInterval &interval : intervals) {
+    if (nestedPrinted >= kSummaryOffenderLimit)
+      break;
+    if (!(interval.insideNestedRegion && slots[interval.slotPlanIndex].intervalIndices.size() == 1))
+      continue;
+    printedAttention = true;
+    ++nestedPrinted;
+    os << "  nested single-use interval #" << interval.id
+       << "  slot #" << interval.physicalSlotId
+       << "  size=" << formatReportMemory(interval.size)
+       << "  value=" << summarizeValue(interval.key.value, 56) << "\n";
+    os << "    hint: move or sink this alloc inside the nested region if the IR allows it.\n";
+  }
+  if (!printedAttention)
+    os << "  no obvious blockers detected in this core\n";
+
+  if (reportLevel == PimMemoryReportFull) {
+    os << "\nSlot Reuse:\n";
+    for (const PlannedPhysicalSlot &slot : slots) {
+      uint64_t slotLogicalBytes = getSlotLogicalBytes(slot, intervals);
+      os << "  slot #" << slot.id << "  addr=" << slot.address << "  size=" << formatReportMemory(slot.size) << " ("
+         << slot.size << ")"
+         << "  intervals=" << slot.intervalIndices.size()
+         << "  logical_sum=" << formatReportMemory(slotLogicalBytes) << "\n";
+      for (size_t intervalIndex : slot.intervalIndices) {
+        const LocalAllocInterval &interval = intervals[intervalIndex];
+        mlir::Value allocValue = interval.key.value;
+        os << "    [" << interval.start << "," << interval.end << "]"
+           << "  #" << interval.id
+           << "  logical=" << formatReportMemory(interval.size)
+           << "  nested=" << (interval.insideNestedRegion ? "yes" : "no")
+           << "  escapes_loop=" << (interval.escapesLoop ? "yes" : "no")
+           << "  first=" << summarizeOperation(interval.firstTouchOp, 48)
+           << "  last=" << summarizeOperation(interval.lastTouchOp, 48) << "\n";
+        os << "      value=" << summarizeValue(allocValue) << "\n";
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (reportLevel == PimMemoryReportFull) {
+    os << "\nInterval Details:\n";
+    for (const LocalAllocInterval &interval : intervals) {
+      const PlannedPhysicalSlot &slot = slots[interval.slotPlanIndex];
+      mlir::Value allocValue = interval.key.value;
+      Operation *definingOp = allocValue.getDefiningOp();
+      os << "  #" << interval.id
+         << "  slot=" << slot.id
+         << "  live=[" << interval.start << "," << interval.end << "]"
+         << "  logical=" << formatReportMemory(interval.size)
+         << "  slot_size=" << formatReportMemory(interval.physicalSlotSize)
+         << "  addr=" << interval.assignedAddress << "\n";
+      os << "    value=" << summarizeValue(allocValue, 88) << "\n";
+      os << "    type=" << allocValue.getType() << "\n";
+      os << "    loc="
+         << summarizeLocation(definingOp ? definingOp->getLoc() : UnknownLoc::get(coreLikeOp->getContext())) << "\n";
+      os << "    nested=" << (interval.insideNestedRegion ? "yes" : "no")
+         << "  escapes_loop=" << (interval.escapesLoop ? "yes" : "no")
+         << "  start_fallback=" << (interval.startUsedAllocFallback ? "yes" : "no")
+         << "  end_fallback=" << (interval.endUsedFallback ? "yes" : "no") << "\n";
+      os << "    first_use=" << summarizeOperation(interval.firstTouchOp) << " @" << interval.firstTouchPosition
+         << "\n";
+      os << "    last_use=" << summarizeOperation(interval.lastTouchOp) << " @" << interval.lastTouchPosition << "\n";
+      os << "    slot_peers=";
+      bool first = true;
+      for (size_t otherIndex : slot.intervalIndices) {
+        if (intervals[otherIndex].id == interval.id)
+          continue;
+        if (!first)
+          os << ", ";
+        os << "#" << intervals[otherIndex].id;
+        first = false;
+      }
+      if (first)
+        os << "<none>";
+      os << "\n";
+      if (!interval.fallbackReason.empty())
+        os << "    fallback_reason=" << interval.fallbackReason << "\n";
+      if (!interval.aliasesFollowed.empty()) {
+        os << "    aliases_followed=" << interval.aliasesFollowed.size() << "\n";
+        for (const std::string &alias : interval.aliasesFollowed)
+          os << "      - " << abbreviate(collapseWhitespace(alias), 108) << "\n";
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  os.flush();
+
+  return artifacts;
+}

src/PIM/Compiler/PimMemoryLiveness.hpp

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+#pragma once
+
+#include "mlir/Dialect/MemRef/IR/MemRef.h"
+
+#include "llvm/ADT/ArrayRef.h"
+#include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"
+
+#include <limits>
+#include <optional>
+#include <string>
+
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimCodeGen.hpp"
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimCompilerOptions.hpp"
+
+namespace onnx_mlir {
+
+struct LocalAllocInterval {
+  size_t id = 0;
+  mlir::memref::AllocOp alloc;
+  MemoryValueKey key;
+  uint64_t start = 0;
+  uint64_t end = 0;
+  size_t size = 0;
+  mlir::Operation *startOp = nullptr;
+  mlir::Operation *endOp = nullptr;
+  mlir::Operation *firstTouchOp = nullptr;
+  mlir::Operation *lastTouchOp = nullptr;
+  uint64_t firstTouchPosition = 0;
+  uint64_t lastTouchPosition = 0;
+  bool startUsedAllocFallback = false;
+  bool endUsedFallback = false;
+  bool hasRuntimeUse = false;
+  bool insideNestedRegion = false;
+  bool escapesLoop = false;
+  std::string fallbackReason;
+  llvm::SmallVector<std::string, 8> aliasesFollowed;
+  size_t slotPlanIndex = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
+  size_t physicalSlotId = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
+  size_t assignedAddress = 0;
+  size_t physicalSlotSize = 0;
+};
+
+struct PlannedPhysicalSlot {
+  size_t id = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
+  size_t requiredSize = 0;
+  size_t size = 0;
+  size_t address = 0;
+  llvm::SmallVector<size_t, 8> intervalIndices;
+};
+
+llvm::SmallVector<LocalAllocInterval, 0> buildLocalAllocIntervals(mlir::Operation *coreLikeOp,
+                                                                  std::optional<unsigned> lane);
+
+llvm::SmallVector<PlannedPhysicalSlot, 0> planPhysicalSlots(llvm::MutableArrayRef<LocalAllocInterval> intervals);
+
+MemoryPlanArtifacts buildMemoryPlanArtifacts(mlir::Operation *coreLikeOp,
+                                             std::optional<unsigned> lane,
+                                             llvm::ArrayRef<LocalAllocInterval> intervals,
+                                             llvm::ArrayRef<PlannedPhysicalSlot> slots,
+                                             size_t addressLimit,
+                                             PimMemoryReportLevel reportLevel);
+
+} // namespace onnx_mlir

src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/Bufferization/BufferizationUtils.cpp

@@ -35,7 +35,7 @@ FailureOr<Value> materializeContiguousInputMemRef(Value memrefValue, Location lo
 }
 
 Value allocateContiguousResultMemRefLike(Value memrefValue, Location loc, RewriterBase& rewriter) {
-  if (succeeded(resolveContiguousAddress(memrefValue)))
+  if (succeeded(resolveContiguousAddress(memrefValue)) || succeeded(compileContiguousAddressExpr(memrefValue)))
     return memrefValue;
 
   auto shapedType = cast<ShapedType>(memrefValue.getType());

src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/MemoryCoalescing/MemoryCoalescing.cpp

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ namespace pim {
 
 namespace {
 
-static bool isSupportedAliasOp(Operation* op) {
+static bool isSupportedAliasOp(Operation *op) {
   return isa<memref::SubViewOp, memref::CastOp, memref::CollapseShapeOp, memref::ExpandShapeOp>(op);
 }
 
@@ -32,32 +32,51 @@ static uint64_t getTypeSizeBytes(MemRefType type) {
   return static_cast<uint64_t>(type.getNumElements() * getElementTypeSizeInBytes(type.getElementType()));
 }
 
-static Operation* getTopLevelAncestorInBody(Operation* op, Block& body) {
-  Operation* current = op;
-  while (current && current->getBlock() != &body)
+static Operation *getTopLevelAncestorInBlock(Operation *op, Block &block) {
+  Operation *current = op;
+  while (current && current->getBlock() != &block)
     current = current->getParentOp();
   return current;
 }
 
+static void analyzeBlock(Block &block, MemoryCoalescingAnalysis &analysis);
+
 static FailureOr<uint64_t>
-getLastUseInstruction(memref::AllocOp allocOp, Block& body, const DenseMap<Operation*, uint64_t>& opOrder) {
+getLastUseInstruction(memref::AllocOp allocOp, Block &scopeBlock, const DenseMap<Operation *, uint64_t> &opOrder) {
   uint64_t endInstruction = opOrder.lookup(allocOp);
-  SmallPtrSet<Operation*, 16> visited;
+  SmallPtrSet<Value, 16> visitedValues;
+  SmallPtrSet<Operation *, 16> visitedUsers;
   SmallVector<Value> pendingValues;
   pendingValues.push_back(allocOp.getResult());
 
   while (!pendingValues.empty()) {
     Value value = pendingValues.pop_back_val();
-    for (Operation* user : value.getUsers()) {
-      Operation* orderedUser = getTopLevelAncestorInBody(user, body);
-      if (!orderedUser)
-        return failure();
-      if (!visited.insert(user).second)
+    if (!visitedValues.insert(value).second)
+      continue;
+
+    for (Operation *user : value.getUsers()) {
+      if (!visitedUsers.insert(user).second)
         continue;
 
       if (isSupportedAliasOp(user))
-        for (Value result : user->getResults())
-          pendingValues.push_back(result);
+        llvm::append_range(pendingValues, user->getResults());
+
+      if (auto dpsOp = dyn_cast<DestinationStyleOpInterface>(user)) {
+        for (OpResult result : user->getResults()) {
+          OpOperand *tiedOperand = dpsOp.getTiedOpOperand(result);
+          if (tiedOperand && tiedOperand->get() == value)
+            pendingValues.push_back(result);
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (auto forOp = dyn_cast<scf::ForOp>(user)) {
+        for (auto [index, initArg] : llvm::enumerate(forOp.getInitArgs())) {
+          if (initArg != value)
+            continue;
+          pendingValues.push_back(forOp.getRegionIterArgs()[index]);
+          pendingValues.push_back(forOp.getResult(index));
+        }
+      }
 
       if (auto yieldOp = dyn_cast<scf::YieldOp>(user)) {
         auto forOp = dyn_cast<scf::ForOp>(yieldOp->getParentOp());
@@ -68,20 +87,9 @@ getLastUseInstruction(memref::AllocOp allocOp, Block& body, const DenseMap<Opera
             pendingValues.push_back(forOp.getResult(index));
       }
 
-      if (auto forOp = dyn_cast<scf::ForOp>(user)) {
-        for (auto [index, initArg] : llvm::enumerate(forOp.getInitArgs()))
-          if (initArg == value)
-            pendingValues.push_back(forOp.getResult(index));
-      }
-
-      if (auto dpsOp = dyn_cast<DestinationStyleOpInterface>(user)) {
-        for (OpResult result : user->getResults()) {
-          OpOperand* tiedOperand = dpsOp.getTiedOpOperand(result);
-          if (!tiedOperand || tiedOperand->get() != value)
-            continue;
-          pendingValues.push_back(result);
-        }
-      }
+      Operation *orderedUser = getTopLevelAncestorInBlock(user, scopeBlock);
+      if (!orderedUser)
+        return failure();
 
       auto order = opOrder.find(orderedUser);
       if (order == opOrder.end())
@@ -93,101 +101,126 @@ getLastUseInstruction(memref::AllocOp allocOp, Block& body, const DenseMap<Opera
   return endInstruction;
 }
 
-} // namespace
+static void analyzeBlock(Block &block, MemoryCoalescingAnalysis &analysis) {
+  for (Operation &op : block)
+    for (Region &region : op.getRegions())
+      for (Block &nestedBlock : region)
+        analyzeBlock(nestedBlock, analysis);
 
-MemoryCoalescingAnalysis analyzeMemoryCoalescingCandidates(Operation* coreLikeOp) {
-  MemoryCoalescingAnalysis analysis;
-  if (!coreLikeOp || coreLikeOp->getNumRegions() != 1 || coreLikeOp->getRegion(0).empty())
-    return analysis;
-
-  Block& body = coreLikeOp->getRegion(0).front();
-  DenseMap<Operation*, uint64_t> opOrder;
+  DenseMap<Operation *, uint64_t> opOrder;
   uint64_t nextInstruction = 0;
-  for (Operation& op : body)
+  for (Operation &op : block)
     opOrder.try_emplace(&op, nextInstruction++);
 
-  for (Operation& op : body) {
+  MemoryCoalescingBlockAnalysis blockAnalysis;
+  blockAnalysis.block = &block;
+
+  for (Operation &op : block) {
     auto allocOp = dyn_cast<memref::AllocOp>(&op);
     if (!allocOp)
       continue;
 
     auto allocType = dyn_cast<MemRefType>(allocOp.getType());
     if (!isCandidateAllocType(allocType)) {
-      ++analysis.skippedAllocations;
+      ++blockAnalysis.skippedAllocations;
       continue;
     }
 
-    auto endInstruction = getLastUseInstruction(allocOp, body, opOrder);
+    auto endInstruction = getLastUseInstruction(allocOp, block, opOrder);
     if (failed(endInstruction)) {
-      ++analysis.skippedAllocations;
+      ++blockAnalysis.skippedAllocations;
       continue;
     }
 
-    analysis.candidates.push_back(
-      AllocationCandidate {allocOp, opOrder.lookup(allocOp), *endInstruction, getTypeSizeBytes(allocType)});
+    blockAnalysis.candidates.push_back(
+      AllocationCandidate {allocOp, &block, opOrder.lookup(allocOp), *endInstruction, getTypeSizeBytes(allocType)});
   }
 
+  analysis.skippedAllocations += blockAnalysis.skippedAllocations;
+  if (!blockAnalysis.candidates.empty() || blockAnalysis.skippedAllocations != 0)
+    analysis.blocks.push_back(std::move(blockAnalysis));
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+uint64_t MemoryCoalescingAnalysis::getCandidateCount() const {
+  uint64_t total = 0;
+  for (const MemoryCoalescingBlockAnalysis &block : blocks)
+    total += block.candidates.size();
+  return total;
+}
+
+MemoryCoalescingAnalysis analyzeMemoryCoalescingCandidates(Operation *coreLikeOp) {
+  MemoryCoalescingAnalysis analysis;
+  if (!coreLikeOp || coreLikeOp->getNumRegions() != 1 || coreLikeOp->getRegion(0).empty())
+    return analysis;
+
+  analyzeBlock(coreLikeOp->getRegion(0).front(), analysis);
   return analysis;
 }
 
 MemoryCoalescingStats
-coalesceMemory(Operation* coreLikeOp, const MemoryCoalescingAnalysis& analysis, RewriterBase& rewriter) {
+coalesceMemory(Operation *coreLikeOp, const MemoryCoalescingAnalysis &analysis, RewriterBase &rewriter) {
+  (void) coreLikeOp;
+
   MemoryCoalescingStats stats;
   stats.skippedAllocations = analysis.skippedAllocations;
 
-  auto candidates = analysis.candidates;
-  llvm::sort(candidates, [](const AllocationCandidate& lhs, const AllocationCandidate& rhs) {
-    if (lhs.startInstruction != rhs.startInstruction)
-      return lhs.startInstruction < rhs.startInstruction;
-    return lhs.endInstruction < rhs.endInstruction;
-  });
+  for (const MemoryCoalescingBlockAnalysis &blockAnalysis : analysis.blocks) {
+    auto candidates = blockAnalysis.candidates;
+    llvm::sort(candidates, [](const AllocationCandidate &lhs, const AllocationCandidate &rhs) {
+      if (lhs.startInstruction != rhs.startInstruction)
+        return lhs.startInstruction < rhs.startInstruction;
+      return lhs.endInstruction < rhs.endInstruction;
+    });
 
-  struct ActiveStorage {
-    memref::AllocOp root;
-    uint64_t endInstruction = 0;
-  };
+    struct ActiveStorage {
+      memref::AllocOp root;
+      uint64_t endInstruction = 0;
+    };
 
-  SmallVector<ActiveStorage> active;
-  SmallVector<memref::AllocOp> freeList;
+    SmallVector<ActiveStorage> active;
+    SmallVector<memref::AllocOp> freeList;
 
-  for (AllocationCandidate& candidate : candidates) {
-    for (auto it = active.begin(); it != active.end();) {
-      if (it->endInstruction < candidate.startInstruction) {
-        freeList.push_back(it->root);
-        it = active.erase(it);
+    for (AllocationCandidate &candidate : candidates) {
+      for (auto it = active.begin(); it != active.end();) {
+        if (it->endInstruction < candidate.startInstruction) {
+          freeList.push_back(it->root);
+          it = active.erase(it);
+          continue;
+        }
+        ++it;
+      }
+
+      auto bestFit = freeList.end();
+      uint64_t bestFitBytes = std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max();
+      auto candidateType = cast<MemRefType>(candidate.alloc.getType());
+      for (auto it = freeList.begin(); it != freeList.end(); ++it) {
+        auto freeType = cast<MemRefType>((*it).getType());
+        if (freeType != candidateType)
+          continue;
+
+        uint64_t freeBytes = getTypeSizeBytes(freeType);
+        if (freeBytes < candidate.sizeBytes || freeBytes >= bestFitBytes)
+          continue;
+
+        bestFit = it;
+        bestFitBytes = freeBytes;
+      }
+
+      if (bestFit == freeList.end()) {
+        active.push_back(ActiveStorage {candidate.alloc, candidate.endInstruction});
         continue;
       }
-      ++it;
+
+      memref::AllocOp root = *bestFit;
+      freeList.erase(bestFit);
+      candidate.alloc.getResult().replaceAllUsesWith(root.getResult());
+      rewriter.eraseOp(candidate.alloc);
+      active.push_back(ActiveStorage {root, candidate.endInstruction});
+      ++stats.removedAllocs;
+      stats.savedBytes += candidate.sizeBytes;
     }
-
-    auto bestFit = freeList.end();
-    uint64_t bestFitBytes = std::numeric_limits<uint64_t>::max();
-    auto candidateType = cast<MemRefType>(candidate.alloc.getType());
-    for (auto it = freeList.begin(); it != freeList.end(); ++it) {
-      auto freeType = cast<MemRefType>((*it).getType());
-      if (freeType != candidateType)
-        continue;
-
-      uint64_t freeBytes = getTypeSizeBytes(freeType);
-      if (freeBytes < candidate.sizeBytes || freeBytes >= bestFitBytes)
-        continue;
-
-      bestFit = it;
-      bestFitBytes = freeBytes;
-    }
-
-    if (bestFit == freeList.end()) {
-      active.push_back(ActiveStorage {candidate.alloc, candidate.endInstruction});
-      continue;
-    }
-
-    memref::AllocOp root = *bestFit;
-    freeList.erase(bestFit);
-    candidate.alloc.getResult().replaceAllUsesWith(root.getResult());
-    rewriter.eraseOp(candidate.alloc);
-    active.push_back(ActiveStorage {root, candidate.endInstruction});
-    ++stats.removedAllocs;
-    stats.savedBytes += candidate.sizeBytes;
   }
 
   return stats;

src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/MemoryCoalescing/MemoryCoalescing.hpp

@@ -10,16 +10,25 @@ namespace pim {
 
 struct AllocationCandidate {
   mlir::memref::AllocOp alloc;
+  mlir::Block *scopeBlock = nullptr;
   uint64_t startInstruction = 0;
   uint64_t endInstruction = 0;
   uint64_t sizeBytes = 0;
 };
 
-struct MemoryCoalescingAnalysis {
+struct MemoryCoalescingBlockAnalysis {
+  mlir::Block *block = nullptr;
   llvm::SmallVector<AllocationCandidate> candidates;
   uint64_t skippedAllocations = 0;
 };
 
+struct MemoryCoalescingAnalysis {
+  llvm::SmallVector<MemoryCoalescingBlockAnalysis> blocks;
+  uint64_t skippedAllocations = 0;
+
+  uint64_t getCandidateCount() const;
+};
+
 struct MemoryCoalescingStats {
   uint64_t removedAllocs = 0;
   uint64_t savedBytes = 0;

src/PIM/Dialect/Pim/Transforms/MemoryCoalescing/MemoryCoalescingPass.cpp

@@ -23,9 +23,9 @@ using namespace onnx_mlir::compact_asm;
 namespace onnx_mlir {
 namespace {
 
-// This pass assumes bufferization has already normalized executable PIM
-// operands. It only reuses compatible local allocations with non-overlapping
-// lifetimes; it does not repair memory contiguity.
+// This pass is an IR cleanup step after bufferization. It only rewrites
+// obviously compatible local allocations with non-overlapping lifetimes inside
+// the same block and leaves the final physical memory planning to codegen.
 
 struct CoalescingReportRow {
   uint64_t numCandidates = 0;
@@ -174,7 +174,7 @@ struct PimMemoryCoalescingPass : PassWrapper<PimMemoryCoalescingPass, OperationP
       auto analysis = pim::analyzeMemoryCoalescingCandidates(op);
       auto stats = pim::coalesceMemory(op, analysis, rewriter);
       CoalescingReportRow row {
-        analysis.candidates.size(), stats.skippedAllocations, stats.removedAllocs, stats.savedBytes};
+        analysis.getCandidateCount(), stats.skippedAllocations, stats.removedAllocs, stats.savedBytes};
 
       if (auto coreOp = dyn_cast<pim::PimCoreOp>(op)) {
         auto checkedCoreId =

test/PIM/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -30,3 +30,9 @@ add_pim_unittest(LabeledListTest
   OMPimCommon
 )
 
+add_pim_unittest(PimMemoryLivenessPlannerTest
+  PimMemoryLivenessPlannerTest.cpp
+
+  LINK_LIBS PRIVATE
+  OMPimCompilerUtils
+)

test/PIM/PimMemoryLivenessPlannerTest.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <iostream>
+
+#include "src/Accelerators/PIM/Compiler/PimMemoryLiveness.hpp"
+
+using onnx_mlir::LocalAllocInterval;
+using onnx_mlir::planPhysicalSlots;
+
+namespace {
+
+LocalAllocInterval makeInterval(size_t id, size_t size, uint64_t start, uint64_t end) {
+  LocalAllocInterval interval;
+  interval.id = id;
+  interval.size = size;
+  interval.start = start;
+  interval.end = end;
+  return interval;
+}
+
+void assertSingleSlotCase(LocalAllocInterval a, LocalAllocInterval b, size_t expectedSlotSize) {
+  llvm::SmallVector<LocalAllocInterval, 4> intervals = {a, b};
+  auto slots = planPhysicalSlots(intervals);
+  assert(slots.size() == 1);
+  assert(slots.front().requiredSize == expectedSlotSize);
+  assert(intervals[0].physicalSlotId == intervals[1].physicalSlotId);
+}
+
+int testSameSizeNonOverlap() {
+  std::cout << "testSameSizeNonOverlap:" << std::endl;
+  assertSingleSlotCase(makeInterval(0, 64, 0, 10), makeInterval(1, 64, 11, 20), 64);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+int testLargerFirst() {
+  std::cout << "testLargerFirst:" << std::endl;
+  assertSingleSlotCase(makeInterval(0, 100, 0, 10), makeInterval(1, 40, 11, 20), 100);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+int testSmallerFirst() {
+  std::cout << "testSmallerFirst:" << std::endl;
+  assertSingleSlotCase(makeInterval(0, 40, 0, 10), makeInterval(1, 100, 11, 20), 100);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+int testOverlapNeedsTwoSlots() {
+  std::cout << "testOverlapNeedsTwoSlots:" << std::endl;
+  llvm::SmallVector<LocalAllocInterval, 4> intervals = {
+    makeInterval(0, 100, 0, 20), makeInterval(1, 40, 10, 30)};
+  auto slots = planPhysicalSlots(intervals);
+  assert(slots.size() == 2);
+  assert(intervals[0].physicalSlotId != intervals[1].physicalSlotId);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+int testReuseChain() {
+  std::cout << "testReuseChain:" << std::endl;
+  llvm::SmallVector<LocalAllocInterval, 4> intervals = {
+    makeInterval(0, 40, 0, 10), makeInterval(1, 100, 11, 20), makeInterval(2, 20, 21, 30)};
+  auto slots = planPhysicalSlots(intervals);
+  assert(slots.size() == 1);
+  assert(slots.front().requiredSize == 100);
+  assert(intervals[0].physicalSlotId == intervals[1].physicalSlotId);
+  assert(intervals[1].physicalSlotId == intervals[2].physicalSlotId);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+} // namespace
+
+int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
+  (void) argc;
+  (void) argv;
+
+  int failures = 0;
+  failures += testSameSizeNonOverlap();
+  failures += testLargerFirst();
+  failures += testSmallerFirst();
+  failures += testOverlapNeedsTwoSlots();
+  failures += testReuseChain();
+  if (failures != 0) {
+    std::cerr << failures << " test failures\n";
+    return EXIT_FAILURE;
+  }
+  return EXIT_SUCCESS;
+}